Similarities and differences of the first industrial revolution in France, America, Russia and Germany

The similarities of the first industrial revolution in France, the United States, Russia and Germany are as follows:

1. It refers to a revolution in 19th century in which the factory system with machines as the main body replaced handicraft workshop based on manual technology.

2. It all started with the birth of working machines, and was marked by the widespread use of steam engines as power machines. This technological revolution and the related changes in social relations are called the first industrial revolution or industrial revolution.

3. The factory system replaced handicraft workshop, and the manual labor was replaced by machines; In terms of social relations, the industrial revolution made the yeoman peasant class attached to the backward mode of production disappear, and the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat formed and grew.

The differences between the first industrial revolution in France, the United States, Russia and Germany:

1. The basic road and process of the industrial revolution in France are basically the same as those in other western European countries. However, it also has its own characteristics:

① After the industrial revolution, although heavy industry has developed considerably, the production of high-end luxury goods accounts for a large proportion in light industry. The production of luxury goods depends on manual skills, and it is difficult to use machines. Moreover, the products are mainly for foreign demand and cannot expand the domestic market.

② In the process of industrial revolution, the progress of large-scale enterprises is relatively slow, small and medium-sized enterprises still occupy a large proportion, and the number of large enterprises lags far behind other major capitalist countries at that time.

③ It took about 5 years for the French industrial revolution to be basically completed. However, it happened after the British industrial revolution, and under the favorable conditions of absorbing foreign advanced experience and technology, its development speed is slower than that of other countries.

The conditions for the industrial revolution in the United States tend to be mature, which are as follows:

① It has the political premise of developing modern industry independently.

② agriculture is prosperous and the market is broad.

③ You can obtain the advanced technology of Britain from immigrants and other ways.

(4) During this period, the capital transfer from commercial and maritime industries to industry, the discovery and exploitation of gold mines in California and the absorption of foreign investment basically solved the capital problem necessary for the industrial revolution.

⑤ the economic resources are extremely rich.

⑥ Since 1816, the tariff policy to protect industrial development has been gradually implemented.

Russia's backward economy and technology and insufficient funds have become the most prominent problems in Russia's long-term economic development:

① The technology and equipment for industrial production are mainly imported from abroad, and there is no independent machine manufacturing industry in China. This shows that what Russia has accomplished is an incomplete industrial revolution.

② The early stage of the industrial revolution was intertwined with serfdom, and the later stage was associated with the transition to monopoly capitalism.

③ In the superstructure, the political rule of the industrial bourgeoisie did not form, and the Russian industrial revolution was carried out and completed under the feudal autocracy of the czar.

Germany's industrial revolution has its own characteristics:

① It started late, but it was able to use new machines and advanced technologies imported from Britain, thus accelerating the development of factory industry.

② We started from light industry, but we could attach importance to developing the means of production and reorganizing the industrial structure earlier. As a result, heavy industry developed rapidly with light industry. Under the influence of Prussian militarism, the development of heavy industry is closely related to arms production.

③ Influenced by the Prussian tradition, the industrial revolution was carried out under the condition of the existence of urban feudal remnants, so the industrial growth in the same period was not as rapid as that in the United States. These characteristics of German industrial revolution have a far-reaching impact on the future development of German economy.

Baidu Encyclopedia-First Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-French Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-American Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-Russian Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-German Industrial Revolution.