What are the main contents of the Beijing Treaty?

Contents of the Treaty:

Sino-British Beijing Treaty

1. The Qing government signed a treaty with Britain on October 24th, 186, and the British side was represented by Earl Erkin. The contract is 1 pages in English, and the main contents are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty;

2. The Qing Dynasty ceded the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County, Guangdong Province (now south of Hong Kong Boundary Street) to Britain;

3. Tianjin was opened as a commercial port in Qing dynasty;

4. Increase the compensation of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty to 8 million taels;

5. Allow Western missionaries to rent and buy land and build churches in China;

6. Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han Chinese to work abroad as cheap labor (coolies);

According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1985, the British government returned the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories) to the Chinese people and the Chinese government at : on July 1, 1997, and the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on the same day.

II. Sino-French Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with France on October 25, 186, with France as the representative. The contract is 27 pages in French, and the main contents are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty ratified the Tianjin Treaty between China and France, and the compensation was increased to 8 million taels;

2. Return the previously confiscated Catholic property;

3. Paragraph 7 of the Chinese Treaty clearly stipulates that French missionaries rent and buy fields and build their own houses in various provinces, but there is no such provision in the French version;

4. The Qing Dynasty agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port;

III. Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Russia on November 14th, 186, and the Russian representative was Count Ignatiev. There are 43 pages of Russian in the contract.

At the end of the battle between Britain and France, Russia claimed that it had made contributions to Britain and France in mediating the war before, forcing the Qing government to sign this treaty. At that time, Emperor Xianfeng left Jehol to take charge of all the aftermath. Eager for peace, they signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. The main contents of the articles are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty recognized the validity of the Aihui Treaty in 1858, and owned about 4, square kilometers of the Wusuli River from the east to the sea (including Sakhalin Island and the ice-free port Vladivostok), which was originally stipulated as the "* * *" pipe of China and Russia. Since then, China has lost its mouth to the Sea of Japan.

2. define the western boundary between China and China, starting from Sabindabaha, passing through Zhaisandre and Temur Tudre (now Lake Issyk-Kul) to the Haohan boundary, which is bounded by "mountains, rivers and now's permanent residence in Kalun";

3. Open Zhangjiakou, Kulun and Kashgar as commercial ports;

4. Russia has established consulates in Cullen and Kashgar.

The two treaties demarcate the modern eastern border between Russia and China. In addition, the treaty stipulated in principle the direction of the western section of the Sino-Russian border, which became the boundary basis of the Sino-Russian Survey of Northwest Boundaries in 1864. China cut more than 44, square kilometers of Russian territory to the east and south of Balkhash Lake and to the north and south of Zhaisandre.

Extended information:

The Beijing Treaty was an unequal treaty signed with Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War. The main contents of the Beijing Treaty are land cession, compensation and opening of commercial ports.

The Sino-British Beijing Treaty was signed by the Qing government and Britain on October 24th, 186, and the British side was represented by Earl Erkin. The main contents are as follows: the Qing government recognized the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, increased the compensation to 8 million taels, and ceded the Kowloon Peninsula area to Britain, opening Tianjin as a commercial port.

Western missionaries are allowed to rent land and build churches in China, and foreign businessmen are allowed to recruit Han Chinese to work abroad, that is, to serve as cheap labor.

The Sino-French Beijing Treaty was signed between the Qing government and France on October 25th, 186, with Baron Gro as the representative of France. The main contents are: the Qing government agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port, and the Qing government recognized the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, and the compensation was increased to 8 million Liang. And the Qing government had to return the Catholic property confiscated before.

The Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty was signed between the Qing government and Russia on November 14th, 186, and the Russian representative was Count Ignatiev. The main contents are as follows: The Qing government recognized the validity of the Aihui Treaty in 1858, and ceded the territory of about 4, square kilometers east of Wusuli River in Heilongjiang Province, including Sakhalin Island. Since then, China has lost its northeast port to the Sea of Japan.

the Qing government agreed to open Zhangjiakou, Cullen and Kashgar as commercial ports, and Russia set up consulates in Cullen and Kashgar.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty