Wuzhi Mining Circular Economy

Mineral resources are the material basis of human civilization and social progress. With the rapid development of social economy, the dependence on mineral resources is far greater than before. As a big country in economy and resources, the development of mineral resources provides 95% energy and 80% industrial raw materials for China's economic construction, which has become a strong cornerstone of socialist construction. However, the rapid development of China's economy has paid huge resources and environmental costs. Up to now, the growth model of extensive economic in China has not changed fundamentally, the consumption of resources has increased rapidly, the dependence on foreign resources and foreign mineral products markets has increased significantly, and the "bottleneck" constraint of resources on economic development has become increasingly prominent. In fact, China is facing a serious shortage of resources, while the utilization rate of resources has not been significantly improved, and the output rate, recovery rate and comprehensive utilization rate of resources are seriously low.

At the same time, the development of mineral resources has also brought serious negative impact on the environment. For example, from 1949 to the end of 2000, all kinds of waste rocks produced by mines in China alone reached 1623 million tons, occupying and destroying 643,000 hectares of land; The mine has accumulated 5 billion tons of tailings, accounting for about 37,000 hectares of land. At present, mines discharge about 300 million tons of solid waste every year, with an average utilization rate of only 8.2%. In addition, a large number of mine wastewater and waste gas are discharged, and various secondary geological disasters occur frequently, which seriously damages the mine ecological environment.

The grim situation, painful lessons, how to develop mining economy, has reached the time when we have to re-choose the development path, and circular economy has become an inevitable model of mining economy development.

First, the practical advantages of developing mining circular economy

Circular economy is a general requirement for the development of all walks of life in the whole society, but mineral resources, as the basic industry of the national economy, has more practical advantages in developing circular economy.

Circular economy is essentially an ecological economy, which requires people to obtain higher output with lower resource input and make full and rational use of resources under the existing technical and management conditions. This is because its products are the forefront of the industrial chain and product chain, the industry with the largest flow of material resources in the whole society, and the industry with the largest discharge of solid waste and industrial wastewater.

Looking back on the serious waste of resources and extreme deterioration of the environment caused by the high exploitation, low utilization and high emission of traditional mining economy in China, and drawing on the experience of advanced countries in the world, China mining industry urgently needs reform and has a strong desire to develop circular economy and get rid of inefficient, high consumption and heavy pollution management; At the same time, China's associated minerals, solid waste discharged from production, pit water, waste water, waste gas, land destroyed by mining and ecological environment have considerable economic value and great potential for improving resource utilization efficiency. In addition, the deteriorating mine environment in China urgently needs to be significantly improved through the implementation of circular economy.

Obviously, through the implementation of circular economy, every step of the mining industry chain will increase the added value brought by the processing and transformation of mineral resources, and correspondingly reduce the discharge of "three wastes", thus generating remarkable economic, social and environmental benefits for mining enterprises and society, which has far-reaching significance and positive effects on the sustainable development of China's economy.

Second, the core way to implement the mining circular economy

Mineral resources are the foundation of national economy, and the most reasonable and effective comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is the core way to implement mining circular economy. The mineral resources mentioned here include all kinds of primary mineral resources, as well as all kinds of mine secondary resources and environmental resources.

(A) comprehensive utilization of mineral resources

In the process of exploitation and utilization of mineral resources, it is the fundamental difference between traditional production mode and circular economy production mode whether to adhere to the combination of source control and terminal treatment or only pay attention to terminal treatment. A remarkable feature of China's minerals is that they mostly exist in the form of * * * associated resources, which determines the important value of their comprehensive utilization. Therefore, at present, for mining enterprises, the leading aspect of implementing mining circular economy is to comprehensively utilize resources from the source of mineral resources development. That is, adopting the most advanced production technology, production technology and equipment in the world, adopting advanced management systems and measures, and following the principle of "reduction, recycling and harmlessness", we will actively carry out production activities of clean production of products, recycling of resources and efficient recovery of waste, so that China's mining industry will truly enter the track of circular economy.

(2) Comprehensive recovery and utilization of secondary resources in mines.

Over the years, due to the extensive development and production of China's mining industry and the backwardness of technology, technology, equipment and management, a large number of associated mineral resources have not been reasonably recycled, and the comprehensive recovery and utilization rate of China's minerals has been at a low level in the world. According to expert analysis, the average comprehensive recovery rate of metal mineral resources in China is less than 50%, and the comprehensive utilization rate is only 20%, which is far from advanced countries. It has become an indisputable fact that valuable resources enter mine solid wastes such as waste rocks and tailings, which not only wastes a lot of resources, but also occupies land, destroys the environment and even causes secondary geological disasters.

Therefore, the comprehensive recovery and utilization of secondary resources in mines must also be placed in the important position of implementing circular economy in mines in China. Solving these long-standing problems is not only the need of economic development, but also the need of society and environment.

With the reduction or exhaustion of mineral resources in the world, the contradiction between rapid economic development and resource shortage is also increasing. With the development of economy and the progress of science and technology, the source of materials for industrial and agricultural production will also shift from mines and forests to various wastes. Therefore, the comprehensive development and recycling of all kinds of waste rocks (including coal gangue), tailings, pit water, production wastewater or waste liquid, waste gas, land occupation, disturbance or destruction of the ecological environment and other secondary resources will be an important aspect of implementing the mining circular economy and sustainable economic development strategy, with broad prospects.

(C) the industrialization of comprehensive resource recovery

To implement mining circular economy, whether it is the comprehensive recovery and utilization of primary mineral resources or secondary resources, we must follow the circular principle of biological communities, establish a circular industrial chain, and comprehensively apply the "3R" principle for industrial production. There is no doubt about the industrialization of comprehensive recycling of mineral resources, but people still have doubts about the industrialization of comprehensive recycling of secondary resources in mines.

In the long run, all wastes, including secondary resources in mines, will eventually become the source of industrial materials, and its comprehensive recovery will also take the road of industrialization. At present, the industrialization of comprehensive recovery of secondary resources in mines is not only necessary, but also feasible. For example, according to experts' investigation and study, according to the annual output of coal, the annual emission of coal gangue from mines in China can reach 654.38+0.2 billion tons. It is a mature technology that coal gangue is used as low calorific value fuel to generate electricity. If1/3 (400 million tons) is used to generate electricity, each ton of coal gangue can generate 28 billion kWh. Calculated by 0.3 yuan/kWh, the annual electricity price revenue reached 8.4 billion yuan. At present, China's coal gangue power generation is developing rapidly. By the end of 2000, there were 120 coal-fired power plants with low calorific value, such as coal gangue and coal slime, with total installed capacity 184 MW and annual power generation of 8.7× 109kWh. The development of new wall materials of coal gangue is in the ascendant. By the end of 2000, there were more than 240 coal gangue brick factories in China, with a production capacity of 2.2× 108 standard bricks. In 2000, the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in China reached 66 million tons, and the comprehensive utilization rate reached 43%.

The average content of TFe in iron ore tailings of ferrous metallurgy mines in China is 1 1%. At present, the accumulated 2.6 billion tons of tailings contain 268 million tons of iron metal. At present, the annual discharge of iron ore tailings in China is 65.438+500 million tons, calculated by total iron 1 1%. If only the iron concentrate containing 6 1% iron is recovered, the yield is 2% ~ 3%, and 3 million ~ 4 million tons of iron concentrate can be recovered from the newly generated tailings every year, with a value of 654.38. At present, China's iron ore tailings gravity separation has begun to take shape, and tailings gravity separation plants have been established in Shougang, Benxi Steel, Angang, Maanshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. and Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. According to the statistics of Shougang, Angang, Benxi Steel, Maanshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., in 6544, the tailings gravity concentration was 3754.38+100000 tons.

China's five major non-ferrous enterprises and mines (Yunxi Company, Baiyin Company, Jinchuan Company, Huaxi Company and Tonglushan Copper Mine) have accumulated about 250 million tons of tailings, accounting for 16. 1% of the national non-ferrous metal tailings. These tailings contain 247,500 tons of tin, 6.5438+057,400 tons of copper, 280,000 tons of zinc, 2.62 million tons of iron, 5.34 million tons of sulfur, 332.5 tons of gold, 6.5438+008 tons of silver and 6.5438+038 million tons of nickel, with a potential value of 28.6 billion yuan. At present, the recovery of useful metals or comprehensive utilization of tailings in nonferrous metals and rare precious metals mines in China has started. For example, Jinchuan Nickel Mine further recovered nickel from tailings, increasing the recovery rate of nickel from 50% to 90%, and comprehensively recovered copper, cobalt, silver, selenium and platinum group metals. Sanshandao Gold Mine in Shandong Province recovers 28,300 tons of sulfur concentrate and 265,438 tons of lead from tailings every year. Shandong Kingston Ceramics Co., Ltd. uses Jiaojia gold mine tailings as the main raw material to produce high-grade ceramic wall and floor tiles. Five years after the first phase of the project is put into production, all the construction investment can be recovered. After the second and third phases are put into operation, the tailings of Jiaojia Gold Mine will be completely digested. In this way, Jiaojia Gold Mine not only saves two tailings ponds, but also saves 40 million yuan in the cost of land acquisition and library construction, and can also save up to 9 million yuan in comprehensive tailings discharge fees every year.

(D) A successful example of mining circular economy in China.

In China's mining industry, circular economy has just started, but it is proved to be feasible in practice. For example, Jinchuan Mining Company in Gansu Province has continuously improved the types of comprehensive recovery elements and the recovery rate of dressing and smelting by improving the breadth and depth of nickel resource utilization. At present, 13 species have been recovered, forming a comprehensive production capacity of 5 million tons of mining, 5.5 million tons of mineral processing, 70,000 tons of nickel, 2,000 tons of copper130,000 tons of cobalt, 2,000 tons of platinum group precious metals and 500,000 tons of sulfuric acid. The output of sulfuric acid from smelting flue gas ranks fourth in China, and the comprehensive utilization of polymetallic minerals, tailings, waste gas and mine water has been truly realized. The main business has an annual operating income of 8.2 billion yuan and a profit of1400 million yuan.

Shandong Xinwen Mining Company, in accordance with the idea of developing circular economy, develops downstream products of coal and associated resource products, vigorously develops the industrialization of waste resources, and establishes a production system that maximizes the value of coal resources. It has successively built a large number of comprehensive utilization projects such as coal gangue power generation, coal gangue brick making, coal gangue cement, mine water utilization, underground residual coal gasification, clean coal technology and air pollution prevention, which has promoted the economic growth of mining areas, promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and formed good economic and social benefits.

Shandong Lubei Chemical Co., Ltd. built a new type of environmental protection enterprise according to the enterprise circular economy model, and promoted the rapid development of three traditional chemical products, namely phosphate amine, sulfuric acid and cement, through the world's first gypsum acid co-production technology, which was recognized as a unique and revolutionary "zero emission" sustainable development technology in China, forming a virtuous circle of "resource-waste-raw material" resources reuse.

Third, develop circular economy and build green mines.

Green industry is a technical platform to support circular economy, which requires acquiring "3R" technology, realizing clean production, developing recycled products that are easy to recover, reducing the discharge of polluted waste, relieving the capacity pressure of ecological environment, and realizing environmental protection and industrialization of the industry.

China's mining industry has made great contributions to socialism, but the experience and lessons are also profound and painful. In particular, it is necessary to spend huge sums of money to control the mine environment and reluctantly embark on the old road of "destroying first and then controlling". Developing circular economy and building green mines have become the only way for China mines to survive.

No matter at home or abroad, there are two areas of mine environmental management: one is the environmental management of abandoned mines and old mines, which is usually undertaken by the state or the government; Second, the protection and restoration of mine environment requires mines to implement the concept of circular economy from beginning to end in their business activities, earnestly implement the principle of "reduction, resource utilization and resource utilization", build green mines, and fundamentally solve the mine environmental problems in China.

Developing circular economy and building green mines is a historic task conducive to modernization and a great contribution to the future. At present, we should focus on the following tasks:

(1) Strengthen the social propaganda of circular economy through various means and public opinion media, improve the people's understanding of circular economy, enhance their understanding of the significance of protecting and beautifying the environment and realizing zero and low emissions, and raise the public's awareness of participation.

(2) The development of circular economy must be promoted by legislation. China should learn from the solid waste treatment law and comprehensive waste management law of the United States, the circular economy and waste management law and circular economy law of Germany, the basic law for promoting the formation of circular economy society and the law for promoting the effective utilization of resources of Japan. , to further improve the existing "People's Republic of China (PRC) Cleaner Production Promotion Law". Formulate the Circular Economy Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), including various government economic policies (such as encouragement policy, reward and punishment policy, tax policy and charging policy), management policy, environmental protection policy and various laws and regulations to promote the development of circular economy in China. In order to promote the development of China's mining circular economy, the Mineral Resources Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) should be supplemented and revised, and the contents such as rational and comprehensive utilization of resources, clean production, total amount control, "three simultaneities", environmental permit, environmental impact assessment, environmental audit, sewage charges, reclamation deposit and harmless treatment of waste should be enriched.

(3) The circular economy of mining industry is mainly realized by advanced comprehensive utilization technology and harmless and low-harm new technology. In addition to introducing advanced technology, technology and equipment from abroad, the government should also organize relevant professional teams to tackle key scientific research problems, and then promote the results in the business community.

(4) Under the condition of market economy, because the circular economy technology is mostly high-tech and the investment risk is high, enterprises are often unable to bear it. The government should appropriately increase investment in scientific research and governance in comprehensive utilization and harmless treatment of resources. At the same time, mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises and investors from all walks of life, raise funds through multiple channels, and develop industrialized production.

(5) Establish circular economy demonstration park and "green mine" demonstration model. Through typical demonstrations, mining enterprises and mines are urged to do their utmost to improve technical management and production management, intensify independent innovation, gradually realize the full and rational utilization of resources and zero emission, and finally realize the unity of government and enterprise goals.

It is not only necessary but also feasible to promote circular economy in China. It is urgent and has a long way to go to develop mining circular economy in the field of mineral resources. We believe that the concept of circular economy will blossom and bear fruit in China, which will enable China to advance along the broad road of sustainable development and realize the bright future of socialist modernization.