What does comfort women mean?

0 1 women/sex slaves forced to provide sexual services

During the Second World War, the comfort women forcibly recruited by the Japanese army were army slaves, which historians in China and South Korea believe was mainly through deception and coercion. Most of the comfort women come from China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan, and there are also many women from Ryukyu, Southeast Asia and the Netherlands. Among them, the comfort women gathered in Japan are also called women's teams.

Comfort women refer to a military slavery system promoted by the Japanese government and its army in order to successfully implement and complete the war of aggression against Asia during the Second World War. From 65438 to 0996, the United Nations issued a report on the issue of Japanese comfort women, which defined the comfort women system as sexual slavery. 20 12 July us secretary of state Hillary Clinton? Clinton instructed all American documents and statements to ban Japanese literal translation? Comfort women? This word, change to? Forced slavery? In this way, Japan is required to face up to sexual atrocities during World War II. 20 12 February 6 12 China historians put forward that China and Korea (Korea was a part of Japan in World War II) forcibly recruited by the Japanese in the war of aggression against China should be taken? Comfort women? Rename? Sex slaves? . 20 15 12 1, branch of memorial hall for victims of the Nanjing Massacre by Japanese invaders? The exhibition hall of the former site of Nanjing Li Ji Lane Comfort Station was officially opened to the public. 2065438+On May 3, 20061day, non-governmental organizations from China, South Korea and other countries and regions launched again? Comfort women? Information application? World memory? Heritage registration. 20 17, China's offline film "Twenty-two" about comfort women was released.

The Development and Evolution of the Open Prostitution System Promulgated by Meiji Government 1872 10/0/0/2/0? To liberate geisha and prostitutes? , announced that it is strictly forbidden to buy and sell people, and abolished the traditional patrol system. As its supporting measures, it was announced in February of the following year, 65438+? Rules for applying for a loan? And then what? Rules for prostitutes to cross the world? Focus the so-called prostitutes on their own will? Loan seat application? And formed a complete system of receiving health examination, obtaining business license and paying taxes, which laid the basic framework of Japanese public prostitution system in the modern sense. 1888 The Japanese army was organized into divisions, which were expanded to 12 divisions after the Sino-Japanese War and 18 divisions after the Russo-Japanese War. The locations of these divisions and infantry regiments developed into military capitals in a short time. In these military capitals, in order to solve the problem of soldiers' sexual desire excretion, the army actively promoted the construction of patrol files behind the scenes; Faced with the financial resources brought by sex trade, local governments actively recruit people. In Japan, with the expansion of military facilities, prostitutes are everywhere around military stations. In the context of large-scale war, prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and strengthen military management? Intrinsic? Need to become a military and public prostitution system? Get married? The huge thrust provides operability for the formation of the comfort women system in the future? Template? . 1April 905,? Japanese Liu Hua Disease Prevention Association? Established. 19 10, Japan promulgated the Administrative Enforcement Law and the Regulations on Prohibition of Prostitution, which controlled private prostitutes and conducted compulsory STD inspection. In July of the same year, the Japanese government specially formulated regulations requiring all localities to set up specialized hospitals for sexually transmitted diseases, and funded the repatriation of infected prostitutes to hospitals for treatment. 1927 On March 25th, the Japanese House of Lords approved the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Liu Hua's Disease, which was partially implemented on September 25th. The establishment and development of public prostitution system in modern Japan ensured the privilege of the state to participate in sexual management and monopolize women's sex trade.

Women's trafficking network The formation of women's personal trafficking network in East Asia can be quickly established in a short time after the outbreak of war? Comfort women? A huge supply system. 19 from the 1970s to the 1920s, with Caotianhe Island Peninsula in the west and north of Kyushu as the center, a large number of young Japanese women traveled overseas to make a living as prostitutes, and their footprints were all over the world. Roughly dividing its geographical distribution, in addition to the Japanese colonies and actual occupied areas of Korea, Taiwan Province Province and Manchuria (northeast China), large-scale gathering areas also include Southeast Asia, Siberia, Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and North America, thus resulting in a sweeping prostitute movement that is rare in world history. In the forty-first year of Meiji (1908), overseas? Sister Nanyang? The official statistics are 307,965,438+0, of which about 20,000 people went to Manchuria and Hawaii. The transplantation of Japanese modern public prostitution system to overseas colonies laid the foundation stone for the final establishment of this network. Japan built brothels and cooking classes within its sphere of influence and introduced them to Japan. Mainland? Prostitution management system is based on public prostitution system, which includes? Manchuria? Region, Korean Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province, etc. With what? Manchuria? For example, in June of 1905, Japan was established in Dalian. Kanto State Department of Civil Affairs? From the autumn of 1905 to the beginning of 1906, a series of laws and regulations were promulgated to control prostitution. Compulsory syphilis inspection, designation of tourist areas, restriction of prostitution age and taxation are similar to those in Japan? Mainland? The system is the same. As a result, the basic framework of modern Japanese public prostitution system was copied and transplanted to Kanto County. 1906, 1 In September, Japan established the Kanto Prefecture Governor's Office, and all the above regulations and decrees promulgated by the Kanto Prefecture Civil Affairs Department were inherited. Then Japan is operating? Manchuria? In this process, we have gradually sorted out and unified various prostitution management regulations of local military and political departments, and promulgated unified Regulations on Prohibiting Geisha from Discretionary Women and Employing Women, Regulations on Prohibiting Prostitutes, Regulations on Prohibiting Loans and Subsidies, and Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Prostitute Health Diagnosis. Are these decrees administered as Japanese state power? Manchuria? An important part of prostitution has played an important role. The transplantation of Japanese modern open prostitution system in the Korean peninsula, and? Manchuria? About the same size. 1876, the Treaty of Jianghua Island was passed, Japan forced North Korea to open Busan and Wonsan, and Japanese prostitutes began to operate. 188 1 year, Japan imitated the domestic practice and promulgated the "Business Rules for Leased Seats and Geisha" in North Korea, which will be promulgated soon? Business license? Give permission to the Japanese Consulate General. After the Russo-Japanese War, North Korea actually became Japan? Protector? . From June of 1906 to April of 19 10, the administrative committees of various settlements issued orders to ban geisha and spoilers and restaurants, mainly targeting Japanese settlements, and gradually infiltrated the public prostitution system into Korean society. 1965438+August 00, passed? Japan-Korea merger? Korea was completely colonized by Japan. Since then, the administrative power to prohibit prostitution has been transferred from the Committee office to the police headquarters and provincial police ministers. 1 965438+On March 3, 20061day, the Japanese colonial authorities promulgated Order No.4 of the Director of the Police Department, "Rules for Banning Loan Prostitution" (implemented on May1day of the same year). In this way, prostitution authorized by public power is limited to prostitutes with loans, and it is clearly distinguished from restaurants and restaurants to prevent geisha and women. Through this ban, all Korean operators and prostitutes were brought into the management category, and the management of the Korean Peninsula was fully controlled. During the colonial period, the unified implementation of the open prostitution system in North Korea meant that the open prostitution system was formally established in the form of law on the Korean Peninsula. The open prostitution system under colonial rule was introduced into East Asia, which rapidly expanded the Japanese-style sexual management model. After the Russo-Japanese War, with the economic plunder and political oppression, a large number of colonial women were involved in this system. Taking the Korean Peninsula as an example, with World War I as the boundary, North Korea's prostitution system tends to be complete, and it has the same sexual custom awareness and supply system for prostitutes as mainland Japan, and it has taken root in Korean society. By 1929, the number of Korean prostitutes on the Korean peninsula exceeded that of Japanese prostitutes in the same area for the first time. ? Manchuria? Korean prostitutes appeared in this area, which can be traced back to the middle of 19 10. The area along the Manchuria Railway is a stronghold, gradually spreading to the end point 19 100? Beiman? Area. 1in the early 1920s, adopted? Manchuria? Prostitutes from the Korean peninsula appeared in Sakhalin. At the beginning of 1920s, I began to travel to Taiwan Province province again. According to the statistics of 1930, when investigating the birthplace of prostitutes in Taiwan Province province, it was found that most of them were women from the Korean peninsula. In addition, during the period of 1920s, many Korean prostitutes also appeared in China mainland cities such as Shanghai, Qingdao, Jinan, Hankou and Tianjin.

The army participated in the initial foreign wars (1894- 1895 Sino-Japanese War, suppression of the Boxer Rebellion, Russo-Japanese War, etc. ) all ended quickly in a short time. The Japanese army did not have enough time to manage prostitutes, and how to solve the problem of soldiers' sexual desire venting was not put on the agenda. For the sake of traffic conditions and safety, prostitutes rarely went to the battlefield alone at that time. Generally, the operator of prostitutes leads a team to set up a tour profile similar to Japan near the battlefield. Comfortable? Location. 19 18 In August, Japan sent troops to Siberia and intervened in the Russian revolution. By May 1925, Japan had withdrawn its troops from Sakhalin Island, which lasted for nearly seven years, with the largest number of troops dispatched reaching 73,000. In this war, sexually transmitted diseases prevailed in the Japanese army. According to incomplete statistics, about 10% to 20% of Japanese soldiers were infected with sexually transmitted diseases, with a total of 12000. The number of unemployed people due to sexually transmitted diseases far exceeds the number of casualties. In view of this situation, the Japanese army has taken some countermeasures. During the invasion of Siberia, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases forced the Japanese army to pay attention to this problem. In this situation, the army and the state administrative agencies operating according to the intention of the army began to take the lead as the main body, and fully involved in the recruitment, distribution and management of prostitutes. [5] During the Russo-Japanese War, as a battlefield? Manchuria? In the region, a large number of prostitutes poured into mainland Japan. In view of this situation, Yingkou military and political departments began to implement tax and syphilis inspection. 1in March, 905, the military and political departments of Yingkou formulated a regulation prohibiting the presence of maids in guest houses. In Article 7, it is clearly stipulated that handmaids (mostly prostitutes in the army) must abide by the regulations of the military and political departments and accept health examination, and shall not refuse. Yingkou military and political office was also established? Women's hospital? For sexually transmitted diseases? Under the maid? Forced repatriation to hospital. In order to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, Liaoyang military and political departments also directly operate the affiliated Japanese women's hospital. According to the instructions of military and political commissar David Ohara Wuqing,1February, 904, an article called? Garden? A brief introduction to tourism. Around February 1905, the local catering group set up a prostitute building here to serve Japanese soldiers. Drunk Lei Ting? There is a clear price limit when serving Japanese soldiers.

Comfort Women System With the expansion of the Japanese imperialist war of foreign aggression, is the Japanese army right? Comfortable? On the other hand, the international community's strong criticism of women's personal transactions has put great pressure on the Japanese authorities. ? One? 28? After the incident, Japanese brothel operators opened in Shanghai? Navy designated comfort station? , used to recruit? Military canteen waiter? 、? Maid? In the name of recruiting young women in Nagasaki and other places. In May of that year, 15 women departed from Nagasaki Port and were sent to a comfort station in Shanghai. 1936 In February, Nagasaki District Court ruled that 10 brothel operators participated in this incident. Transfer the crime of kidnapping abroad? The maximum sentence is three years and six months imprisonment. 1937 in March, the grand court concluded and upheld this guilty verdict. Recruitment in mainland Japan? Comfortable? The legal restrictions of women and the practical needs of STD prevention and treatment made it first introduced in Japan? Comfortable? Female recruitment gradually evolved into compulsory recruitment in colonies and spheres of influence. When the Japanese army promoted the construction of comfort stations, prostitutes activists in Japan gradually adopted the attitude of all-round cooperation with the country and eventually merged into the national mobilization system during the fascist war. 1On September 28th, 937, eight women's groups, represented by the Japan Christian Women's Correctional Association, established the Japan Women's Group Alliance, which declared in its founding declaration that in the autumn of national mobilization, women's groups should cooperate sincerely, become strong guns, tide over the difficulties together and give full play to the true value of women. Establishment of China Comfort Station1931110/0 In October, the Japanese Navy designated four custom places in Hongkou, Shanghai, which were run by Japanese expatriates: Xinsheng Salon, Komatsu Pavilion, Yongle Pavilion and Hao San Pavilion as special places for the Japanese Navy. Comfort station? And after that? Comfort women? The system spread to the entire East Asian battlefield of the Japanese army. 1932 1 After the Shanghai Incident, Japanese troops sexually assaulted women in China. Japan began to form in Shanghai? Comfort women group? . After the armistice between Songhu and Shanghai, the army comfort station was gradually revoked and the naval comfort station continued to operate. At the same time, in the northeast of China after the fall, many Japanese set up military prostitutes around the headquarters of the Kwantung Army. 19371211day, day? Central China Army? The headquarters issued the Army's Implementation Opinions on Comfortable Facilities. On the one hand, I called Japan and demanded that Japanese comfort women be collected and transported to China as soon as possible; On the one hand, allocate huge sums of money to invite overseas Chinese in Japan? Convenient room boss to hold? Folk comfort station? ; At the same time, the ministries under the jurisdiction of the Secret Order first set up various forms of temporary comfort stations. Marked by the establishment of Yangjiazhai Entertainment Center in Shanghai, the Japanese army began to formally implement the comfort women system. 65438+February 65438+March, after the Japanese captured Nanjing, large-scale burning, killing and looting made sexually transmitted diseases spread rapidly among Japanese troops of all walks of life. Matsui Shigen ordered to speed up the construction of various comfort stations in Nanjing. 65438+February 25th, the day of Nanjing garrison? Shanghai sent a task force? The Second Department of the General Staff Department put forward the Proposal on Establishing Nanjing Comfort Station. 1June, 938, the North China Army, headed by Kikuichi, also issued an order to set up a comfort station. 165438+ 10. On 3 October, Dongjiu Palace, commander of the 2nd Army, was responsible for guarding Hankou and Hanyang, and the army immediately implemented the comfort station system. 194 1 In July, Umezu Yoshijiro's Kwantung Army proposed a plan to recruit 20,000 Korean comfort women, thus pushing the comfort women system to all Japanese invaders. 1April, 939, the Japanese army began to set up a comfort station in the occupied area of Hainan Island. The Governor's Office of Taiwan Province Province immediately ordered Taiwan Province Tuozhi Co., Ltd. to be responsible for the construction of Haikou naval comfort station and the recruitment and operation of comfort women after receiving the instruction that the Japanese army needed to set up comfort stations and recruit comfort women in Hainan Island. 1942 on September 3, pointed out at the meeting of heads of military provinces that it is necessary to increase on the existing basis? The comfort facilities below the general level are planned as follows: North China/KOOC-0/00, Central China/KOOC-0/40, South China 40, South China/KOOC-0/00, South China Sea/KOOC-0/0, Sakhalin Island/KOOC-0/0, * * 400? . During World War II, comfort women became as indispensable as military horses, dogs, pigeons and weapons and ammunition? Munitions? . The Japanese minister of military supplies once had a wanted order, and comfort women were military supplies, but it was not allowed to file the number. 194 1 After the Pacific War broke out in Southeast Asia, the Japanese army invaded Southeast Asia, and the Japanese military department systematically extended the comfort women system to the Japanese military station in Southeast Asia. The Japanese comfort station on the battlefield in Southeast Asia is also called? Patriotic canteen? 、? Official care class? 、? Intensive care unit? The Philippines, Singapore, Malaya, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, New Britain and New Guinea have all set up such comfort stations, and the women used as comfort women come from the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar and East Timor. According to some data, the Japanese army ordered the opening of comfort stations shortly after it captured the Philippines in May 1942, and immediately set about setting up a large number of comfort stations after the 25th Army occupied the Malay Peninsula. Japanese military comfort stations in Malay Peninsula are mainly distributed in more than 30 cities. From June 1943 to June 13 10, the Malaysian Military and Political Supervision Bureau formulated the Compliance Rules for Comfortable Facilities and Hotel Business and the Employment Contract Rules for Geisha and Wine Attendants. In zhina Peninsula, Vietnam was the first place where the Japanese army set up a comfort station. Shortly after 15 troops arrived in Myanmar, Japanese comfort stations appeared all over Myanmar, and about 20% of the comfort women were Burmese women. [10] After the Japanese occupied Dutch East India (now Indonesia), a large number of Dutch women were detained and incorporated into four Japanese comfort stations. After Japan launched the Pacific War, it quickly captured the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia, and the demand for comfort women was in short supply. 1943 in September, the Japanese deputy officials' meeting decided to organize the Japanese girls' bitter team, and on August 23, it announced the rescue orders No.5 and No.9 1944? Women stand up and work hard? At the same time, it was officially implemented, thus legalizing the search for comfort women, and a large number of women were forced to act as comfort women. A few months before the Japanese surrender, they were losing ground in the battlefields of China and Southeast Asian countries. In order to cover up their crimes, most comfort women were killed.

Because the Japanese army destroyed a large number of files during the defeat, it is difficult to accurately calculate the number of comfort women. Kim Yimian, a North Korean scholar living in Japan, thinks that the total number of comfort women is 6.5438+0.7 million to 200,000, Yin Zhenyu, president of the Korea Reform Countermeasures Association, thinks it is 300,000 to 400,000, Japanese writer Xia Guang Akada thinks it is 6.5438+0 million, and Japanese scholar Qin Yuyan thinks it is 90,000. Yoshino Ryumi believes that the number of Japanese comfort women ranges from155,000 to 206,000. Guan Ning, a scholar in China, thought that the number of comfort women in the Japanese army at that time should be at most 300,000 and at least 200,000. Su Zhiliang believes that the number of comfort women has been about 360,000 to 4 1 10,000 since the implementation of the comfort women system for seven years. In terms of nationality, the majority of comfort women are women from China and North Korea. The number of comfort women in North Korea ranges from 14 to 16. There are about 20,000 comfort women in Japan, thousands in Taiwan Province Province of China and parts of Southeast Asia, hundreds in Australia, the United States, Britain, Spain and Russia, and China has the largest number of comfort women. As of 20 18, 1, registered in Chinese mainland? Comfort women? There are only 14 survivors, mainly distributed in Shanxi, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan and Zhejiang. There are only two people left on the island of Taiwan Province Province? Comfort women? Survivors. There are only 32 survivors of Korean comfort women victims.