Employment dispatch of college students. Who knows the details? Thank you very much

Analysis of the current employment situation of college graduates

Liu Jun, Mo Rong

In recent years, the employment problem of college graduates in China has become prominent, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life, but the re-employment problem of laid-off workers and unemployed people in state-owned enterprises has not been fundamentally solved. This year is the first year for college students to graduate. The number of graduates has increased by nearly 700 thousand compared with last year. On the eve of graduation, the special situation affected by the SARS epidemic made the employment situation of college students more severe this year. Under such circumstances, some people have doubts about the expansion of college enrollment, and some people think that the current employment difficulties of college students are caused by the expansion of college enrollment. We believe that the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities is an important strategic decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, which plays an important role in improving the scientific and cultural quality of Chinese workers, providing human resources guarantee for the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, and alleviating the contradiction between the total employment and the structural contradiction. In fact, the employment problem of college students accompanied by the expansion of college enrollment reveals that there are still some incompatibility between the education system, talent training model and structure of colleges and universities and the employment system of college students and the requirements of market economy. We should objectively understand the current employment situation of college students, correctly analyze the contradictions and problems of college students' employment, make use of the situation, respond scientifically, deepen reform, improve policies, turn challenges into opportunities, turn pressure into motivation, and promote the healthy development of higher education.

Current employment situation of college students

In recent years, the employment rate of college graduates has declined, and the employment problem has become more prominent.

The employment rate of college graduates has declined. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education, there are 200 1 * * college graduates 1 15000, and the initial employment rate in June was 70%. Since 2002, college students with expanded enrollment have graduated one after another. In that year, the number of college graduates nationwide was 1.45 million, an increase of 27 1 10,000 over the previous year, with an increase of 236.5438+0%. In June, the initial employment rate was 64.7%, which was about 5 percentage points lower than the previous year. By the end of 2002, about 220,000 people had been employed, reaching 1 1600, and the employment rate rose to 80%.

In 2002, the structural contradiction of college graduates' employment was very prominent. From a regional perspective, the demand in the eastern developed areas such as Beijing and Shanghai is relatively strong, and the total demand is greater than the number of local students. Although many provinces and autonomous regions in the central and western regions have a great demand for employment, they are faced with the problem of hard working and living conditions, and often fail to recruit qualified talents, resulting in the phenomenon that "no one goes in some places and no one goes in some places". In some economically underdeveloped areas in the west, there are quite limited jobs at present, making it difficult to attract local graduates.

From the category of colleges and universities, the employment situation of college graduates directly under the Ministry of Education is better, with the initial employment rate of 85%, followed by departmental colleges and local colleges and universities. From the perspective of academic qualifications, the demand of graduates with high academic qualifications is higher than that of graduates with low academic qualifications. The supply-demand ratio of graduate students is about L: 2.6, undergraduate students are about 1: 1.3, and junior college students (higher vocational colleges) are about 1: 0.4. From the professional point of view, there is a strong demand for graduates in some short-term disciplines, such as computers, communications, electronics, civil engineering, automation, machinery, medicine and normal universities, while there is less demand for graduates in some long-term disciplines, such as philosophy, sociology, economics and law.

In the next few years, the number of college graduates will increase rapidly, and the employment pressure will further increase. According to the enrollment data of previous years, the number of college graduates will maintain a substantial increase in the next few years. In 2003, there were 2 1.2 million people, an increase of 670,000 people over the previous year, and the growth rate reached a peak of 46.2%. In 2004, there were 2.8 million graduates, an increase of 680,000 over the previous year, with an increase of 32 1%. In 2005, it was 3.4 million, an increase of 600,000 or 2 1.4% over the previous year. By then, the total number of graduates will be 2.9 times that before the enrollment expansion. As the demand for college graduates will not change greatly in the next few years, it can be expected that the employment competition of college students will become more intense.

The group of college students who are willing to find a job but can't find one deserves the most attention.

Unemployed college graduates are called "graduation drifters" by the society. Its specific situation has the following three categories: First, students who review the postgraduate entrance examination. In order to improve their employment conditions and get better jobs, the number of graduates who choose to take the postgraduate entrance examination after graduation has increased rapidly. These people account for about 30% of the "graduation drift", and many of them gather near universities in large and medium-sized cities to rent houses in order to obtain examination information in time and participate in postgraduate training organized by schools. If these people can be admitted to graduate school, they will enter the job market three years later; If you fail in the exam, then you will join the ranks of unemployment that year. The second category is people who watch and do. Some of them do short-term jobs everywhere after graduation and change jobs frequently; Part of it is because of the employer or individual, sometimes it is to apply for a job, and sometimes it is to cancel the contract. These people account for about 20% of the "graduation drift". The third category is college students with employment difficulties. They have no plans to take the postgraduate entrance examination, and they still leave their accounts and files at school. Although they have the willingness to find jobs, they find it difficult to find jobs, accounting for about 50% of the "graduation drifters". Many of them have applied for jobs many times in various ways, but they still can't find jobs, which is a great psychological blow.

Among the above three types of unemployed university graduates, the first type has clear goals. They usually get together to encourage each other. If there is no big change, they belong to a relatively stable group. Although the second kind of people watch and do, they can gradually integrate into the market and adapt to market employment. The third kind of people have relatively weak market employability and fragile psychology, and their number will increase exponentially in the future, which requires special attention.

The impact of the sudden SARS epidemic on the employment of college students should not be underestimated.

At present, it is a critical period for college graduates to find jobs. This year is the first graduate after the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities, with a total of 21.2000. Sars has made the employment situation of college students, who are not optimistic, even more severe. Since the end of April this year, all recruitment activities on campus have basically stopped, and face-to-face negotiations, interviews and signing contracts between college students and employers cannot be carried out; Many employers stopped recruiting college graduates this year; Some college graduates who originally planned to go abroad for further study may join the job search team if they can't get a visa. The above situation makes it more difficult for college graduates to find jobs. It is estimated that the initial employment rate of college graduates in 2002 will be less than 65%, and some graduates will achieve employment later than in previous years.

The current employment problem of college students is also related to the relaxed employment environment of the whole society. In recent years, the scale of new labor force in China is huge. According to the data of the fifth national census, the growth rate of new labor force will further increase in the coming period. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the working-age population in China increased (16 years old)19.52 million. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, it increased to 20.22 million, an increase of about 700,000 compared with the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, it further increased to 239 1 000, an increase of 3.69 million compared with the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, a considerable increase. Such a large-scale increase in the working-age population will inevitably bring great pressure to the labor market. On the other hand, in the process of economic restructuring and economic restructuring in China, surplus labor was laid off and diverted, rural surplus labor was transferred to cities and non-agricultural industries, and government institutions were reformed and personnel were streamlined. In 2003, there were nearly100,000 new laborers in cities and towns, and1/0.5 million laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises. The gap between annual labor supply and demand is140,000 to150,000, and there is still about1500 million surplus labor in rural areas to accelerate the transfer to cities and non-agricultural industries. The "three peaks superposition" of the employment of new labor force in cities and towns, farmers' going to work in cities and the reemployment of laid-off and unemployed people has aggravated the tension in the urban labor market, making college students face the tension in the labor market, thus affecting their employment. With the marketization of employment, friction unemployment will inevitably appear in the process of labor allocation, and the highly educated labor market is no exception. Affected by factors such as vocational skills, job hunting experience and frictional unemployment, it is a common phenomenon that the youth unemployment rate is high. College graduates, as a part of the new young labor force entering the labor market, are usually not 100% employed.

Employment of college graduates

Fundamentally speaking, the current employment problem of college students is a problem in progress and development, and it is a process that must be experienced in the reform and development of higher education. While seeing the current employment pressure of college students, we should also see the great achievements and progress made in China's higher education and college students' employment system in recent years. The traditional higher education system and the employment system for college students lead to the lack of vitality and efficiency in education development, rigid talent training mechanism and structure, slow growth of talent training scale, unreasonable talent allocation and serious waste of talent resources, which inhibits the enthusiasm and innovation enthusiasm of talents.

Practice has proved that without reforming the higher education system, there will be no way out for the development of education in China, and higher education will not be able to shoulder the heavy responsibility of providing high-quality talents for the country's economic and social development. It is imperative to reform the higher education system, expand the autonomy and enthusiasm of higher education institutions and reform the distribution system of college graduates. Through the reform of the higher education system, the relevant education expenses are mainly borne by the state, and the state, society, students and other parties jointly invest, effectively opening up and expanding the educational resources of the whole society, creating conditions for expanding the scale of higher education and improving the operational efficiency of higher education. At the same time, the development of social economy and higher education itself objectively put forward that the expansion of colleges and universities provides opportunities for important people to receive higher education. It can be said that the enrollment expansion in colleges and universities is a natural deduction of the logic of economic system reform and higher education reform, an objective requirement of China's social and economic development, and an important measure to safeguard citizens' equal educational rights and expand people's opportunities to receive higher education.

With the opening of higher education resources to a wider range of people, higher education has changed from so-called "elite" education to "mass" education, the marketization level of higher education has gradually improved, and the employment mode of college graduates has changed from the unified distribution of the state in the past to fair competition and market-oriented independent employment. The situation of "graduation is employment" in the past will be broken. Judging from the experience of market economy countries, college graduates, as an important part of the main body of the labor market, must be distributed through the labor market. In this distribution process, personal knowledge, skills, quality, ideas and employment goals, the labor market environment, and the structure and scale of social talent demand. , will restrict and affect the employment of college students. Therefore, there are always some people who cannot find jobs immediately after graduation for one reason or another. It should be said that the initial employment rate at graduation can reach about 80%. The white paper on Japanese labor force (1996) shows that the initial employment rate of Japanese college students has increased from 80.9% in 199 1 to 67. 1% in 1995, and then to 65. 5% in 1996.

As long as the market employment mode is implemented, it will take some time and a long or short process to realize the rational allocation of college students' human resources, and some college graduates will inevitably face failure in the process of competitive employment. This is a normal phenomenon of market economy and market employment. In fact, the employment problem of college students in China appeared as early as the 1990 s, which was more prominent in the late 1980 s and early 1990 s, but the situation has eased since then. With the expansion of enrollment, college students begin to graduate one after another, and the sudden extraordinary growth of college graduates will inevitably make the employment problem of college students more prominent. We should be prepared for this.

But on the other hand, we should also see that the current employment problems of college students do expose some problems in education system, professional structure, employment system, employment policy, labor market construction and so on. The existence of these problems intensifies the seriousness of the employment situation of college students. Specifically, the main problems that currently affect and restrict the employment of college students are as follows.

First, the employment mechanism of college graduates needs to be reformed and the employment policy needs to be improved.

At present, there are still obvious problems in the employment mechanism of college students. The country has made it clear that the market employment mode of "two-way choice" is implemented for college students' employment. However, as a supplier, the school where college students work still has the index limit of sending college students to some regions or provinces. For example, the "stay in Beijing" index of a famous university is about 15% of the total number of college students, and these indicators can be distributed to graduates first. As the demand side, colleges and universities that accept college students in large and medium-sized cities also need to enter the index. Only by combining the two can the employment of college students be realized and guaranteed through the dispatch system. College students' files and accounts are transferred with the dispatch card, and any problems at any level cannot guarantee the realization of college students' employment.

Although the state has issued a series of policies and measures to promote the employment of college students, some policies are still "hanging in the air" and cannot be implemented because of the disconnection in management. Judging from the employment situation of graduates in 2002, there are still some policy obstacles restricting the employment of graduates in some provinces and cities, especially the restrictions on the inter-provincial flow of graduates.

In addition, although the national policy stipulates that college students can keep their files within two years after graduation, because the dispatch index is effective in that year, they will not apply for dispatch cards in the new year, which makes the college students who have found jobs unable to dispatch because there is no index, and they are still in an uncertain state.

Second, the employment channels for college graduates need to be unblocked.

The current personnel management system still has a strong color of planned system, which restricts many employers who are absent. According to the survey, many small and medium-sized private (joint-stock) enterprises are in urgent need of university-level management and technical personnel, but because there is no way to declare employment indicators and recruit people, it is impossible to solve the problems of dispatching, registering and receiving files of college students, which also causes some college students to be afraid of losing their identity. In 2002, 3 1.6% of the graduates from ministries and universities were employed in institutions such as teaching and scientific research, 3 1.5% in state-owned enterprises, 26.2% in private foreign-funded enterprises and 10.7% in other jobs. Judging from the current demand of urban labor market, the jobs provided by individual private and joint-stock enterprises have accounted for 60%. This gap shows that the employment channels for college students need to be unblocked. At present, college students are needed as civil servants and teachers in the grassroots and western regions. However, when college students go to work, their hukou and files are sent to their work units together, and they encounter institutional obstacles if they want to move. Many college students are also worried that future generations will not get a good education in backward areas, and they will have to pay a considerable "borrowing fee" to send their children to school in large and medium-sized cities.

In large and medium-sized cities, college students have more opportunities to start their own businesses and a greater probability of success. However, without a hukou, it is impossible to register for industry and commerce, and it is difficult to obtain loan guarantee support.

Third, the employment service for college graduates needs to be strengthened.

College students' labor market is an independent market, which is characterized by higher personnel quality and wider market scope, so that college students can easily move around the country or even internationally when they graduate. This situation makes it particularly important to establish a relatively perfect supply and demand information network for college students and provide effective information services. At present, the graduate employment information system and employment service system are not perfect. The employment of college graduates is mainly obtained through primitive and inefficient ways such as holding job fairs in schools and talent markets. The information channels for meeting with demanders are narrow and the transaction rate is low.

Implementing the two-way choice of employment requires college students, as the main body of employment, to strengthen employment guidance for college students, whether they establish a correct concept of employment or improve their job-seeking skills. At present, the employment guidance for college graduates is extremely weak. According to the investigation of 7 universities and more than 0/00 enterprises and institutions by relevant departments, 68% of the respondents are dissatisfied with the employment guidance work in colleges and universities, thinking that it is "imperfect and the guidance channel is too single", the level of employment guidance teachers is uneven, and there are too few professional and high-quality employment guidance teachers; Lack of teaching materials for career guidance courses.

Fourth, change the employment concept of the whole society and college students.

In the case of market employment, the individual employment concept of college students needs to be changed, and the whole society also needs to adjust the employment concept. Recently, for example, there has been a phenomenon of "three more and three less" among college students in Shanghai, that is, there are more eastern areas than western areas, more cities than rural areas, and more foreign enterprises than state-owned enterprises. Due to the inadaptability of employment concept, some college students blindly follow the trend, some can't choose jobs according to their own characteristics, and some can't adjust their employment goals according to reality. At present, society and families have high expectations for college students' employment, and they cannot agree with college students' self-employment and various forms of flexible employment, and they cannot accept the reality of college students' unemployment, which has a negative impact on college students' employment.

Fifth, the professional structure and education system of universities need to be adjusted and reformed.

At present, there are both gross contradictions and structural contradictions in the employment of college students, but like other developing countries, structural contradictions are the main contradictions. In particular, the employment of college students has been marketized, but the adjustment of major settings in colleges and universities is lagging behind, which leads to the dislocation of graduate professional structure and market supply and demand. From the source, this has become an important reason that restricts the employment of college students. Some universities' majors and courses are not planned according to market demand, which leads to blindness, and the phenomenon of professional convergence is very serious, resulting in a serious oversupply. After the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities, some schools still follow the traditional exam-oriented education and teaching methods, and some students have high scores and some have low abilities, which can not meet the needs of employers. In many schools, the division of majors is too fine, the knowledge of graduates is too narrow, and their learning ability and adaptability are poor. The specialty is too detailed, and it is difficult to keep up with the pace of market changes. Some higher vocational and higher vocational education majors lack characteristics, and the theoretical knowledge of students trained is not as good as that of undergraduate students, and their practical ability is not strong enough to meet the needs of employers. With the development of the labor market and the continuous improvement of competition, employers put forward higher and higher requirements for candidates' practical operation ability and ability to adapt to changes in working environment. For example, in the 10 major with the fastest growth in recent years, the employment rate of graduates decreased by 2 1.6 percentage points in 2002, and the employment rate was only 59.7%.

In recent years, although it has become the consensus of the government and all sectors of society to speed up the adjustment of the professional structure and personnel training structure of higher education, and some progress has indeed been made, on the whole, this work is still not satisfactory. The reason is probably that the reform of the education system is not in place. The reform of education system lags behind the reform of employment system for college students, which is the most fundamental crux. Practice has proved that it is unrealistic to rely solely on government management measures to solve the structural contradiction between supply and demand of college students without the market-oriented reform of the education system. At present, the employment of college students has been gradually marketized, but the education system is not really marketized, which is highlighted by the lack of sufficient autonomy in most schools, and the disconnection between enrollment and specialty setting and market demand. At the same time, many schools lack the enthusiasm and initiative of reform and adjustment and rely on the government. Specialty setting and adjustment are often not market-oriented, but simply based on their own teacher conditions. In this way, the long-term line is longer and the structural contradictions are more prominent.

With the development of the labor market and the continuous improvement of competition, employers put forward higher and higher requirements for candidates' practical operation ability and ability to adapt to changes in working environment. However, in our traditional education, knowledge inculcation is emphasized, while ability training is neglected. College students lack work experience and practical operation ability, and the professional division in many schools is too narrow. Some graduates have too narrow knowledge, poor learning ability and adaptability, and can't meet the needs of employers. The survey found that a considerable number of employers made it clear that they don't want fresh graduates, thinking that fresh graduates have poor hands-on ability, and enterprises should spend considerable energy on training after recruitment.

In recent years, although it has become the consensus of the government and all sectors of society to speed up the adjustment of the professional structure and personnel training structure of higher education, and some progress has indeed been made, on the whole, this work is still not satisfactory. At present, most schools lack sufficient autonomy, and enrollment and specialty settings are out of line with market demand. At the same time, many schools lack the enthusiasm and initiative of reform and adjustment, and the specialty setting and adjustment are often not market-oriented, but simply based on their own teacher conditions. The low employment rate of vocational college students and junior college students is because most of them are still trained according to the compression of undergraduate courses, which does not meet the market demand and does not reflect the outstanding skills characteristics of vocational college students. In this way, the long-term line is longer and the structural contradictions are more prominent. This situation was enlarged after the enrollment scale expanded, which aggravated the seriousness of the problem.

University graduates are the precious wealth of the country and society, which embodies huge human capital. At present, there are not many college students in China, but not enough. However, if large-scale college graduates can't find jobs, it will not only be a huge waste of human resources, but also dampen the enthusiasm of society and families for human capital investment, reduce people's enthusiasm for education and training, and have a greater negative impact on the labor market. At the same time, college students' thoughts are in an immature stage, mostly concentrated in cities. Long-term unemployment will affect social stability. Therefore, the employment problem of college graduates needs to be highly valued and effectively solved.

(Excerpted from Xinhua Digest, No.8, 2003 185- 188)