Brief introduction and detailed information of william shockley

Personal Information Name (Chinese) william shockley

Name (English) William Shockley

Organization and Position 1955 Established Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Silicon Valley as its director.

Date of birth: 19 10 February: 13, date of death: 1989.

Country and place of birth: London, England

Education background 1936, Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) received a doctorate in solid state physics.

1932, received a bachelor's degree from California Institute of Technology.

Professional background: Professor from Stanford University 1963.

1936- 1955, head of transistor physics department, Bell Laboratories.

1955- 1963, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was established in Silicon Valley.

Education background 1936, Ph.D. in solid state physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 1932, B.A. from California Institute of Technology.

Career background: Since 1963, he has been a professor at Stanford University (1955- 1963), founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Silicon Valley (1936- 1955), and was the head of the transistor physics department at Bell Laboratories.

Hewlett-Packard in 1930s was the source of Silicon Valley. But to really ignite the fire of electrons in this land, we need another great man, the physicist Dr. william shockley. It was this doctor's extraordinary business vision that created Silicon Valley. It is also the poor entrepreneurial ability of doctors, which has made Silicon Valley. He is the first citizen of Silicon Valley and the first abandoned child in Silicon Valley.

Shockley 19 10 was born in London. When I was 3 years old, my parents and I moved to California. His parents, who were engaged in mining, instilled science since childhood. Under the influence of Slater, a middle school teacher, he was admitted to California Institute of Technology, and later entered Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked as a postdoctoral teacher. Soon, Bell Labs came to "dig corners", and he was one of them. 1947, Shockley and two other physicists invented the transistor. This kind of electronic signal amplification component, which is used to replace vacuum tubes, has become a powerful engine of the electronic industry and has been called "the most important invention in the 20th century" by the media and the scientific community.

Shockley really wants to be a millionaire. 1955, he returned to his hometown of Santa Clara valley. No matter the climate or the environment here, it seems to be a treasure-house for opening transistor factories. Shockley set up shockley Laboratory Co., Ltd. in Lookout Mountain in Silicon Valley .. He returned to the popular east coast of the United States and released the recruitment information. Letters of appointment from the elite in the field of electronic research in the United States flocked. He hired eight outstanding talents. This is an unprecedented collection of great talents. Everyone is under the age of 30 and is at the peak of their talents. Everyone is eager to be famous and want to do something big. But when they first arrived at the laboratory, they were all surprised: the so-called laboratory was bare white walls, concrete floors and buildings outside.

1956 65438+ 10, shockley was awarded the nobel prize in physics. At 7 o'clock that morning, he received a phone call and took his young scientists to the luxurious Dinah cabin restaurant in the city for a champagne breakfast. Everyone is very excited and feels how extraordinary they are. Because which company is led by a Nobel Prize winner? They feel that they are about to change the whole world. It's a pity that the joy is so short. Shockley, the most talented figure in the 20th century, is also the most elusive figure. I don't know anything about management skills, and I don't even have the ability to deal with people, but I am very self-righteous. A Silicon Valley manager said he was "a genius, a complete waste".

Shockley once said that one in 10 people is a mental patient. So, there are two psychopaths working for him. To this end, he asked all employees to conduct psychological tests. He doesn't trust anyone. "If we are famous in the lab, he needs to call an old friend of Bell Labs and ask if it is true, which has no positive effect on morale." Shockley always talks to people like a child, and his attitude is getting more and more arrogant. His disciples proposed to study integrated circuits, but shockley rejected their suggestions. By 1957, 7 out of 8 people had the idea of job-hopping.

Shockley is determined to surpass corporate aristocrats like Hugh Park Chung-soo and Hewlett-Packard. But his fast horses soon plotted against him. Shockley flew into a rage and called them traitors and "Rebel Eight", which became one of the most famous allusions in Silicon Valley. They founded the legendary Fairchild Company.

Shockley's dream was shattered. 1960, shockley Laboratory was sold to Clevette Laboratory, 1965, and then resold to AT & amp； T. 1968, permanently closed. But his "Rebellious Eight" has become the most important kindling in Silicon Valley. A few years later, they invented the integrated circuit and changed the whole world.

Shaw used his tragic failure to complete the prosperity of Silicon Valley. But some people say that Shockley is a retribution for Silicon Valley. Because after shockley, the standard originally created by HP has become extinct, and shockley's legacy permeates Silicon Valley: greed, genius, loyalty disintegration, ambition, tragedy and sudden destruction, which constitute the cyclical characteristics of the future Silicon Valley.

It was the biggest blow in shockley's life that eight people left so decisively, and he will never forgive them. But three years later, at a business banquet, he met Noyce, and shockley greeted him first, and then walked away. Since then, they haven't spoken for nearly 20 years.

The old scientist's dream of making money was completely shattered, and he was forced to abandon business to teach. 1963 became a professor at Stanford university. In 1970s, shockley publicly declared that not all people's genes were at the same level, nor did they evolve on the same basis. He admitted that he had donated money to the Nobel Library. These controversial activities, widely reported by the media, unfortunately covered up shockley's scientific achievements and his contribution to Silicon Valley.

During his tenure at Bell Laboratories, this man co-invented the transistor, which was called "the most important invention of the 20th century" by the media and scientific circles. And two other colleagues 1956 won the nobel prize in physics. He took the lead in guiding "Silicon Valley" to a new era of electronic industry. He has obtained more than 90 invention patents.

Shockley was born in London, England, to American parents. He grew up in California and 1932 graduated from California Institute of Technology. 1936 received his Ph.D. degree from MIT, and his doctoral thesis was about the calculation of electron density function in sodium chloride crystal. 1936- 1955, worked in Bell Laboratories as the head of transistor physics department. 1938 obtained the first patent "electron multiplier discharger". 1947 collaborated with others to invent the transistor. 195 1, became a member of the National Academy of Sciences. From 65438 to 0955, he founded "shockley Laboratory Co., Ltd." in Mountain View, California, and hired many outstanding young talents. However, shockley's personal management methods are not consistent within his company. Eight key employees (eight rebels) collectively jumped ship at 1957 to set up Fairchild semiconductor company, and later developed the first integrated circuit. However, shockley Laboratory went from bad to worse and was resold for the second time, and closed permanently on 1968. Shockley became a professor at Stanford University on 1963. In his later years, he believed that the genetic level of various races was high or low, and supported encouraging the voluntary sterilization of mentally retarded people, which caused controversy in the scientific and media circles. 1989 died of prostate cancer.

Main Achievements After the end of World War II, Bell Laboratories began to develop a new generation of electron tubes, in which shockley was specifically responsible. 1at noon two days before Christmas in 947, two colleagues in shockley, Walter Bladen and john bardeen, made a small model with several pieces of gold foil, a piece of semiconductor material and a bent paper rack, which can conduct, amplify and switch current. They called this invention "point contact transistor amplifier".

However, although shockley is the boss of Badin and Braddon, he cannot be automatically listed as the inventor of point contact transistor. There are only two names in the patents and published papers of point contact transistor: Badin and Braden. In this regard, shockley was greatly disappointed, which also stimulated the potential of his invention. 1948 65438+1October 23rd, that is, a whole month after the invention of the point contact transistor, shockley thought of the method of junction transistor. All the functions of the junction transistor are completed inside the semiconductor, which is much more reliable. Junction transistor points out the way for solid-state electrons and becomes a really useful transistor. 1October, 1950, 165438+ shockley published the book "Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors", which was based on a series of speeches in Bell Laboratories, and became a classic work of this major. 195 1 year, he led a research team to develop the first reliable junction transistor, which proved shockley's talent as the director of the laboratory. He knows how to find the root of the problem. With his concise style, he can lead the experiment in a new and usually correct direction by language or orally.

Thus, there are transistors in the world. Because of its amplification principle, it can complete the essence of fast computer operation. Transistors have great potential. Unlike electron tubes, they do not need preheating time and will not heat up, burn out, leak or explode. Electron tubes need 1 watt, while transistors only need one millionth watt. Transistors are faster and smaller than electron tubes, laying the foundation for small computers. In the early 1960s, shockley wrote: "The functions that transistors can achieve can also be achieved by electron tubes, but they do not have the same capacity, energy and reliability-although it takes a long time to develop transistors to achieve this reliability."

Transistors will revolutionize the telephone industry, communications and computers. An engineer commented, "Let's predict what the transistor will do, just like asking who can put the wheel on the bull first to predict a car, a watch or a high-speed generator."

Using the mobility of electrons, like a vacuum test tube, combined with the special characteristics of silicon, transistors amplify and exchange signals. The size of the equipment becomes smaller and the reliability increases. Hearing AIDS, radios, record players, computers, switching devices, satellites and lunar rockets have all made new breakthroughs because of the application of transistors. Transistor, which means transmission resistance, is a temporary name given by the inventor, but it has been used ever since. These semiconductors, such as triodes, control the current between the two terminals by applying a voltage to the third terminal. The bulky relay used to exchange telephones was replaced by transistors. Like the first telephone, the first transistor looked rough.