Review the outline of the first semester of history, there is a reward, hurry! !

Chapter I Origin of Chinese Civilization (1-12)

1. The earliest known human being in China is Yuanmou, which is 1.7 million years ago. P2

2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals is whether they can make tools P2

3. The time and place where Beijingers and cavemen live P1.3.4

4. From apes to animals. P2

5. Beijingers use natural fire, while cavemen know how to make fire manually and have mastered polishing and drilling techniques. P4-5

6. Beijingers live in groups, while cavemen live in clans P5

7. Hemudu people live in the Yangtze River valley and Banpo people live in the Yellow River valley, and they have all used grinding stone tools P7—8

8

8. Hemudu people grow rice and Banpo people grow millet. China is the first country to grow rice and millet in the world. P7-8

9. Private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in the late Dawenkou culture. P7-P7—P8

1. The tribes of Yandi and Huangdi formed an alliance, forming the Huaxia nationality in the future. Yandi and Huangdi were revered as the ancestors of Huaxia nationality. P12

11. It is the Yellow Emperor who is called the "ancestor of humanity" of the Chinese nation. P13

12. Yao Shunyu's "abdication": the method of democratically selecting tribal alliance leaders. P14

Chapter II Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (13-4)

14. In 27 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history. P15

15. Tang destroyed the summer and established the Shang Dynasty. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the Shang Dynasty ruled stably. P21

16. In 146 BC, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty through the battle of Makino, established the Zhou Dynasty, and made its capital. P23

17. The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which strengthened the rule over various places. P23-24

18. In 771 BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished. P24

19. The Simu tripod in Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze ware ever discovered in the world. The grotesque P26

2 unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan Province, and the bronze mask, large bronze statue and bronze sacred tree unearthed in Sanxingdui cultural site have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people. P27

21. The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce formed a splendid bronze civilization in the Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. P27

22. In 77 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luo, which was called the "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. P3

23. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King Fu Cha of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue. P3-32

24. Qi Huangong put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and resisting foreigners". P31

25. The battle that decided Jin Wengong to become the overlord of the Central Plains was the battle of Chengpu. P32

26. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han. P33

27. In 26 BC, there was a war of Changping between Qin and Zhao, and Zhao was defeated. Since then, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack. P34

28. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China began to use iron farm tools and Niu Geng and Niu Geng, which was a revolution in the history of China's agricultural development. P36-37 < P > 29. The popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng has significantly improved the land utilization rate and crop yield. P37

3. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, China invented pig iron smelting technology, which was more than 19 years earlier than Europe. China was also the first country to invent porcelain in the world, and it was manufactured as early as the Shang Dynasty. P27, P36

31. During the Warring States Period, Li Bing presided over the construction of Dujiangyan, a famous water conservancy project, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance". P37

32. Main contents and significance of Shang Yang's political reform. P38—39

33. The characters carved by Shang people on tortoise shells or animal bones are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions". P41

34. The history of writing in China is from the Shang Dynasty. P41

35. The words cast on the bronzes of Shang and Zhou Dynasties are called "inscriptions". P41

36. Records of solar and lunar eclipses and 24 solar terms P43

37. Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He summarized the "four diagnostic methods" of Chinese medicine. P43

38. Qu Yuan lived in Chu at the end of the Warring States Period, and his masterpiece Lisao P43

39. The "complete set of bells" in the Warring States Period was unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei. P44

4. Confucius' important contribution to ideological education and culture P46-P47

41. Laozi, the founder of Taoist school in the late Spring and Autumn Period, recorded his theory in Tao Te Ching; During the Warring States Period, the founder of Mohism was Mozi, who advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression". The representative figure of Confucianism is Mencius, who asked the rulers to govern the country with "benevolent government"; The representative figure of Taoism is Zhuangzi, who proposed "governing by doing nothing"; Han Fei, the representative of Legalism, advocated reform. The representative of the military strategist is Sun Wu, who wrote Sun Tzu's Art of War and the military motto "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle", which is out of this book.

p47-p49

chapter iii Qin dynasty, western Han dynasty and eastern Han dynasty (41-67)

42. from 23 BC to 221 BC, Qin destroyed the six countries one after another, completed reunification and made Xianyang its capital. < P6

43. In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shihuang accepted Li Si's suggestion of "burning books to bury Confucianism"

44. Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian, a general, to fight back against the Huns and seize the Hetao area.

45. The Great Wall starts from Lintao in the west and reaches Liaodong in the east. The construction of Lingqu connects the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system. P59

46. In 29 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang revolted in osawa Township, and established political power in Chen Jian P63

47. In 22 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu. P64

48. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers learned the lessons from the death of Qin Dynasty, implemented a policy of recuperation, reduced the burden of corvee, military service and taxes on farmers, and paid attention to the development of agricultural production. P67

49. During the Wenjing period, we paid attention to "civilizing the people with morality", and the society was relatively stable and the people became rich. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery".

5. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Zhu Fuyan's suggestion and ordered to weaken the influence of vassal states. Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone". P68—69

51. In AD 25, Liu Xiu, the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. P69

52. Emperor Hanming of the East ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to administer the Yellow River. P73

53. In the Han Dynasty, the seeds were sown with a sledgehammer, and there was also a jacquard machine in the textile industry P73

54. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi invented a water raft to smelt iron by hydraulic blast, which was more than a thousand years earlier than in Europe. P74

55. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leader of the Huns, Modu Khan, unified the Mongolian grassland. P77

56. In 119 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack Xiongnu P78-79

57. Uhaanyehe, the leader of Xiongnu, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and Wang Zhaojun married Uhaanyehe in the Han Dynasty. P79

58. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. In 6 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions as its capital, and Xinjiang began to be under the jurisdiction of the central government. P83

59. Ban Chao managed the Western Regions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Chao once sent his subordinate Gan Ying to Daqin. In 166, Daqin sent envoys to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China. P84-85

6,

Silk Road: China's silk and silk fabrics started from Chang 'an, passed through Hexi Corridor and present-day Xinjiang, transported to West Asia, and then transported to Europe, and imported the exotic treasures of western countries into China. This land artery connecting Chinese and Western traffic is the famous Silk Road in history.

P83

61. The use of paper as writing material in China began in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. P87

62. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is a famous mathematical work. P88

63. The seismograph made by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage", wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and Hua Tuo created the anesthetic "Ma Feisan" and compiled the medical gymnastics "Five Birds Play" P89

65, and the Western Han Dynasty. P92—91

66. Wang Chong, a materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Lun Heng. P93

67. Sima Qian lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and wrote Historical Records, which is the first biographical general history in China. P94

68. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum are by far the largest art treasures unearthed in the world P95

Chapter IV The Three Kingdoms, the Northern and Southern Dynasties (68-84)

In 7 and 2 years, Cao Cao fought against Yuan Shao in Guandu, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north. P12

In 71 and 28, Cao Cao laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation between the three countries by attacking Battle of Red Cliffs, who was allied with Sun Liu. P13-14

In 72 and 22, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wei, with Luoyang as its capital; In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, and was known as Shu in history. In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu, and later established Jianye as its capital, and the situation of the three countries was formed.

P15

73. Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to lead a fleet of 1, people to Yizhou (present-day Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the ties between Yizhou and the mainland. P16

In 74 and 266, Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, which was called the "Western Jin Dynasty" in history. In 28, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out the State of Wu, ending the separatist situation. P18

75. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang have moved in one after another. P19

In 76 and 316, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed; in 317, Si Marui, the royal family, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, and the capital was Jiankang. In 77 and 383, the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty were defeated by less and more. P11o

In 78 and 42, Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established the Song Dynasty. Since then, the south has experienced four dynasties, namely the Song Dynasty, the Qi Dynasty, the Liang Dynasty and the Chen Dynasty, which are collectively called the "Southern Dynasties".

79. After the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Thursday Dynasty appeared in the north. The Northern Wei Dynasty and the four dynasties are collectively called the Northern Dynasties. P116

8. For the first time in the world, Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point. P118

81. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties wrote Qi Min Yao Shu, which is the first complete agricultural science book in China. P119

82. The Notes on Water Classics written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty is a comprehensive geographical monograph. P119

83. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has his masterpiece Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, which is called "Book Sage" by later generations, P122 and

84. Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has his masterpiece A Picture of Women's History and a Picture of Goddess, P123

85, and Fan Zhen, a thinker of the Southern Dynasty, who wrote On the Extinction of Gods. P124

86. The famous grottoes in the Northern and Southern Dynasties: Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes P124

Questions and answers:

1. What is the content and significance of Shang Yang's reform?

A: In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform. P38-39

Content: The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading. Those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee. According to the size of military service, titles and field houses were awarded, and the privileges of old nobles without military service were abolished. Establish a county system, and the monarch will directly send officials to govern.

Significance: The economy of Qin State was developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army was constantly strengthened, making it the most prosperous feudal country in the late Warring States period.

2. What are the achievements of Confucius in thought and education? P46-47

A: Ideologically, Confucius put forward the theory of "benevolence", advocated "loving others", and asked rulers to observe people's feelings, cherish people's strength, "govern with morality" and oppose tyranny and arbitrary punishment and killing.

In education, he founded a private school, regardless of his family background and wealth, and recruited disciples, and successively trained 3, students. Pay attention to "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and be good at inspiring students to think. Educate students to have an honest learning attitude and be modest and eager to learn. Students are required to review what they have learned from time to time in order to "review the old and learn new things".

3. Evaluate Qin Shihuang. P57, P62

A: Qin Shihuang has made great contributions to the history of our country: he obeyed the people's will and completed reunification, and he claimed to be the emperor, commanding all power; The central government has a prime minister, a Qiu, and an ancient adviser, who are in charge of administration, military affairs, and supervision, and the final decision is made by the emperor. The county system was carried out in local areas, and the autocratic monarchy of centralization of authority was established. Unifying writing, currency, weights and measures, building the Great Wall and developing southern Xinjiang have consolidated unity and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups in various regions. At the same time, he was a cruel feudal emperor. He extensively built palaces and mausoleums, wasting a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources, which affected people's normal production and life. He also formulated a cruel criminal law, which made people live in dire straits; He burned books to bury Confucianism, stifled thoughts and destroyed culture. In a word, he is an emperor who has made great contributions as well as greater ones.

3. What measures did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty take to realize the unification? P68, P74, P78

A: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took a series of measures to strengthen centralization.

(1) Accept the suggestion of Zhu Fuyan, and order the kings to distribute their land to their children to establish a smaller vassal state.

② Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone" and regard Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. Set up imperial college and carry out Confucian education.

(3) the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be minted in a unified way to achieve economic unification.

④ militarily, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack Xiongnu in the north, and captured Hetao and Hexi Corridor.

The Western Han Dynasty was unified politically, ideologically, economically and militarily, and entered its heyday.

5. what were the reasons for the development of Jiangnan during the eastern Jin dynasty and the southern dynasties? P111

Answer: ① The south of the Yangtze River has abundant rainfall, hot climate and fertile land, which has favorable conditions for developing agriculture.

② A large number of people from the north moved to the south, bringing a large number of labor, advanced production technology and drought-tolerant and cold-resistant crops.

③ Southern society is relatively stable

④ Ethnic integration is strengthened, and people of all ethnic groups work hard

⑤ Rulers attach importance to economic development and adopt a series of measures

6. What are the reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty and what is their historical significance?

A: After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang, he further carried out reforms.

Contents: Chinese must be used in the imperial court, and Xianbei language is forbidden; Officials and their families must wear Han costumes; Change the surname of Xianbei nationality to that of Han nationality, and change the surname of the royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; Encourage Xianbei nobles to marry Han nobles; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality; Learn Han etiquette, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly and supporting the elderly.

Significance: 1. Promoting ethnic integration. 2. Traditional Chinese.