Majiayao culture Majiayao culture is the late Neolithic culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in China.

1. How many types does Majiayao culture include? 2. How much do you know about Majiayao culture in Gansu? 3. What are the characteristics of Majiayao culture? 4. What is Majiayao culture? 5. What types does Majiayao culture include? 6. Majiayao culture How many types does Majiayao culture include? Majiayao culture includes Majiayao, Banshan and Machang. Majiayao type is earlier than mid-level type, and mid-level type is earlier than racecourse type.

Among them, the Mid-mountain type and the Racecourse type have many similar factors and are closely related.

The distribution range of cultural types in Mid-levels is the same as that of Majiayao, but it has gradually moved westward. The distribution of Machang cultural types is more westward than Majiayao cultural types and Mid-levels cultural types.

Cultural naming

Although Majiayao site was discovered earlier, it was named after it in the 1940s. There have been many controversies in the field of archaeology about the naming of Majiayao culture and whether it includes the types of Banshan and Machang, and opinions have not been completely unified.

An Tesheng, who was the first to investigate and excavate the Majiayao site, called the Majiayao site in Lintao and the Mid-Levels site in Guanghe as Yangshao period or Yangshao culture. In order to distinguish it from Yangshao culture in Henan and Shaanxi, it is also called Yangshao culture in Gansu.

How much do you know about Majiayao culture in Gansu? Culture is the epitome of history and the mirror of the times. The high development of Majiayao culture in Gansu Province is the brightest light in the dawn of Chinese civilization in the Neolithic Age, which embodies many cultural achievements made by Chinese ancestors in ancient times. Majiayao culture not only contains many mysterious social and cultural information in prehistoric times, but also creates the earliest form of painting in China. Now let's learn about Majiayao culture, the cultural capital of Gansu.

Majiayao culture was first discovered in Majiayao Village, Lintao County, Gansu Province in 1923, hence its name. Majiayao culture is a local type of Yangshao culture developing westward, which appeared in the late Neolithic period more than 5700 years ago. After more than 3000 years of development, it has formed four types: Shilingxia, Majiayao, Banshan and Racecourse. Mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Taohe River, Daxia River and Huangshui River basins in Gansu and Qinghai.

architectural style

Majiayao cultural village sites are generally located on the platforms on both sides of the Yellow River and its tributaries, close to the water source, and the soil is well developed. Most of the houses are semi-crypt buildings, and some are built on flat ground. The plane shape of houses can be divided into three categories: square, round and partition, with square houses being the most common. The square house is a semi-crypt type with a large area, generally between 10 square meter and 50 square meters. There is a round fire pit in the house, and a square pit is often dug outside the door to store food.

Most round houses are built on flat ground or a shallow pit is dug. There is a fire pit at the entrance, and a central column is erected in the middle to support the inclined column. Houses are conical, with the least number of rooms, which are mainly found in Linjia in Dongxiang and Jiangjiaping in Yongdeng. Generally, there is a fire pit in the middle of the main room and a compartment on the side.

Funeral custom

There are more than 2,000 Majiayao cultural tombs, which are generally adjacent to the place of residence, and public cemeteries are popular. The arrangement of tombs is irregular, mostly in the east or southeast. There are rectangular, square and round tombs in the prevailing pits. The way of burial varies with time and region. There are generally upright limbs, lateral bending limbs and secondary burial.

There are generally funerary objects in tombs, mainly production tools, utensils and decorations, as well as a small amount of food and livestock such as pigs, dogs and sheep. Among the funerary objects in some cemeteries, men have tools such as stone axes, Shi Mao and chisels, while women have spinning wheels and household pottery, which reflects the division of labor between men and women. The quantity and quality of funerary objects are different, and the greater the difference in the later period, some reach more than 90 pieces, and some have nothing. This widening gap between the rich and the poor marks the gradual disintegration of primitive society and the dawn of Chinese civilization.

ceramics

Majiayao culture pottery industry is very developed, and its painted pottery inherits the hearty style of Yangshao culture temple bottom ditch, but its performance is more detailed, forming a gorgeous and elegant artistic style, which has further developed than Yangshao culture and reached the peak of artistic achievement. Most pottery is formed by the method of clay lath construction. Pottery is orange, and the surface of pottery is polished very delicately. Among many Majiayao cultural relics, there are kilns and pottery kilns, pigments, stone slabs for grinding pigments, painted pottery plates and so on.

The early painted pottery of Majiayao culture was mainly painted in pure black; In the middle stage, the pattern is drawn alternately in pure black and black red; Later, black and red were used to draw patterns. The pottery-making process of Majiayao culture has begun to use slow wheel trimming. Drawing concentric circles, chords and parallel lines with the wheel shows skillful painting skills. The large-scale production of painted pottery shows that the social division of labor in this period has long been specialized, and specialized pottery craftsmen have appeared.

The development of painted pottery is a remarkable feature of Majiayao culture. Among all the painted pottery cultures found in China, Majiayao culture has the highest proportion of painted pottery, and its indoor color is particularly developed, with distinctive characteristics of the times. Since the late 1950s, with the accumulation of a large number of newly unearthed materials, the study of painted pottery of Majiayao culture has been paid more and more attention by academic circles, and has gradually become the focus of prehistoric culture research.

After Yangshao painted pottery declined in the Central Plains, Majiayao painted pottery continued to develop for hundreds of years, pushing painted pottery culture to an unprecedented height. Majiayao culture, represented by painted pottery, is an unparalleled wonder in the history of painted pottery development in the world, the most splendid culture created by ancient human ancestors, and the peak of painted pottery art development. It is not only the source of industrial civilization and agricultural civilization, but also the origin and development of China culture and art with a long history. Its magical and brilliant artistic charm still shocks our hearts today.

What are the characteristics of Majiayao culture? Characteristics of Majiayao culture: The village sites of Majiayao culture are generally located on terraces on both sides of the Yellow River and its tributaries, close to water sources, and the soil is well developed. Most of the houses are semi-crypt buildings, and some are built on flat ground. The plane shape of houses can be divided into three categories: square, round and partition, with square houses being the most common.

The square house is a semi-crypt type with a large area, generally around 10 -50 square meters. There is a round fire pit in the house, and a square pit is often dug outside the door to store food.

Most round houses are built on flat ground or a shallow pit is dug. There is a fire pit at the entrance, and a central column is erected in the middle to support the inclined column. Houses are conical, with the least number of rooms, which are mainly found in Linjia in Dongxiang and Jiangjiaping in Yongdeng. Generally, there is a fire pit in the middle of the main room and a compartment on the side.

Extended data:

Majiayao culture is mainly distributed in central and southern Gansu, with the loess plateau in Longxi as the center, from the upper reaches of Weihe River in the east, Hexi Corridor and northeastern Qinghai Province in the west, southern Ningxia Autonomous Region in the north and Sichuan Province in the south. The main rivers in the distribution area are the Yellow River and its tributaries Taohe River, Daxia River and Huangshui River.

Majiayao types are mainly distributed in the central and southern Gansu and northeastern Qinghai, the upper reaches of Shuijing and Weishui in southern Ningxia and the basins of Bailong River, Huangshui River, Taohe River, Zhuanglang River and Qingshui River. The distribution range of Zhongshan type is basically the same as Majiayao type, but it has gradually moved westward. The distribution of Ma Chang types is farther west.

What is the original word of Majiayao culture?

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Majiayao culture was named after it was first discovered in Majiayao Village, Lintao County, Gansu Province in 1923. Mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Taohe River, Daxia River and Huangshui River basins in Gansu and Qinghai provinces. Majiayao culture is a local type of Yangshao culture, which developed westward, so it was once called Yangshao culture in Gansu. Archaeologists believe that the combination of population pressure, agricultural economy and hunting and gathering economy is the main reason for the differentiation of Majiayao culture from Yangshao culture. Majiayao culture appeared in the late Neolithic period more than 5,700 years ago (about 3300 BC-2050 BC), and it has developed for more than 1000 years, including four types: Shilingxia, Majiayao, Banshan and Ma Changfeng. Majiayao culture is one of the sources of Qijia culture.

What types does Majiayao culture include? Majiayao culture includes Shilingxia type, Majiayao type, Mid-levels type and Racecourse type. Painted pottery under Shiling is characterized by the pattern of giant fish unearthed in Wang Jiaping, Gangu County. The giant fish in the painting is vivid, with a head like a human face and a detailed description, which is a personalized image. Majiayao painted pottery has a large decorative area, and the patterns are mostly vortex patterns, wave patterns and arc-edged triangular patterns, with dense composition, rotating and undulating patterns and strong sense of movement. Intermediate painted pottery is beautiful and generous in shape, with sawtooth pattern and vortex pattern in the majority, and the color tone is harmonious and warm. The background color of painted pottery in racecourse is mainly orange and yellow, and the pattern is black. People use parallel, curved and crossed patterns with uniform lines to form various exquisite patterns such as concentric circles, vortex lines and drooping lines. The pattern of painted pottery is often covered with the mouth edge of the object to the near bottom, which has an elegant feeling. As mentioned earlier, the painted pottery basin of Majiayao dance unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai, Datong County, Qinghai Province, shows the dance scenes of primitive people, which is summarized and very vivid, and can be called a masterpiece of painted pottery art of Majiayao culture.

Majiayao culture Majiayao culture reflects Majiayao culture, reflects the primitive culture of Majiayao culture in Gansu and Qinghai, and continues Majiayao culture as a branch of Yangshao culture. Aquaculture occupies an important position in Majiayao culture, which mainly raises cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and chickens, supplemented by fishing and hunting. The pottery industry is quite developed, creating Majiayao culture and splendid painted pottery culture. At that time, the scale of pottery making was quite large, and members of primitive clan commune organized labor production. Basically, they have procedures such as pottery making, painting and kiln burning, which are completed by professional craftsmen. Primitive handicrafts such as stone making, bone making, jade making, textile, smelting and wood products have made great progress. Stone grinding technology, spinning wheel, beads and other decorations made of stone and pottery were common at that time. Copper knives and pieces unearthed from Linjia site in dongxiang county, Gansu Province are the earliest bronze products discovered so far. The tombs of Majiayao culture reflect the transition from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society, that is, there has been a serious polarization between the rich and the poor.