What are the functions and uses of gravitational waves?

1, which verified the prediction of the late scientist Einstein. If gravitational waves are not found, Einstein's theory is like a stool with a missing leg, which is flawed. The discovery of gravitational waves filled a loophole in Einstein's general theory of relativity and confirmed the correctness of his theory.

2. The discovery of gravitational waves is similar to the discovery of X-rays in those years, and they are all tools. With this tool, we can use the observation of gravitational waves to observe phenomena in the distant universe. Discovering dark matter, time travel and so on are all possible things. Without gravitational waves, we can't do these unique things in the science fiction world with the existing technology.

The difference between gravitational waves is that the period of gravitational waves is much longer, but it is also much weaker. Gravitational waves can be observed, at least with a certain technical level. Observing gravitational waves shows that human technology in this field has advanced to an unprecedented level.

My daughter's Chinese teacher said that the gravitational waves in front of my daughter's composition attracted each other, and ... you didn't express it clearly.

I have two understandings: ① The teacher lost his temper at what you said about "no learning and no skills"-gravitational waves in front, and binary stars in the back attract each other ... Why can't you not learn and have no skills? It's me. I lost my temper, too

This is popular science knowledge. Your daughter is studying and is interested in it.

It's reasonable that you don't understand, but you can't dampen children's interest.

Communicate with teachers more.

There is no contradiction between Chinese and popular science.

You said "my daughter is unlearned", and at the same time, the teacher lost her temper at your daughter's "unlearned".

In this case ... both of you should communicate with your daughters, get to know each other and cultivate their interests.

...

The reviewer of Einstein's gravitational wave paper sent to Physical Review is 1936, and the anonymous reviewer of Einstein's gravitational wave paper sent to Physical Review is Einstein's good friend Robertson at Princeton University. The anonymous reviewer re-deduces Einstein's conclusion that gravitational waves exist, thinking that this conclusion is wrong and this paper cannot be published in Physical Review.

...

Write a composition on Einstein. 800 words requires a combination of narration and discussion.

Experts will answer. ...

German-American scientist.

1March 879 14 was born in a small business owner's family in Ulm, Germany,1April 955 18 died in Princeton, USA.

I love music since I was a child, and I am a skilled violinist.

1900 graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, and obtained Swiss nationality.

After that, I found a permanent job in the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.

A series of his early historical achievements were achieved here.

1909, he first worked in academia and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich.

19 14 at the invitation of M. Planck and W. nernst, he returned to Germany as the director of the Royal William Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin.

1933 when Hitler came to power, Einstein was persecuted for the first time because he was a Jew and resolutely defended democracy, and was forced to move to Princeton, USA.

1940 became an American citizen.

1945 retired.

Einstein has made historic achievements in three different fields of physics: quantum theory, molecular motion theory and relativity theory, especially the establishment of special relativity theory and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory and made important contributions to social progress.

The further development of quantum theory One of Einstein's pioneering contributions is the development of quantum theory.

Quantum theory is a hypothesis put forward by Planck in 1900 to solve the black body radiation spectrum.

He believes that the energy released by an object when it emits radiation is not continuous but quantized.

But most people, including Planck himself, dare not push the concept of energy discontinuity further, and even try to bring it into the classical physical system again and again.

Einstein had a hunch that quantum theory brought not a small correction, but a fundamental change in the whole physics.

1905, he extended Planck's quantum concept to the propagation of light in space, and put forward the light quantum hypothesis, which holds that: for time average (that is, statistical average phenomenon), light behaves as fluctuation; For instantaneous values (i.e. fluctuations), light appears as particles (see quantum optics).

This is the first time in history that the fluctuation of microscopic particles and the unity of particle properties, that is, wave-particle duality, are revealed.

The later development of physics shows that wave-particle duality is the most basic feature of the whole microscopic world.

According to the concept of light quantum, he successfully explained the empirical law of photoelectric effect which can't be explained by classical physics, and won the 192 1 year Nobel Prize in Physics.

19 16, he extended the quantum concept to the vibration inside the object, and basically explained the relationship between the specific heat capacity of the solid and the temperature at low temperature.

19 16 years, he continued to develop quantum theory and deduced blackbody radiation spectrum from N Bohr's concept of quantum transition.

In this study, he combined the concept of statistical physics with quantum theory and put forward the concepts of spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.

From the basis of quantum theory to the concept of stimulated emission, it has a great influence on astrophysics.

Among them, the concept of stimulated emission provided a theoretical basis for the booming laser technology in the 1960s.

Molecular motion theory Einstein explained Brownian motion with atomism in the article "Study on the Motion of Suspended Particles in Still Liquid Based on Molecular Motion Theory".

This movement is the irregular movement of some tiny particles suspended in liquid, which was first discovered by R. Brown.

Three years later, J.B. Perrin, a French physicist, confirmed Einstein's theoretical prediction with accurate experiments, thus solving the problem that the scientific and philosophical circles have debated for more than half a century about the existence of atoms, and making the atomic hypothesis a solid scientific theory.

As a symbol of Einstein's lifelong career, relativity is his theory of relativity.

In his paper entitled "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects" published in 1905, he put forward the special theory of relativity completely, which largely solved the crisis of classical physics at the end of 19 and promoted the revolution of the whole physics theory.

At the end of 19, physics is changing, and new experimental results are impacting the classical physics system established since Galileo and I Newton.

The older generation of theoretical physicists, represented by H.A. Lorenz, tried to solve the contradiction between old theory and new things on the original theoretical framework.

Einstein believes that the way out lies in fundamentally changing the whole theoretical basis.

According to the relativity of inertial reference system and the invariance of light speed, he reformed the basic concepts of time, space and motion in classical physics, denied the existence of absolute static space and denied the absoluteness of the concept of simultaneity.

In this system, the scale of motion should be shortened and the clock of motion should be slowed down.

One of the most outstanding achievements of special relativity is to reveal the relationship between energy and mass. Mass (m) and energy (e) are equivalent: E=mc2 is a corollary of relativity.

This can explain why radioactive elements (such as radium) can release a lot of energy.

Mass-energy equivalence is the theoretical basis of atomic physics and particle physics, which satisfactorily explains the long-standing problem of star energy.

Special relativity has become a basic theoretical tool to explain high-energy astrophysical phenomena.

After the establishment of special relativity, Einstein tried to extend the application of the principle of relativity to non-inertial systems.

Starting from the experimental fact that Galileo discovered that the acceleration of all objects in the gravitational field is the same (that is, the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass), he put forward the equivalence principle in 1907: "The gravitational field is physically equivalent to the equivalent acceleration of the reference frame.

"It is concluded that in the gravitational field, the clock should go very fast, the wavelength of light waves should be changed, and the light should be bent.

After years of hard work, we finally established a general theory of relativity in 19 15, which is completely different from Newton's theory of gravity.

Einstein calculated the abnormal precession of the perihelion of Mercury according to the general relativity, which is completely consistent with the observation results, and solved a major problem in astronomy for more than 60 years.

At the same time, he concluded that the light emitted by distant stars will bend near the sun (see gravitational deflection of light).

This prediction was confirmed by S. Aiding's solar eclipse observation in 19 19.

19 16 years, he predicted the existence of gravitational waves.

After four years of continuous observation of the periodic changes of the radio pulse binary star PSR1913+16 discovered in 1974, the publication of 1979 indirectly confirmed the existence of gravitational waves, which is another powerful proof of general relativity.

After the establishment of general relativity, Einstein tried to expand it to include not only gravitational field, but also ...

The wind is a little noisy today, and I wander around the crowd just to find unicorns.

I quickly ran to the model shop, approached the shop and left the shop. In the tangle, time is quiet, without the zodiac, the only things left are the mg tall unicorn warrior and pg big unicorn warrior.

Like the brightest red star in the night sky, my eyes are trapped in the gravitational waves from him.

Finally, I made up my mind to buy a ka mg all-in-one unicorn and finally decided to fight ver.

Excited, I bought a hand of God and 30 knives from Tamiya, and went home and began to assemble them slowly.

The road to assembly was very hard, my clothes were wet with sweat, and my breath was dignified with excitement. Every time I pick up God's hand, I always think of the time when I used to cut with junk gold medals.

That was my past youth, that was my time without regrets, but it was in front of me and gave me endless pressure.

Combine a 1 with a5, b9 with g6, and finally say calcium oxide.

Finally, with my disdainful efforts, the mg unicorn was finished.

I am very happy, because it, my youth and my life have this decisive sum.

Thank him for giving me pressure, happiness and the spirit of never giving up.

I am determined to be an excellent young man! First of all! Yes! Member!

Articles about the gravity of the earth! ! Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts that the main properties of gravitational waves are: propagating at the speed of light in a vacuum; Carrying energy and information related to the wave source; It is a shear wave, and it is a plane wave at the far source; The lowest order is quadrupole radiation; The radiation intensity is extremely weak; The absorption efficiency of matter to gravitational waves is extremely low, and the gravitational wave penetration is extremely strong, and the earth is almost transparent to gravitational waves; Its polarization characteristics are two independent polarization states, etc.

Gravitational wave is a gravitational field with waveform and finite speed propagation.

Although Einstein predicted that there might be gravitational waves in the accelerated mass in 19 16, his gravitational waves were related to the selection of coordinates. In one reference frame, gravitational waves may have energy, but in another reference frame, they may not.

Therefore, at the beginning of gravitational waves, most people, including Einstein himself, were skeptical about gravitational waves.

1956, Pirani put forward a definition of gravitational wave that has nothing to do with the choice of coordinate system. 1957, the band-aid further proves theoretically the existence of plane gravitational waves that have nothing to do with the selection of coordinate system.

1959, Band-Aid, Pirani and Robinson further proved that stationary objects will move under the action of gravitational wave pulses, and indirectly proved that gravitational waves can carry energy and can be detected.

Because the gravitational radiation is extremely weak, it is impossible to emit detectable gravitational waves in the laboratory at present, but the violent motion of massive celestial bodies, such as the revolution of binary star system, the rotation of neutron star, supernova explosion, the formation, collision and capture of theoretically predicted substances, can radiate strong gravitational waves.

For many years, scientists all over the world have been committed to detecting gravitational waves. Weber, a scientist at the University of Maryland in the United States, took the lead in using an aluminum rod as an antenna for detection, and claimed to have detected a signal that did not rule out gravitational waves. But other scientists did not get this result, and Weber's conclusion was not recognized.

Now the research on gravitational waves is in the ascendant, and the research on anti-gravity or anti-gravity has been put on the agenda. The possible results of this research may fully realize the dream of human beings to realize interstellar navigation, and scientists deserve to devote their life-long energy and talent to this research.

Scientists in China have conducted valuable experiments and research in this field.

Since the British science fiction writer Wells described "anti-gravity" (which can shield the influence of gravity and make the spacecraft fly to the moon), anti-gravity has become a dream of human beings for more than a century.

If anti-gravity does exist, it will change the whole world.

Cars, trains, ships, all the transportation systems you can think of can be driven by the energy obtained by the gravitational field.

This anti-gravity research, which will change the taboos of the world scientific community and aerospace industry, has once again attracted people's attention, because it is reported that Boeing, the world's largest aircraft manufacturer, is exploring some new concepts, which may completely change the propulsion technology in the next century.

Einstein's short story is about 600 words. Albert Einstein, the greatest physicist in the 20th century, was born in Ulm, southwest Germany, on March 1879, and moved to Munich with his family a year later.

Einstein's parents were Jewish. His father Herman Einstein and his uncle Jacob Einstein jointly opened an electrical appliance factory to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems.

Mother Pauline, a housewife with secondary education, likes music very much and taught Einstein to play the violin when he was six years old.

Einstein was not lively when he was a child, and he couldn't speak when he was over three years old. His parents were worried that he was dumb and took him to see a doctor.

Fortunately, Einstein was not dumb, but he didn't speak fluently until he was nine years old. Everything he says must be carefully thought over.

At the age of four or five, Einstein was once ill in bed, and his father gave him a compass.

When he found that the compass always pointed in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something hidden behind this phenomenon.

He happily played with the compass for several days, pestering his father and uncle Jacob to ask a series of questions.

Although he can't even say the word "magnetic" well, he stubbornly wants to know why the compass can guide the direction.

This deep and lasting impression was vividly recalled by Einstein until he was 67 years old.

When Einstein was in primary school and middle school, his homework was normal.

Because he is slow and doesn't like people, his teachers and classmates don't like him.

The teacher who taught him Greek and Latin hated him even more, and once publicly scolded him: "Einstein, you will never be a successful person when you grow up."

"And I want to kick him out of school for fear that he will affect other students in the class.

Einstein's uncle Jacob is in charge of technical affairs in the electric appliance factory, while Einstein's father is in charge of business contact.

Jacob is an engineer. He loves mathematics very much. When Einstein came to ask him questions, he always introduced his mathematics knowledge to him in very simple and popular language.

Under the influence of his uncle, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier.

My father's business is not good, but he is optimistic and kind. Inviting poor students from Munich to dinner at home every night is tantamount to helping them.

One of them is a pair of Jewish brothers Max and Bernard from Lithuania. They are all medical students. They like reading books and have a wide range of interests.

They were invited to eat at Einstein's house and became good friends with shy little Einstein with black hair and brown eyes.

Max can be said to be Einstein's "first teacher". He lent him some popular natural science books.

When Einstein was twelve years old, Max gave him a plane geometry textbook from speke.

Einstein recalled this sacred little book in his later years and said, "There are many conclusions in this book, such as that the three heights of a triangle intersect at one point. Although they are not obvious in themselves, they can be reliably proved, so any doubt seems impossible.

This clarity and reliability left an indescribable impression on me.

"Einstein is also very lucky to know the main achievements and methods in the field of natural science from an excellent popular reading. Popular reading not only increased Einstein's knowledge, but also touched the curious heartstrings of young people and caused him to think deeply about the problem.

At the age of sixteen, Einstein applied for the engineering department of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, but failed in the entrance examination.

He accepted the suggestion of Professor Weber, the president of the Federal Institute of Technology and a famous physicist in the school, and completed the middle school course in Arau, Switzerland, with a view to obtaining a middle school degree.

1896 5438+00 In June, Einstein stepped into the school gate of Zurich University of Technology and studied mathematics and physics in the normal department.

He is very disgusted with the indoctrination education in school, which makes people have no time and interest to think about other problems.

Fortunately, compulsory education that stifles real scientific motivation is much less in Zurich Federal Institute of Technology than in other universities.

Einstein made full use of the free air in the school and devoted himself to the subject he loved.

At school, he widely read the works of masters of physics such as Helmholtz and Hertz, and he was most fascinated by Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.

He has the ability of self-study, the habit of analyzing problems and the ability of independent thinking.

Early work 1900, Einstein graduated from Zurich University of Technology.

He was refused to stay in school because he was not enthusiastic about some courses and indifferent to the teachers.

He couldn't find a job and made a living as a tutor and substitute teacher.

After a year and a half of unemployment, Marcel Grossman, a classmate who cares about and understands his talent, extended a helping hand to him.

Grossman managed to persuade his father to introduce Einstein to the Swiss Patent Office as a technician.

Einstein thanked Grossman for his lifelong help.

In his mourning letter to Grossman, he said that when he graduated from college, he was "suddenly abandoned by everyone and faced with life at a loss."

He helped me. Through him and his father, I later went to Haller (then director of the Swiss Patent Office) and entered the patent office.

Kind of like saving my life. Without him, I probably won't starve to death, but my spirit will be depressed.

"1902 February 2 1 day, Einstein obtained Swiss nationality and moved to Bern, waiting for the recruitment of the patent office.

1902 On June 23rd, Einstein was officially employed as a third-class technician by the Patent Office, whose job was to examine all kinds of technological inventions applying for patent rights.

1903 married mileva Malik, a college classmate.

From 1900 to 1904, Einstein wrote a paper every year and published it in the German journal of physics.

The first two articles are about the thermodynamics of liquid level and electrolysis, trying to give chemistry a mechanical basis. Later, it was found that this road was not feasible, and the mechanical basis of thermodynamics was studied instead.

190 1 put forward some basic theories of statistical mechanics, and three papers from 1902 to 1904 all belong to this field.

1904 seriously discusses the fluctuation phenomenon predicted by statistical mechanics and finds that energy fluctuation depends on Boltzmann constant.

It not only applies this result to mechanical systems and thermal phenomena, but also boldly applies it to radiation phenomena, and obtains the fluctuation formula of radiation energy. ...

China has studied gravitational wave detection, but no formal gravitational wave detection facilities have been built. In 2006, Einstein proved theoretically for the first time that gravity radiates in the form of waves, which is gravitational waves.

However, for more than 60 years, people have never detected gravitational waves in the laboratory.

From the second half of 1950s, physicist Weber began to conceive a wonderful method to detect gravitational waves from cosmic objects.

1969, Weber announced that he had discovered gravitational waves and successfully detected them.

When the news came out, it caused a sensation all over the world.

Since 1970s, gravitational wave detection devices have been established all over the world, but unfortunately, they all denied Weber's conclusion.

The gravitational wave problem is still an unsolved scientific mystery.

Why is it so difficult to detect gravitational waves? Because the gravitational effect is really negligible, only one tenth of the electromagnetic effect, which makes the detection technology extremely difficult.

About 10 years after Weber's first experiment, the existence of gravitational waves was finally confirmed indirectly, but direct detection of gravitational waves is still one of the biggest topics left by experimental physics.

On July 23rd, 2003, the Virgo gravitational wave detector built in Italy by France and Italy was put into use. The detector was jointly developed by the French National Research Center and the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, and construction began on 1993. It is located in cassina, near Pisa.

Together with several other facilities to detect gravitational waves, it will form a global network to capture gravitational waves.

Gravitational waves are actually radiation waves.

According to the theory developed by scientists after Einstein, there is a gravitational field around any mass object, whether it is a star or a table tennis ball.

When an object is stationary or moving at a uniform speed, the gravitational field is stable.

If a force is applied to an object, the motion state of the object will be changed.

At this time, the gravitational field around the object will be disturbed, just like throwing a stone into a calm pond. This disturbance will propagate at the speed of light in the form of light waves.

Unlike electromagnetic waves, gravitational waves are not absorbed by matter, so gravitational waves from distant celestial bodies can reach the earth without losing any information.

Because gravitational waves are very weak, only the strength of gravitational waves produced by supernova explosions can be barely observed by humans.

However, the supernova explosion in the center of the Milky Way occurs once every 35 years on average, and the most promising place to detect gravitational waves is the Virgo galaxy cluster outside the Milky Way.

The new gravitational wave detector in Europe is named after this.

There are thousands of galaxies in the Virgo cluster, which gather in a very small perspective in the sky. The frequency of supernova explosions is about once a week.

However, the cluster of galaxies is 50 million light years away from the Earth, which means that to detect the supernova gravitational wave explosion there, the gravitational wave detector must be 1 10,000 times more sensitive than similar equipment.

The Virgo gravitational wave detector did this.

This detector is actually a large observation system covering several square kilometers.

On the ground outside the main building, there are two 3-kilometer-long pipes used as probe sticks.

It adopts the most advanced technology-optical interference technology.

Its principle is to measure the oscillation of the distance between two huge mirrors.

These two mirrors are placed at the ends of two long tubes, and their distance is detected by the optical interferometer system.

The greater the distance between mirrors, the greater the probability of detecting gravitational wave effect from "background fluctuation" inside the system.

In the center of Virgo is a tall building, in which stands a metal tower as high as 10 meter.

There is a compound pendulum structure hidden in the steel shell of this metal tower.

It consists of five pendulums, under which various optical elements are suspended.

This can be said to be its heart.

The purpose of this device is to completely isolate all kinds of optical and external interference.

Because the effect of gravitational waves is very small, it is impossible to distinguish gravitational wave signals from "background fluctuations" without actively eliminating external interference.

The vibration of the pendulum will be able to offset the interference caused by seismic waves, wind, cars and trains, and even the vibration caused by the activities of researchers near the laboratory.

According to the information provided by the scientific research institutions participating in the project, Virgo gravity detector is the largest vacuum structure in Europe, and its internal silence will exceed that of the spacecraft in orbit.

Please indicate the source? What are the functions and uses of gravitational waves?