What are the problems faced by the development of Yunnan Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture?

Problems and Countermeasures Facing the Sustainable Development of Yunnan Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture

1 The Strategic Significance of Sustainable Development of the Yunnan Nujiang Basin

The Yunnan Nujiang Basin is located in southwest my country In the border area, the main stream in Yunnan Province is 624 km long and the drainage area is 24,000 km2. From the perspective of the systematic pattern of my country's major river basins, although the basin is not large in area and has a short main stream in my country and Yunnan Province, its ecological economy and sustainable social development have very important social, economic and political significance. .

(1) The Nujiang River Basin is a typical region in western my country that is rich in resources, has great development potential, but is economically underdeveloped. In the implementation of the macro-strategy of the Western Development, how to correctly understand the advantages and disadvantages of regional economic development in the Nujiang River Basin, build a regional industrial system that conforms to the local resource environment and socio-economic characteristics, and achieve sustainable development of the basin is not only related to the economic level of the basin itself It also plays an important role in early exploration and reference for the regional development of other similar areas in the west.

(2) The Nu River is one of my country's 16 important international rivers. The sustainable development of the Nu River Basin is an important project for my country to develop border areas, stabilize and prosper border economies, and build a good international economic environment. The Nu River originates from Tibet, my country, and is a river in many countries including China, Myanmar and Thailand. The downstream countries of the Nu River Basin are poor countries with underdeveloped economies in the world, and their economic strength is relatively weak. The ecological environment management and regional development of the Nu River Basin in Yunnan lack good international economic support, and they can only rely mainly on my country's own investment, basin management and development. The difficulty is greater. However, the development of the Nu River Basin in Yunnan is an important contribution of my country, as a developing country, to the global implementation of sustainable development strategies. The development and management of the river basin also have important international political significance for the ecological and environmental protection of other downstream countries.

(3) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is the need for my country to implement its anti-poverty strategy. The Nujiang River Basin is one of the regions with the most backward economic development in my country. It has low agricultural production levels, poor industrial foundation, and a large proportion of poor people. The realization of sustainable development in the Nujiang River Basin is actually an important practice in implementing poverty alleviation projects in poverty-stricken areas in my country. It plays an important and typical role in improving the overall level of our country's national economy and comprehensively improving the quality of people's lives.

(4) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is the need for my country’s national unity and common development. The Nujiang River Basin is the birthplace of my country's Lisu, Nu, Dulong, Bai and other ethnic minorities, and is the area on which they depend for survival. The successful implementation of river basin development will not only promote economic development, improve regional economic quality and people's living standards, but also take into account the inheritance and development of ethnic minority cultures. It has important social significance for maintaining my country's national unity and social stability.

(5) The sustainable development of the Nujiang River Basin is an important part of my country's implementation of biodiversity protection and sustainable utilization of biological resources. The Nujiang River Basin is rich in biological resources and has complex and diverse ecological landscapes. It is an important area for global biodiversity and ecological landscape protection. However, due to the fragility of its natural environment, it is difficult to restore once it is damaged. In addition, due to the recent overload of the population, the watershed ecosystem is suffering from unprecedented human interference in history. Scientific and reasonable watershed development and protection are urgently needed to achieve sustainable development of the watershed. So that the precious gene pool of nature can be preserved to the maximum extent.

2 Eco-economic pattern and resource and environmental characteristics of the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan

The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is located at 98°07′～100°02′ east longitude and 24°07′～28°23′ north latitude It is a narrow zone transitioning from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The administrative division mainly includes the three counties of Gongshan, Fugong and Lushui in Nujiang Prefecture and Baoshan, Shidian and Longxi in Baoshan Prefecture. The four counties and cities of Ling and Changning have a land area of ??24,000 km2 and a population of 2.012 million, accounting for 6.1% and 4.8% of Yunnan Province respectively. The ecological economic pattern and resource and environmental characteristics of the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan are as follows.

2.1 The natural landscape is diverse, but the regional ecosystem has weak resistance and poor self-recovery function

The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is one of the components of the Hengduan Mountains. It is mainly composed of huge undulations, north and south It is composed of the Gaoligong Mountains, the Nujiang River Valley and the Nujiang Mountains (south of Biluo Snow Mountain) that run vertically and east to west. The terrain in the basin slopes from northwest to southeast, and the terrain is broken and steep. According to the differences in geological structure and lithology, the Nujiang River Basin can be divided into three geomorphological sub-regions from north to south: the extremely high mountain canyon area, the high mountain canyon area and the mid-mountain canyon area. Due to the long-term crustal movement, the fault zones in the basin are fully developed, forming a landscape pattern dominated by mountains, with high and medium mountain canyons and low mountain hills and basins (bazi) arranged alternately. Among them, mountainous areas account for 97% of the total land area in Nujiang Prefecture, and mountainous areas account for 91.8% of the total land area in Baoshan area. Due to the large terrain height difference in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan, undulating mountains, deep valleys, fragmented terrain, thin soil layers, and many stones, the regional ecosystem has weak resistance and poor self-recovery function. Once surface vegetation is destroyed, geological disasters such as mudslides and landslides are very likely to occur, making environmental restoration difficult.

Except for a few intermountain basins (bazi), terraces, and alluvial fans in the basin where the cultivated soil layer is thicker, the cultivated layer in other places is thinner, causing serious damage to soil and water loss, which is not conducive to the development of agricultural production.

2.2 The per capita amount of land resources is large, but the quality is poor and the utilization is unreasonable

The population density of the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is 84 people·km- 2 , the total land resources are relatively abundant, and the per capita land resources are relatively abundant. The existence of land resources is 1.27 times the average level of Yunnan Province, but the utilization of land resources is unreasonable, mainly in two aspects. First of all, from the perspective of the land resource structure in the Nujiang River Basin, the cultivated land area is 295,000 hm2, accounting for 12.5% ??of the total land area; the forest land area is 1.48 million hm2, accounting for 62.7% of the total land area; garden land, pastureland, and water areas and unused land accounted for 1. 1%, 2. 2%, 1. 3% and 18. 4% respectively. The characteristic of forestry land use is very obvious, but the agricultural industrial structure is extremely inconsistent with the resource structure characteristics. The output value of planting industry within agriculture reaches 63.9%, and the output value of forestry only accounts for 8.1%. The advantages of large forestry land and rich forestry resources are far from being fully utilized, and the proportion of planting industry for which natural conditions are relatively unsuitable is too large.

Secondly, the Nujiang River Basin has abundant precipitation. The average annual precipitation in Fugong, Gongshan, Longling and other counties is more than 1,350 mm, and it is mainly concentrated from May to September. In addition, the mountains are high and the slopes are steep. The excessive scale of planting industry has led to serious soil erosion. At present, the soil erosion area in the Nujiang River Basin has reached 31. 7%, and it is still increasing.

2.3 Animal and plant resources are rich, but protection is difficult

The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is home to paleotropical flora and pan-Arctic flora, Sino-Japanese flora and Sino-Himalayan flora. It is the transitional intersection zone of flora, and it is also the passage for the two major faunas of the Palearctic and Oriental realms. In terms of geological structure, the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is located in the transition zone between the South Asian subcontinent and the Eurasian continent. The geological structure is complex, neotectonic movements are active, the vertical height difference is huge, and the three-dimensional climate vertical differentiation is obvious. In addition, it has been little affected by glaciers since the Quaternary, thus forming a natural channel and "refuge" for the spread of animals and plants. This special natural environment and three-dimensional climate have given birth to a complete vertical vegetation spectrum landscape and a variety of forest vegetation types, providing an ideal place for different types of animals and plants to survive and reproduce. It is one of the regions with the richest biodiversity in my country. one. In terms of plant species, only the three counties of Gongshan, Fugong and Lushui (including the former Bijiang County) in the Nujiang Gorge area have 185 families, 878 genera, and 3,138 species of vascular plants (including subspecies, varieties and variants). ), accounting for 56. 7%, 40. 5 % and 20. 8 % of the total number of similar plant families, genera and species in Yunnan Province respectively. The Nujiang River Basin is also rich in animal species, especially rare and protected animals. Within the Nujiang River Basin are the Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve and the Provincial Nujiang Nature Reserve, which are listed as A-level nature reserves of international significance by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), with a total protected area of ??4,578 km2, accounting for 19.1% of the watershed area, is one of the important areas for wildlife resource protection in my country and even the world. There are 581 species of vertebrates in the reserve, including 81 species of national first- and second-level protected animals such as takin, Indochinese tiger, white-browed gibbon, and Yunnan golden monkey. In addition, there are 844 species of insects and 133 species of fungi in the reserve. However, the landscape vertical spectrum of the Nujiang River Basin transitions rapidly, the balance adjustment ability of the ecosystem is weak, and the ability to resist external pressure is poor. After vegetation is destroyed or the environment is polluted, animal and plant populations fluctuate significantly, making it difficult to protect wild animal and plant resources.

2.4 Tourism resources are diverse, but the degree of development is low

The tourism resources in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan combine rare natural landscapes, cultural landscapes and unique ethnic customs. In terms of natural landscapes, the majestic Gaoligong Mountain and the majestic Nu River are the core parts of the "Three Parallel Rivers" selected into the World Natural Heritage List; the biological resources in the basin are extremely rich, making it an ideal place to carry out scientific investigation and biodiversity research. place. Banglazhang Hot Spring in Longling, Jifei Scenery in Changning, and Denggeng Hot Spring in Lushui are all natural landscape resources integrating sightseeing, recuperation and fitness. The development of karst landforms in the Nujiang River Basin has formed a rich and colorful , karst landscapes of various shapes, such as the Mengnuo Immortal Cave in Longling, the Qingping Cave Scenic Area in Shidian, the Qingshan Karst Cave in Lushui, and the Moon Stone in Fugong; in addition, there are many mountain lakes and flying streams in the basin. Waterfalls, such as Tingming Lake in Gaoligong Mountain, Enreyibi Lake in Biluo Snow Mountain, Low Yibi Lake on dry land, Sandieshui Waterfall in Gaoligong Mountain, Dishuiyan Waterfall in Lushui, etc. Humanistic tourism resources are mainly concentrated in Baoshan City, a famous historical and cultural city. The main attractions include Wuhou Temple, Jade Emperor Pavilion Building Complex, Kowloon Resort-Yi Luo Pond, Buddhist Resort-Lihuawu, Reclining Buddha Temple and Confucianism and Confucianism. Guangzun Temple is the integration of Buddhism and Taoism. The unique ethnic customs have great charm for tourists from home and abroad.

The Nujiang River Basin is a gathering area for ethnic minorities such as Lisu, Yi, Nu, and Dai. The different development histories and unique national cultures of each ethnic group constitute colorful ethnic customs.

Ethnic festivals such as the Knife Rod Festival of the Susu people, the Torch Festival of the Yi people, the Water Splashing Festival of the Dai people, and the "Fairy Festival" of the Nu people

and folk houses such as Thousand-foot floor-to-ceiling houses, wooden houses, and Tuzhang houses All have extremely high sightseeing and leisure value.

However, due to the location in remote areas, poor tourism environment, lagging development of tourism infrastructure such as transportation, communications, and accommodation, coupled with insufficient experience in tourism management, low service levels, and lack of capital investment, etc., The development level of tourism resources in the Nujiang River Basin is low, and most scenic spots are still undeveloped. According to statistics from the Nujiang Prefecture Tourism Resources Census, among the 400 scenic spots surveyed in Nujiang Prefecture, as many as 320 are undeveloped, with a development utilization rate of only 20%.

2.5 The level of economic development is low and the industrial structure is unreasonable

The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is located in a remote location, with inconvenient external transportation, poor information, poor spatial and temporal combination of resource distribution, and a history of development The relatively short length of time and the relatively lagging behind in the development of science and technology, education, and culture have restricted the rapid economic development of the basin. The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the Nujiang River Basin is 2,642 yuan, which is 1,615.2 yuan lower than the average of Yunnan Province and 41.9% of the national average. The main indicators of social and economic development, except for per capita grain production, are basically close to the national average. In addition, the per capita fixed asset investment of state-owned units, per capita retail sales of consumer goods, average employee wages, and per capita net income of farmers are all lower than the Yunnan provincial average, which are 33.0%, 35.6%, and 87.0% of the national average respectively. 6% and 64.5%. In addition, the economic development of the basin is unbalanced, and there are still 79,000 rural people in the basin (accounting for 34.6% of the state's agricultural population) who have not yet solved the problem of food and clothing.

The economic development of the Nujiang River Basin mainly depends on the agricultural development and utilization of land resources. The industrial development in the basin is slow, and the industrial system is still in its low-level initial stage. In the GDP composition of the Nujiang River Basin, the proportion of the primary industry is 46.3%, which is 23.4 percentage points higher than the average level of Yunnan Province, while the proportion of the secondary industry is 23.9 percentage points lower than the average level of the entire province. The industrial output value structure It is in the low-level stage of primary industry > tertiary industry > secondary industry. Among the total industrial and agricultural output value, the total agricultural output value accounts for 31.4%, which is 2.0 percentage points higher than the average of Yunnan Province. The irrational industrial structure and low overall economic level in the Nujiang River Basin have also led to the low level of urbanization in the closely related region. The proportion of non-agricultural population is only 10. 8%, less than 1/2 of the national average.

2.6 The development of education and science and technology lags behind, and the promotion and application of science and technology is slow

The overall level of economic development in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is low. In addition, the distribution pattern of ethnic minorities living together in large groups and in small clusters makes the various ethnic groups Factors such as language differences between villages and the barriers between villages by mountains and rivers have made it more difficult for residents to receive education, resulting in a low cultural level of the rural population in the basin, low levels of education and science and technology, and lagging development. According to my country's 4th national census data, illiterate and semi-illiterate people over 12 years old in Nujiang Prefecture account for 46.3% of the population in the same age group. The lagging development of education directly restricts the promotion and application of science and technology. The science and technology promotion force in the river basin is weak. The production and management methods in some areas are extensive. It is difficult to promote improved seeds and methods and some supporting practical farming technologies. The crop yield level is 20% lower than the average of the province. 60%. There are only 40 to 50 natural science and technology personnel per 1 million people in Baoshan area and Nujiang Prefecture, which is equivalent to about 1/4 of the average in Yunnan Province.

3 Countermeasures and Suggestions for Sustainable Development of the Nujiang River Basin

The Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan has relatively good location conditions for border trade and economic development, and is rich in natural resources and has great development potential. It is also faced with the challenges faced by our country It is a good opportunity to implement the Western Development Strategy and the time for river basin development has arrived. However, due to the low level of social development in the watershed, the lagging regional economy, and the fragile ecosystem, watershed development also faces problems such as too many poor people, insufficient capital investment, and large amounts of ecological environment restoration and protection projects. Analyzing from the perspective of sustainable development of watersheds and ecological and economic systems of watersheds, the current most urgent conflicts between watershed development and ecological environment protection are mainly concentrated in three aspects: the rational use of land resources and the protection, governance and restoration of the ecological environment. Reconstruction, the reconstruction of the river basin industrial system and the establishment of pillar industries (or leading industries) in the near and medium term, as well as the selection of poverty alleviation methods for poor areas and poor people. Therefore, it is recommended to accelerate capacity building for sustainable development of the river basin from the following five aspects.

3.1 Carry out basin economic development and ecological environment protection planning, and formulate a basin sustainable development strategy. The Nujiang River Basin has obvious geographical advantages, rich biological, mineral, and energy resources, and has good regional development conditions; however, due to regional socioeconomic Development lags behind, and the natural environment has been damaged to a certain extent. It is necessary to carry out river basin economic development and ecological environment protection planning as soon as possible, in order to find out the quantity and quality characteristics of resources and determine the factors that hinder regional development, and propose appropriate and advanced plans. Regional development strategies that suit regional characteristics.

Especially with the development of the western region, the intensity of resource development and the speed of economic development in the Nujiang River Basin will be significantly accelerated. It is urgent to conduct research on the current socio-economic development, resource development, ecological environment protection and minority areas in the basin based on the study of original regional issues. Conduct comprehensive exploration and thematic research on issues such as the inheritance of national culture, and carry out macro, systemic and comprehensive issues with important strategic positions such as the overall regional development strategy, regional industrial structure construction, industrial development priorities and development investment mechanisms. More in-depth research and scientific demonstration.

3.2 Return farmland to forest and grassland to achieve a virtuous cycle of the ecological and economic system

Slope land reclamation is the most prominent feature of agricultural development in the Nujiang River Basin, and is also the root of a series of ecological and environmental evolutions in the basin one. According to national ecological construction regulations, the cultivation of any crops is prohibited on cultivated land with a slope above 25°, and must be returned to forests and grasslands. The area of ??converted farmland in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan is approximately 40,000 hm2. Since cultivated land cultivated on steep slopes accounts for a large proportion of the total cultivated land, the development of the secondary and tertiary industries in the basin lags behind, and the population is too dependent on cultivated land and planting. Under the current circumstances, large-scale conversion of farmland to forest has Necessary but unlikely. Therefore, the solution to the problem of reclamation on steep slopes in the Nujiang River Basin needs to be carried out step by step according to the specific conditions of different regions, using various methods such as returning farmland to forest, returning farmland to grassland, and agroforestry. In addition, when converting farmland to forest and grassland, we should combine the national and Yunnan Province poverty alleviation and development and the implementation of work-for-relief, select a group of sloping farmland with good engineering geological conditions and water conservancy construction conditions, and implement slope conversion into terraces. Build a certain number of terraces and terraces for sustainable and intensive use to ensure the stable production of bulk agricultural products in the basin and promote the smooth implementation of returning farmland to forests and grasslands.

3.3 Develop tourism resources step by step and gradually expand the tourism industry

The Nujiang River Basin has three resource advantages: mountains and canyons, ethnic minority customs and primitive natural ecology, and one border geographical advantage. A good foundation has been laid for the development of tourism. Due to the constraints of economic and social factors, the development of the tourism industry in the Nujiang River Basin in Yunnan must highlight key points and select scenic spots with high resource quality, small investment, quick results, and strong demonstration and driving effects for priority development. According to the regional economic and environmental characteristics of the Nujiang River Basin and its remoteness, inconvenient transportation, and distance from source markets, recent tourism development should be based on protective development, and priority should be given to the development of some high-quality scenic spots. In the near future, the focus should be on the development of the Nujiang Canyon landscape, The cultural landscape of Baoshan area and the natural and ecological landscape of Gaoligong Mountain. The development of tourist attractions adopts a "two lines and one line" layout, namely the Nujiang Canyon Line, the Baoshan Cultural Line and the Gaoligong Mountain Baihualing Ecological Landscape Film. In the near future, we can make use of the good surrounding environment of Yunnan's tourism industry and give priority to the development of (Dali-) Liuku-Shangpa-Kaici-Bingzhongluo (or Dulongjiang), (Dali-) Baoshan-Longling (-Ruili) and (Dali) —) 3 tourist routes from Baoshan to Mangkuan Baihualing (or Tengchong to Yingjiang).

3.4 Increase the development of biological resources and cultivate new ecological industries

(1) Establish a base for the development, production and processing of biological resources to form advantageous products and industries.

On the basis of fully exploiting naturally grown Yunnan Coptis chinensis, Coptidis leucophylla, Eucommia sinensis, Eucommia ulmoides, Amomum villosum, kiwi fruit, Chinese tallow tree, tung tree and other biological resources with high economic value, we should pay attention to the protection of the ecological environment. , and select suitable areas, adopt artificial cultivation methods, develop artificial planting, make up for the lack of total wild biological resources, and form a stable large-scale production and processing base.

(2) Establish leading enterprises in the development of biological resources, use the idea of ??industrial development to form backbone enterprises with strong competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets, and drive the efficient development of industrial groups.

(3) Increase investment in science and technology, start with the intensive processing of resources, and transform biological resources into famous, special, and high-quality products as soon as possible, maximize the value of resources, improve industrial efficiency, and develop biological resources. Cultivate it to become a pillar industry that drives economic development in the basin and alleviates poverty.

3.5 Mainly introduce practical science and technology, enhance the scientific and technological quality and production skills of workers, and improve productivity levels. According to the needs of recent industrial construction in the Nujiang River Basin, adopt special preferential policies and introduce high-quality talents through various forms and channels. , high-level scientific and technological personnel, using talent introduction as a breakthrough to drive the development of pillar industries. In view of the characteristics of the large minority population and low educational level in the Nujiang River Basin, appropriate technologies are rapidly introduced and promoted at the current stage, and improving the production skills of workers is the focus of improving the regional scientific and technological level. Focus on establishing scientific and technological demonstration models, short-term training for farmers, and special technical lectures to mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for learning scientific and technological culture, and promote the healthy development of regional social economy with the early intervention of practical science and technology.