Sun Jianai's life

In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), he won the top prize and was awarded to the Hanlin Academy for editing. He went out to study politics in Hubei and was promoted to give lectures. Go to the study. In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), he was ordered to walk in the Qing Palace and served as the teacher of Emperor Guangxu with Weng Tonghe. I was promoted to Bachelor of Lecturer, Bachelor of Reading and Assistant Minister.

In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), Sun Jianai opposed going to war with Japan for the suzerainty of North Korea, thinking that it was impossible to provoke a dispute and advocated compromise, which coincided with Li Hongzhang's view. In 24 years, Shi Jing University Hall (now Peking University) was established as the first management minister. In thirty-three years, he co-chaired the senior advisory meeting with Pu Lun, drafted the articles of association of the meeting and planned constitutional affairs.

During the Reform Movement of 1898, Sun Jianai advocated learning from Europe and America, pointing out that "China's ethical code is the foundation of the country, and it is always new in its name". Political reform is a tool to maintain the rule of the Qing court, and the inherent system cannot be broken, which is different from the ideas of reformists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. In twenty-four years, Cixi and Rong Lu launched a coup in the Reform Movement of 1898, abolished the New Deal, dismissed Weng Tonghe, imprisoned Emperor Guangxu, and killed the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898". Sun Jianai's position on political reform was moderate, so he was not investigated.

In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Boxer Rebellion broke out, the empress dowager went west to Shaanxi, and Sun Jianai was appointed as the minister of rites. After returning to Beijing, he was appointed as a university student in Tiren Pavilion, transferred to Dongge, Wenyuan Pavilion and Wuyingdian, and served as the provost, focusing on practical learning. He also worked with Cecilia Cheung to formulate school regulations and carry out educational reform. Later, the prince of the Qing Dynasty and the minister of military aircraft Qu were responsible for approving the reform of the official system. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), he was awarded to Prince Taifu.

In the first year, he died of illness, and Jin gave him a teacher. There is a biography of the draft of Qing history.

The punch line is the champion.

Sun Jianai, a young reader of poetry, was not the first person to go south after being selected in the college entrance examination in the first year of Xianfeng (A.D. 185 1). He witnessed the names of his brothers on the gold list, and he himself was encouraged. 1859, when Sun Jianai took the entrance examination of Xianfeng for nine years, Emperor Xianfeng ordered him to write a couplet with the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty as the background. Sun Jianai's impromptu book association said: "For hundreds of millions of years, the rope has been tied together, and the heart is in harmony with people, and the body is in harmony with people. It is so angry that it is all over Kyushu, and the Tao follows the emperor; Over the past 200 years, it has been full of vitality, brilliant achievements, vigorous achievements, integrity in the DPRK, long ping in the wild, light clouds and light winds, radiant, sun, moon and stars.

This couplet not only eulogizes the great achievements of the Qing Dynasty, but also cleverly embeds the titles of emperors such as Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang, showing Sun Jianai's outstanding talent. Emperor Xianfeng exclaimed after reading it: "Wonderful!" Raise the brush and point him as the champion.

Be in the tide of political reform

1894 After the Sino-Japanese War broke out, Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, advocated peace and Weng Tonghe advocated war. Sun Jianai, on the other hand, strongly opposes going to war with Japan for the suzerainty of North Korea, arguing that "disputes cannot be opened" and agrees with Li Hongzhang's idea of peace talks. The failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 made Sun Jianai see clearly the political and military corruption of the Qing government, changed his mind, sympathized with the reformists, and put forward his own ideas of political reform. From 65438 to 0895, Kang Youwei founded a strong society in Beijing to discuss current affairs, translate books and newspapers, and publicize political reform and reform. Sun Jianai "tried to build a library for shelter from the rain, and was listed as Jingqiang Society". Soon, Yang Chongyi, an imperial envoy, obeyed Li Hongzhang's will, impeached the strong society "private party, which will open the wind of diplomatic discussion in Chu Shi", and the strong society was banned by the Qing court. Sun Jianai, on the other hand, is "duplicitous and claims that the facts are favorable"; Set up an official bookstore with a strong academic team and be responsible for its affairs, and advocate extensive reading and learning to serve the country.

Sun Jianai thought that the reformists' ideas of "enlightening people" and "communicating feelings" were the most important, and agreed to change the Shanghai Times into an official newspaper. He pointed out: Since ancient times, "Emperor Wang Ming has never been ignorant of the lower class, but he can become a rational person." "The country has accumulated disadvantages, but it is perfunctory. No matter how big or small, it is hard to blame." "The suffering of the poor and weak is still small, and the suffering of the shelter is the deepest." In the memorial, he quoted a sentence that Wei Zhi said to Emperor Taizong: "When people listen to the king at the same time, it will be black." He suggested that the emperor ordered the newspapers in Beijing, Shenyang, Hubei, Guangdong and other places to submit the newspapers published by each family to Douchayuan on a daily basis, and "record them for your perusal".

Sun Jianai also believes that reform and self-improvement should be coordinated with the overall situation and set priorities separately. It is pointed out that "the current situation, such as people suffering from weakness", should suit the remedy to the case, and should not be eager to achieve success. He also recommended three books to Emperor Guangxu, namely Zheng's Dangerous Words in Prosperity, Tang Shouqian's Dangerous Words and Feng Guifen's Protest at School. He thought that Feng's book was the most "refined" and that "I want the emperor to read it carefully and adopt it", so he asked people to print it to officials of various departments for discussion by ministers, just in case. He said: "the reform should be carried out by the people out of public opinion, and a few people are very happy. Orders are like the source of running water." However, Sun Jianai hoped that "the monarch and the minister should be united in one". As long as it was in line with the interests of most bureaucrats, the political reform and reform would be unimpeded, which was obviously too simple.

On the issue of political reform and reform, Weng Tonghe and Li Hongzhang can all influence Emperor Guangxu, but they are different from Weng and Li, and also different from the Uygur new school such as Kang Liang. In the process of Guangxu's political reform planning, Sun Jianai, who was in a high position and was listed as the "Imperial Party", knew that the fundamental reason for the country's backwardness was the political decay and economic decline of the Qing Dynasty. But he never wanted to break the system or shake its foundation. He opposed the reformist idea of reforming the political system. He thought that Kang Youwei's "The Reform of Kao Kong" was "a book of divination, which influenced the collateral system" and was played until Guangxu. He believes that all the words in Kang Youwei's book about Confucius' restructuring should be made clear and deleted urgently, which is in line with people's hearts and customs and has a lot to do with it. He said Yujia opposed the reformist civil rights. For example, the imperial edict of the New Deal prepared by Emperor Guangxu included the establishment of a parliament, but Sun Jianai strongly advocated: "If a parliament is opened, the people have the right but the monarch has no right. "His attitude was just in line with Guangxu's intention. As a result, the reformists' idea of" establishing a parliament "was not written into the imperial edict of the political reform. He advocated learning from Europe and the United States, and pointed out that it is necessary to "adapt to the current situation, learn from all books, learn from the strengths of Taixi, and become a rich and powerful industry." At the same time, he believes that "China is founded on ethics, and it is always new in the name of discipline". This is exactly the same as the Westernization School. Therefore, he advocated that the purpose of political reform was only to make suggestions for maintaining the rule of the Qing court and to use "political reform" to enrich blood and transfuse blood.

On June 1898, 1 1 day, Emperor Guangxu issued the imperial edict of "Ding Mingshi Kingdom" to implement the New Deal. Empress dowager cixi's "post-party" fought back crazily. 15, Guangxu was forced to remove Weng Tonghe from his post; A few days later, Emperor Guangxu went to prison, the "New Deal" was abandoned, a number of reformers were executed, some ministers were dismissed, and the "post-party" was in power. Sun Jianai was not sought after by the die-hards of Cixi, because his political reform required moderation and conservatism, and he kept his position.

Create Shi Jing University Hall

After the Sino-Japanese War in the 21st year of Guangxu (A.D. 1895), the national crisis was unprecedented and national capitalism developed initially. The reformists, led by Kang Liang, represented the political demands of the upper class of the national bourgeoisie and enlightened gentlemen, and stepped onto the historical stage. With the support of the imperial party bureaucrats headed by Weng Tonghe, the emperor began to carry out reforms. At that time, the scholar-officials believed that the essence of saving the country was to completely change learning, that is, to completely change the learning system and the method of cultivating talents. As Liang Qichao said, "the foundation of political reform lies in educating people;" Talent prosperity is to open a school. " Sun Jianai also put forward the idea that "if the country wants to be rich and strong, and the nation wants to be prosperous, schools must be set up first", agreed with the political proposition of the reformists of "opening people's wisdom and opening people's wisdom", and participated in the activities of strengthening the society founded by Kang Youwei. The establishment of Shi Jing University Hall, the earliest university in modern China, is the product of this trend of thought. At the beginning of the 22nd year of Guangxu (A.D. 1896), Emperor Guangxu ordered Sun Jianai to set up a government publishing agency, the Jingshiguan Bookstore, with a library, a printing house and a school. Then, he ordered the establishment of a university hall in Beijing, appointed Sun Jianai to build it, and concurrently served as the management minister.

It is worth mentioning that in the process of establishing Shi Jing University Hall, he paid special attention to science education. Qiangshe and Shi Jing Official Bookstore existed for a short time, mainly devoted to political discussion, followed by the promotion of science and culture. However, on March 24th, 1896, Sun Jianai reported the articles of association of the Official Bookstore, placing the study of agriculture, engineering and quantity on the same footing as that of statutes, public law and business, and took the lead in proposing that the Jingshi University should set up its own school as a branch school. He believes that "science should not be studied." In this memorial, he also emphasized the famous formula of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the use" and set it as the purpose of establishing learning. But in his view, "middle school" and "western learning" are not "disciplines", but a category of learning and a way of learning and seeking knowledge. As for the "knowledge" to be taught by Shi Jing University, Sun Jianai is divided into 10 subjects, and it does not distinguish between Chinese and Western learning. Six of them are related to technology. The contents of these six subjects all include basic subjects and applied technology. For example, manufacturing, chemistry and physics are all included in "engineering".

1On August 9th, 898, Sun Jianai, Minister of Administration, proposed to amend the articles of association of imperial academy drafted by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, so as to delete the courses of classics and history from the "General Studies" and cancel the "Military Studies" from the "Specialized Studies". This suggestion was immediately praised by the emperor. The teaching of science courses remains intact, and the reduction of liberal arts courses makes the status of science more important.

In addition, in the memorial of1Sept. 9, 898, Sun Jianai asked for the establishment of Chinese and western medicine specialty in Taixuetang, and the article was immediately approved by the emperor. Sun Jianai also submitted a charter on September 14, 2004, stipulating that students should learn both Chinese and Western medicine at the same time, and set up a hospital in the university hall for students' daily practice.

At that time, Kang Heliang tended to regard middle school and western learning as two opposing academic systems, each of which has its own specific subject composition, while he thought that as a universal academic category, each subject was eclectic. He wrote: "Learning is the eternal axiom". According to Sun Jianai's suggestion, the original plan of Shi Jing University Hall not only gave science a more important position than the ideas of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, but even occupied an overwhelming position compared with liberal arts, politics and law.

However, due to opposition from conservative forces, the auditorium of Shi Jing University failed to open for two years. During this period, Sun Jianai was appointed as the minister of does, and transferred to the official department. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu, he served as a university student and was ordered to speed up the opening of a university hall. During the "Reform Movement of 1898" from June to September in the 24th year of Guangxu, the establishment of university halls was an important part of the New Deal. On August 9th, the "Shi Jing University Hall" was established (later Peking University), with Sun Jianai as the first management minister and Ding Weiliang as the chief teacher. The school site was chosen in the old house of Longfu 'an, and the house was immediately repaired. However, when Empress Dowager Cixi returned to power this autumn, Guangxu New Deal was abandoned and many ministers were executed or dismissed. Although Sun Jianai was one of the masters of Emperor Guangxu, he was not dismissed, but still served in Korea.

1898 After the coup, although the decree of North Korea allowed the university hall to be preserved, its establishment was far from the original plan. The University Hall1898 65438+February 3 1 opened, and none of the science courses were opened. This situation does not come from the will of the court. On the contrary, the imperial edict of1September 26th, 898 and the imperial edict of1October16 of the same year repeatedly required students to receive this kind of education. 1898 65438+On February 3rd, the lecture hall of Sun Jianai University opened. He emphatically pointed out: "All countries in Taixi have military strategists, agriculture, industry and commerce, so those who are really effective and armed with agriculture, industry and commerce all come from this school ... If they know what they are learning, they can distinguish species in Xiangtu; If workers know how to learn, they will be able to master this style and do it well ..... Everything emphasized by literati is appropriate ". It can be seen that Sun Jianai is not really responsible for the delay in the start of science after the opening of the university hall. The problem lies with Ding Weiliang, who is responsible for recruiting teachers for various courses. This man is lazy and careless. When he was the head teacher of Wentong Museum, he showed this performance in offering science courses. Therefore, on1October 65438+1902+10, when the Qing government ordered the restoration of Shi Jing University Hall and appointed Zhang Baixi as minister of management, the latter's first move was to dismiss Ding Weiliang and all foreign teachers employed in the past. At first, Cecilia Cheung also encountered difficulties from various conservative forces. In order to please each other, he hired Wu Rulun as the head teacher of the school. In the 29th year of Guangxu, Rong Qing, the standard bearer, was appointed to assist Zhang Baixi in supervising the school, but they disagreed in many aspects. To this end, in the early thirties of Guangxu, he was ordered to rectify school education with Zhang and Rong. However, at this time, Sun Jianai was nearly eighty years old, and most of the school rules and regulations were actually formulated by Zhang Baixi. Under his auspices, the school has gradually improved. With Zhang Baixi drawing up the syllabus, science teaching has really developed in the university hall.

Go back to your hometown without pomp.

In December of the 25th year of Guangxu (AD 1899), Kang Liang's political reform failed, Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen were killed, and a plot to abolish Emperor Guangxu was brewing. When Sun Jianai heard about it, he forced him to protest, so he asked for help and went back to his hometown to visit relatives.

The news that champion Sun went home spread like wildfire, and all the streets and alleys of the ancient city were talking about it. No wonder Xianfeng, the ninth-year champion, left home at the age of 16, although he was from Shouzhou North Street, and only came back once to keep his father filial. Most people in his hometown have never seen him. Now that I am 73 years old, I can go back to my hometown for a while. It can really be said that I have left my hometown for a long time. Can the neighbors not expect to meet Sun Jianai, the teacher of the current emperor, a cabinet college student and an official department minister?

This is very busy for Wei Shaoyin and company commander Guo Baochang. They decided to greet Sun's adult who had returned to his hometown with the most solemn etiquette. 1899 16 February 16 early in the morning, we all know that leading civil and military officials came to Jinghuaimen to meet them. Flags fluttered along the way, and drums and music sang together. What a warm and grand scene!

Hour after hour, the sun has risen from the eastern horizon to the top of the head, which is known to be very anxious. "Why hasn't it come yet?" At this time, an official came to report that Sun's adult had entered the city from the East Gate and returned to the "Champion House". Sun Jianai's behavior of traveling without pomp and unwilling to disturb local officials was deeply appreciated by the people in the state.

One night, wearing a hat, casual clothes and carrying a lantern, Sun Gong went to visit relatives and friends alone. On the way back to the house, I happened to meet Shangdu near Zhonglou Lane. He led a team to patrol the street and Sun Gong walked against the wall to show his courtesy. Unexpectedly, Du Si mistook it for a "suspicious thief" and was immediately arrested and taken away. When they came to the front of the "Champion House", Sun Gong asked for someone to be a guarantor. Wang Xing, the gatekeeper, was frightened, denouncing Du Si's reckless behavior and frightened Du Si. The next day, Zhou Zhi and company commanders came to confess their crimes with Dusty. Instead of blaming him, Sun Gong praised Du Sizhong for his dedication and suggested promotion. At that time, it was passed down as a much-told story by the citizens of the state.

Promote education, heavy industry and recommend talents.

1900 (twenty-seven years of Guangxu), Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, Empress Dowager Cixi moved westward, and Sun Jianai was called to xi 'an to be the minister of rites. At the beginning of 1902, after returning to Beijing, the official paid homage to the University of Tirin Pavilion, and later transferred to the University of Dongge and the University of Wen Yuan Pavilion, and was promoted to the University of Wuyingdian and the provost.

1900 after the boxer incident, editor Liu accused college students of dereliction of duty, but Sun did not refute it. Later, the emperor ordered him to recommend Yushi, but only protected Liu. His broad mind of being responsible for the country and letting bygones be bygones is praised by the world.

Sun Jianai emphasized science and prospered industry. He founded Anyang Guangyi Cotton Mill with Ma Jisen, Shanghai Fufeng Flour Mill and Zhongfu Bank with his grandchildren, and also invested in national industries such as Qi Xin Lime Company, Beijing Waterworks, Jingxing Mining Bureau, Luanzhou Coal Mine and Tianjin Yequan Road. Another example is the Inscription on Donating Shouzhou Public School, written in the thirty-second year of Guangxu (A.D. 1906), which recorded Sun Jianai's "donating 1,200 silver", which reflected that he attached importance to education and cultivated the spirit of saving the country by running schools in his hometown.