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General situation and status of duck industry

1. Quantity and distribution

According to statistics of FAO, there were 948 million ducks in the world in 22, and 844 million ducks in Asia, accounting for 8.99% of the total ducks in the world. In Asia, ducks are mainly raised in China, Viet Nam, Thailand, Indonesia and India, with the largest number of ducks in China, accounting for 661 million, accounting for 69.7% of the total number of ducks in the world and 78.3% in Asia. It can be seen that China is the largest duck producer in the world.

table 1 the number of ducks in the world is 1 million

in 1998

in 1999

in 2

in 22

in China

5.12

5.62

6.12

6.36

. > Europe

.6

.65

.64

.63

World

7.68

8.33

8.92

9.18

9.48

. China accounts for (%) of the world

66.6

67.5

68.6

69.3

69.7

Duck breeding areas in China are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, eastern China, southeast coastal provinces and northern China. Besides, Taiwan Province is also the main producing area of ducks. According to statistics, in 22, 12 provinces and cities including Sichuan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Chongqing and Hubei released 1.532 billion ducks, accounting for 83.8% of the national total. Among them, Sichuan Province is the largest duck breeding province in China, with 337 million ducks released in 22, accounting for 18.4% of the total number of ducks released in China. Followed by 194 million in Guangdong, 147 million in Hunan and 123 million in Jiangsu.

1.2 production of duck meat, eggs and down

According to FAO statistics, in 22, the total production of duck meat in the world reached 3.5 million tons, and that in Asia and Europe reached 2.492 million tons and 393, tons respectively (see Table 2), accounting for 81.7% and 12.9% of the total duck meat in the world respectively. The output of duck meat in China reached 2.116 million tons, accounting for 69.4% of the world's total output. According to China's population of 1.3 billion, the per capita consumption of duck meat reached 1.63 grams. In 22, the output of duck eggs in China was 3.542 million tons, and the per capita possession reached 2.72 kg. China's down export trade accounts for 5% of the world total. In 22, China exported about 7, tons of down products and earned more than 65 million US dollars, making it the largest down producer in the world. To sum up, the output of duck meat, duck eggs and down in China ranks first in the world.

Table 2 The world's duck meat output is 1, tons

1998

1999

2

22

China

172.97

185.89

199.67

21. 237.32

249.24

Europe

36.65

38.33

4.19

39.51

39.27

World

259.16

274.57

.

85.

84.7

84.9

China accounts for (%) of the world

66.7

67.7

68.5

68.5

69.4

2. Working people have cultivated many local fine varieties with excellent production performance in long-term production practice, such as Beijing Duck, Shaoxing Duck, Jinding Duck, Gaoyou Duck, Jianchang Duck and Liancheng White Duck. In recent years, after further breeding by poultry experts and breeders, the production performance has been continuously improved. For example, the annual egg production of Shaoxing duck, Jinding duck and Taiwan Province Brown Lai duck can reach more than 3, exceeding the foreign egg duck varieties; Beijing duck is the most famous meat duck breed in the world, and it is used as breeding material by domestic and foreign meat duck breeding companies. Many meat duck breeds (such as Cherry Valley Duck, Lijia Duck, Aobaixing Duck, Maple Leaf Duck, Haige Duck and Tianfu Meat Duck, etc.) are related to Beijing duck. The production performance of Tianfu meat duck has reached the world advanced level; And the production level of high-quality white muscovy duck RF line and Taiwan Province white mule duck has reached the world advanced level.

China is the earliest country to produce mules and ducks. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the research and application of hybrid production system and breeding technology of mules and ducks, and the best two have been adopted. Three-way hybrid system replaces traditional mule duck production (Muscovy duck ♂× Ma duck ♀); At present, the commonly used cross combinations are Muscovy Duck ♂× (Beijing Duck× Egg Duck) ♀ and Muscovy Duck ♂× Large Meat Duck Day. Using French Muscovy Duck ♂× Large Meat Duck ♀, Sao Duck has the advantages of fast growth of large meat duck before 6 weeks and muscovy duck after 6 weeks, and has high breast and leg muscle rate, good meat quality and low sebum rate. Therefore, it is one of the effective ways to improve the quality of duck meat to produce mule ducks with pure male ducks and large meat ducks (Beijing duck series).

2.2 Improved breed breeding system has begun to take shape

Since the reform and opening-up, various places have successively invested in the construction of duck breeding farms of a certain scale, which are responsible for the breeding and seed supply of improved ducks in China, and play a role in promoting the construction of improved breed breeding system and the development of duck production in China. These duck farms mainly include: Beijing Duck Breeding Center, Shaoya Original Breeding Farm, Sichuan Original Waterfowl Farm, Sichuan Mianying Breeding Duck Co., Ltd., Chengdu Cremo Breeding Co., Ltd., Nanjing Cherry Valley Ancestral Duck Farm, Jiangsu Gaoyou Duck Group, Fujian Quanzhou Lijialiang Livestock Co., Ltd., Fujian Agricultural University Muscovy Duck Farm, Hebei Xianghe Zhengda, Henan Huaying Group and so on.

2.3 Application of artificial insemination technology

In order to improve the utilization rate of excellent breeding drakes, artificial insemination technology has been widely used in duck breeding. In the past, this technology was mostly used to produce mule ducks, with an average fertilization rate of 72% ~ 75%. Now, artificial insemination is also used in the breeding of meat ducks. The breeding of muscovy ducks adopts artificial insemination technology, and the utilization rate of male ducks is significantly higher than that of natural mating. To raise 1, female ducks, only 4 male ducks are needed (natural mating is 1: 5, 2 male ducks are needed, and artificial insemination is 1: 25), and 16 male ducks can be raised less, which saves a lot of feed expenses and plays an important role in accelerating the breeding and propagation of high-product lines.

2.4 scientific improvement of feeding methods

with the development of intensive duck breeding, extensive seasonal grazing has been transformed into greenhouse brooding, online flat feeding of meat ducks, laying ducks in captivity, supplementary feeding with granular compound feed, comprehensive prevention and control of duck diseases, balanced slaughter all year round, etc. The popularization of these scientific duck breeding techniques has greatly improved the economic benefits of duck breeding, and is also conducive to health and epidemic prevention and ecological environment protection, and has received good economic and social benefits.

2.5 Processing and utilization of duck products

Duck meat plays an important role in China's food culture. In recent years, with the development of China's commercial waterfowl industry, Chinese duck products are well-known at home and abroad except the traditional Beijing roast duck and Guangdong-Guangzhou roasted duck, and famous brands emerge in large numbers everywhere, such as Sichuan Zhangcha Duck, Fried Duck, Chongqing Bairen Post-dried Duck, Jiangsu Salted Duck and Shanghai Daying Duck. Fuzhou Yinya, Shayang salted duck, Annan salted duck, Sankang salted duck, etc. Conditioning products include duck balls, duck burgers and duck ham; Leisure products include dried duck, duck sticks and duck slices; Egg products include red heart salted duck eggs, double yellow salted eggs, lead-free preserved eggs and healthy eggs; Other products include duck fat liver, fur, fresh bone paste and so on. There are more than 3 chain stores in Taiwan Province, and there are also many chain stores in big cities in China. Nanjing is known as the duck capital. There are more than 1,5 processing plants for marinated ducks and salted ducks in the city, with an annual processing capacity of 15 million, of which salted ducks account for 76% of the consumption. Sichuan is the largest duck-raising province in China, with a wide variety of duck products. Chengdu alone consumes more than 45.6 million plum tea ducks, fried ducks and roast ducks annually. In recent years, in addition to exporting salted duck, preserved eggs and salted eggs, China also exports duck products such as white striped duck, duck meat roll, smoked duck meat, frozen muscovy duck, breast meat and leg meat. Frozen duck and duck meat are mainly exported to Japan and South Korea, while traditional duck products and reprocessed eggs are mainly exported to Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese gathering areas. According to statistics, in 21, China exported 2.18 million tons of duck meat.

3 There are problems at present

3.1 The potential of duck industry has not been brought into full play

In the structure of poultry eggs and meat, duck products account for a small proportion. According to statistics, duck meat accounts for 14.7% of poultry meat, and duck eggs only account for 9.8% of poultry eggs. < P > 3.2 The breeding system of improved duck varieties is not perfect < P > The commercial duck breeding industry in China started late, with little investment, small duck breeding farms, simple production facilities and backward breeding methods, resulting in insufficient seed supply capacity and unstable production performance. Some duck breeding farms do not follow the prescribed procedures and use commercial birds to keep seeds.

3.3 The research on duck feeding is seriously lagging behind

At present, there is no national standard for the nutritional needs of meat ducks and laying ducks at different growth stages in China, and the special feed for ducks accounts for a small proportion of the compound feed in China. Some duck farms can only be replaced by laying hens or broilers, which is not suitable for the existing production scale of raising ducks.

3.4 Backward processing methods of duck products

Due to backward processing methods, the products produced are of low grade, which cannot fully meet the needs of modern consumption and export. Although China's duck products are rich and diverse, most of them are processed by traditional manual workshops, and the product quality and hygiene standards need to be improved. Duck meat export enterprises, in particular, should strictly control the hygiene standards and drug residue indicators.

3.5 The degree of industrialization is low

In duck production, from the main production links such as seed supply, material supply, technical service, product processing and circulation, the industrial chain is out of touch with each other, the information of production, supply and marketing is ineffective, the contradiction between production and marketing is prominent, and the distribution of benefits is uneven, resulting in large market fluctuations and uneven production, which seriously affects the enthusiasm of commodity producers and the sustained and stable development of production.

4. Develop the combat readiness in the future

4.l Establish the breeding system of duck varieties, and protect the variety resources in different areas

4.l.1 Strengthen the breeding system of duck varieties. This system should take the breeding centers of meat ducks and laying ducks as the leader and China's own excellent varieties as the main body, and set up national and regional breeding farms and breeding farms respectively to form the breeding system of duck varieties. In China, the state has invested tens of millions of yuan in broilers and laying hens, introduced the latest foreign supporting strains in complete sets, and established breeding centers and systems, with remarkable results. However, there is no breeding center for the duck breeding industry with low investment, high output and high benefit, which does not need to introduce foreign varieties. We should pay close attention to the construction of duck breeding system in the early 21st century and realize the goal of improved varieties in all commercial duck farms in China as soon as possible.

4.1.2 Strengthen the research on the new matching strains of meat ducks, further strengthen the research on the matching strains of Beijing Duck and Tianfu Meat Duck, continue to aim at high efficiency, high quality and fast growth, and improve the production level of meat ducks in China; Strengthen the research on matching production of mules and ducks. It is an excellent new product of meat duck to cross with domestic duck (Beijing duck or Ma duck) as male parent, which has obvious heterosis and should be paid attention to and popularized.

4.1.3 Preserve excellent breed resources to prevent resource loss. For the 12 key duck breeds that have been listed in China Poultry Breeds, the state should make plans to implement resource conservation in different regions to avoid blind hybridization or resource loss. The painful lessons of the loss of chicken breed resources in many excellent places should be taken as a lesson from the past.

4.2 Establish a large commodity production base and form an industry group

The policy of coexistence of grazing and intensive feeding should be adopted in waterfowl production in China. Where there are conditions for grazing, we should make full use of natural conditions and cheap labor in rural areas, and develop the combination of raising ducks in beaches, raising ducks in rice fields, raising ducks in rivers and lakes, and raising ducks and fish. This combination of farming, animal husbandry and fishing will give full play to its role in the future for a long period of time to increase production.

At the same time, in places suitable for waterfowl development, several large-scale duck production bases will be established, and specialized production, serialized services and integrated management will be implemented. Form various industry groups, such as meat duck processing group, waterfowl fatty liver group, down and fur group, etc., and pay attention to the overall benefits. Only in this way can we give full play to technological advantages, effectively integrate science and technology into production, improve the added value of commodities and enhance international competitiveness.

4.3 Study and work out the nutritional standard of ducks in China

Now duck feed is basically prepared with reference to the nutritional data of chickens, because Abby Mallard chickens have more developed muscular stomachs and lower protein requirements. Therefore, feeding standard suitable for different growth stages of meat ducks and laying ducks in China should be worked out as soon as possible through experimental research.

4.4 Study on intensive feeding technology of laying ducks

At present, the production of laying ducks in China is mainly concentrated in the southeast coastal provinces, and the feeding methods are mainly grazing or captivity, so it cannot be popularized in the northern and western regions where water is scarce and low temperature exists. In the future, intensive feeding and grazing should be carried out in laying ducks production. The policy of semi-grazing and walking on two legs solves the intensive feeding process. We should organize tackling key problems, and work out supporting technologies and techniques in the aspects of intensive breeding house construction, supporting facilities, variety selection, nutritional standards, breeding technology, sanitation and epidemic prevention, environmental control, etc. Perfecting the feeding technology of laying ducks can not only maintain stable and high yield, but also greatly improve the conversion rate of feed, and also greatly promote the feeding range of laying ducks to the north and west. It can directly raise ducks and sell eggs in grain-producing areas, reducing transportation links and costs.

4.5 Carry out deep processing of duck products and expand domestic and international markets

Experience has proved that all the places where duck production is developed are developed through good post-natal processing and sales. The world-famous Beijing roast duck has promoted the formation, improvement and development of Beijing duck varieties; Jiangsu salted duck and Jianchang salted duck promoted the development of Jiangsu Gaoyou duck and Sichuan Jianchang duck. At present, we should focus on the following tasks:

4.5.l Egg processing industry Preserved eggs, salted eggs, spoiled eggs and grey eggs are traditional products in China and also traditional export commodities, and the quality should be continuously improved; When fresh eggs are processed into egg powder, the fat and protein of duck eggs are 4% higher than that of eggs, which can be used as nutritious and convenient food. egg