Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the national economy has entered a new period of development. 1982 the 12th congress of China * * * production party put forward the great goal of quadrupling the total industrial and agricultural output value by the end of this century. It is pointed out that "railway transportation has become an important reason restricting the development of national economy, and the transportation capacity can not meet the needs of traffic growth." In order to change this situation, the railway must carry out a series of key construction, accelerate development and improve its capacity. " According to this spirit, the railway puts the emphasis of capital construction on strengthening the technical transformation of existing railways, and appropriately arranges some necessary new line construction, and puts forward the strategy of "attacking Daqin in the north, Hengguang in the south and taking East China in the middle". At the same time, speed up the transformation of traction power, improve the repair ability of locomotive and rolling stock, focus on supporting railway transportation equipment, improve transportation capacity and solve the weak links in transportation. This major decision is embodied in the sixth five-year plan from 198 1 and the seventh five-year plan from 1986. During the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period, the investment in capital construction completed by railways was the largest in previous five-year plans. Among them, the investment in existing railway reconstruction accounted for 33.2%. Double-track laying 1.870 km, making most of the main lines in the operating railways double-track, rebuilding and building 2,483.5 km of electrified railways and adding 342 1 km of internal combustion railways. The proportion of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives has increased to 34.6%, so diesel locomotives and electric locomotives account for 39. 1% of the completed traction tasks. In transportation organization, many reforms have been carried out. Organize heavy-haul combined trains to improve the weight of freight trains; Expand the formation of passenger vehicles and tap the transportation potential; Centralized LTL transportation is adopted to reduce the number of trains and handling stations along LTL and improve the running speed; Reform the working system of locomotive crew, implement the long-distance bus ride system, and give full play to the locomotive capacity; Develop container and containerized transportation, improve freight efficiency and so on. By the end of 1985, the national railway mileage had reached 52 1 19 km, and the passenger and cargo conversion turnover had exceeded 1 trillion-ton km. The Seventh Five-Year Plan period began at 1986. After the implementation of the input-output contract responsibility system, the enthusiasm of railway workers was further mobilized. Beijing-Qinhuangdao, Daqin (Phase I) and other double-track electrified railways have been built one after another. The Dayaoshan Tunnel, with a total length of over 14 km, was successfully connected, and the Beijing-Guangzhou railway, the north-south trunk line, was opened to traffic, greatly improving the passing capacity. Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway was built to Alashankou, and the steel transportation line across Chinese mainland was completed. Great progress has also been made in the transformation of other old lines and the locomotive and rolling stock industry. (1) since the reform and opening up, the task of coal transportation has greatly increased. Coal freight volume accounts for more than 40% of railway freight volume. Therefore, during this period, the Ministry of Railways focused on solving coal transportation. The newly-built Shi Zhuan Railway is a sea passage for coal in Zhou Zhou coalfield and Tengzao coalfield. New Shi Zhuan Railway, Shi Zhuan Railway and Taijiao Railway are connected into an east-west trunk line parallel to the eastern section of Longhai Railway, which is a channel for mountain coal to go to sea. The electrified double-track railway under construction in Daqin is the first modern railway in China that mainly transports coal and runs heavy-haul unit trains. This railway will be an important channel for coal transportation in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, and will play an important role in developing coal bases in mountainous areas and increasing the transit of coal in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. The western section of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway from Urumqi to Alashankou is connected with the railway of the former Soviet Union. It is another important international trunk line connecting China with the former Soviet Union and an important part of the Eurasian continental bridge, which is of great significance in politics, economy and national defense. The Beijing-Qinhuangdao railway is 290 kilometers long, from Shuangqiao, the hub of Beijing, to Qinhuangdao. It is an important channel of Shanxi coal transportation north line, and it is also the first newly-built double-track electrified railway in China, which adopts at power supply mode for the first time. The Beijing end of this line 155km is the second line of Tongtuo Line built at 1975, and the rest are newly built. Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway 198 1 started in September, 1984 was opened to traffic, 1985 was put into operation, and 1986 completed the optical cable digital communication system. Right: The electric locomotive pulls the coal train. ◆ Shanghai-Shijiazhuang Railway starts from Cheng Jiazhuang, beijing-shanghai railway and ends at Shijiusuo Port in the Yellow Sea, with a total length of 308 kilometers. It is a channel for Shanxi and Shandong coal to go to sea. 198 1 start, 1985 put into production. Xinyi Railway Xinyi Railway starts from Xinxiang, Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, crosses the Yellow River, enters Dongming, Shandong Province, and reaches Yizhou, with a total length of 3 15 kilometers. Jining to Heze section 1977 started, 1982 was completed, Xinxiang to Heze section 1983 started, 1985 was completed. The total length of Changdong Yellow River Bridge is10282m, with 30 piers1seat, and a yield station of1243m is set on the bridge. The bridge was completed in June 1985. This section of the Yellow River is "navigable with water and navigable without water", and the riverbed changes dramatically, so it is called "tofu waist", and the project is very difficult. ◆ Daqin Railway Daqin Railway starts from Hanjialing, the hub of Datong, and ends at Qinhuangdao, with a total length of 653 kilometers. In Huailai, Hebei Province, it crosses Fengsha Railway, and in Huairou, a suburb of Beijing, it crosses Jingtong Railway and Jingcheng Railway. 1985, 1992. This railway is an important channel for coal transportation in Yanbei, Pingshuo, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, with an annual transportation capacity of 654.38+ 1 100 million tons. The whole line adopts advanced technology and equipment, reaching the international level in 1980s ◆ Wu 'an section of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway runs from Urumqi to Alashankou, which is connected with the railway of the former Soviet Union, with a total length of 467 kilometers. Road 1958 started, 19 1 stopped, 1985 resumed, and was completed in September 1990. ◆ Tonghuo Railway Tonghuo Railway runs from Tongliao, Inner Mongolia to Huolinhe, with a total length of 4 19 km. It's a railway for Huolin River to transport open-pit coal. /kloc-0 started construction in may, 1978,/kloc-0 opened to traffic in 1984,/kloc-0 put into operation in June, 1989, and 3 1 February. This railway is of great significance to lignite transportation, solving the energy shortage in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, promoting economic development along the railway and consolidating national defense. ◆ The investment in environmental protection project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway will reach1200 million yuan, setting a record in the history of railway construction in China. This was revealed in the white paper "Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection in Tibet" published by the State Council Information Office here on the 10th. The white paper says that the goal of "building an eco-friendly railway" was set at the beginning of the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction demonstration. In the selection of railway lines, try to avoid the key areas where wildlife lives and activities. For the sections that cannot be avoided and must pass through the wildlife activity area, according to the habits and migration laws of wildlife along the line, 25 different types of wildlife passages are set up in different sections; In many areas, dry bridges are specially set up as the passage for wildlife migration, which ensures the normal activities of wildlife along the railway to the greatest extent. For example, in June and July, in order for Tibetan antelopes to successfully breed real estate through the construction site, the contractors related to the Qinghai-Tibet Railway stopped work for 4 days, and the construction workers and machinery were evacuated from the construction site. According to the white paper, in order not to destroy the natural environment such as grasslands and wetlands, great attention is paid to the protection and restoration of surface vegetation during construction. Turf in areas where vegetation is difficult to grow, subgrade and places where construction vehicles pass should be preserved, transplanted in sections and stored in other places, and then covered on the surface of completed subgrade slope or construction site to minimize the loss of surface vegetation. For areas with good natural conditions, select grass species suitable for plateau growth, supplemented by suitable sowing and seedling raising techniques, and try to restore surface vegetation. Artificial grass cultivation experiments were carried out in areas with slightly better natural conditions, supplemented by techniques such as spray sowing and plastic film mulching. The special experiment of planting grass on subgrade in the source area of the Yangtze River and Tuotuo Plateau has achieved initial results. According to the white paper, the stations after the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will use environmental protection energy, mainly including electric energy, solar energy and wind energy for heating. Centralized collection and treatment of garbage in the station; Domestic sewage should be treated and discharged up to standard, and used for greening as much as possible; The bus adopts a closed body, and the garbage on the bus is bagged and transported to the plateau station for centralized treatment. The management adapts to the characteristics of the plateau, adopts the central station management mode, and sets up 7 central stations along the whole line. Each central station has a control radius of about 80 kilometers and is fully responsible for driving and maintenance. Try to adopt remote automatic control and mechanized maintenance, reduce the number of plateau institutions and personnel, and maximize the protection of the natural ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (2) Adopting advanced technology to accelerate railway modernization The only way to solve the shortage of railway transportation capacity is to adopt advanced technology to accelerate railway modernization. In the aspect of rolling stock, high-power traction power and new vehicles are adopted to expand train formation, increase train weight and speed up operation. Therefore, several new diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, as well as passenger cars and trucks, have been developed. At the same time, technology was introduced and a number of diesel locomotives and electric locomotives were imported. From 1949 to 1989, the railway rolling stock factory * * manufactured 1, 139 electric locomotives, 4,953 diesel locomotives, 3 gas turbine locomotives, 9,659 steam locomotives and 26,922 buses (including 447 subway buses). In terms of signals, we will vigorously develop automatic and semi-automatic blocking systems, and carry out electrical centralization, dispatching centralization and dispatching supervision to improve the running speed and ensure traffic safety. Develop long-distance small coaxial cables and increase long-distance cables in communication; Carrier machines are developing towards 300 and 960 channels; Railway long-distance telephone automation is developing in the direction of 300-6000 multi-door crossbar automatic switching. In addition, optical fiber communication and special communication have been developed, such as dispatching telephone, interval telephone and train wireless dispatching telephone. In freight transportation, we should speed up the development of container transportation, improve the level of mechanized loading and unloading, and reduce labor intensity. In the mechanization of line maintenance, in addition to the self-developed tamping machine, track-laying machine, slag unloader, ballast shaper, long-track transport vehicle and screen cleaner, a complete set of large-scale road maintenance machinery was introduced, which improved the quality of the line. The construction of bridges and tunnels is also constantly innovating, and a number of bridges and tunnels with complex technology have been built; A number of bridge factories with advanced technology to produce steel beams and concrete beams have been built. ◆ Dayaoshan Tunnel Dayaoshan double-line electrified tunnel is located in Yaoshan mountain area of Nanling Mountain in northern Guangdong between Shiping and Lechang of Beijing-Guangzhou line, and it is a key contributor to the construction of the second line of Hengguang, with a length of14,295 meters. The tunnel construction adopts four inclined shafts and vertical shafts for excavation by stages, and the tunnel adopts composite lining structure and is constructed according to NATM. At the same time, large-scale modern machinery is used to realize the comprehensive mechanized flow operation of blasting, loading, transportation, shotcrete and anchor support and concrete lining. ◆ Shanghai Maglev Train World will shake the maglev train projects in China and Shanghai, and the "maglev speed" will rewrite the new speed of human ground travel. Since Watt invented the steam engine and the Wright brothers invented the airplane, the history of world transportation development will also turn a new page.
Brilliance Spans the Roof of the World —— Written at the Opening of Qinghai-Tibet Railway
June 5438+1October 65438+February, 2005, destined to leave an indelible mark in the world railway history: the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the plateau frozen soil railway with the highest altitude and the longest route in the world, was paved. 10 On June 5438+05, the first batch of aid materials arrived in Lhasa by Qinghai-Tibet Railway. This marks the official end of the history that Tibet has no access to railways, and also marks that all provinces and cities in China have access to railways.
Break through the frozen soil problem, overcome plateau hypoxia and protect fragile ecology.
Solve the problems of railway construction one by one
It is the dream of several generations of China people to build a railway into Tibet. Since the founding of New China, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have been concerned about the construction of the railway into Tibet. From 65438 to 0984, the Xining-Golmud section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was officially put into operation. On June 29th, 20001,the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway 1 142km was officially started.
Landslide, earthquake, sandstorm, lightning, strong sunshine, debris flow. In addition to these frequent natural disasters, the Qinghai-Tibet railway project is also facing three major world railway construction problems: "frozen soil, cold and lack of oxygen, and fragile ecology". Over the past four years, 65,438+10,000 road-building troops have carried forward the Qinghai-Tibet Railway spirit of "challenging the limit and bravely creating first-class", and created one miracle after another in the snowy plateau.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has to cross a 550-kilometer continuous permafrost region, and there are also some island permafrost, deep-season permafrost, swamp wetland and slope wetland, which is the biggest difficulty in engineering construction. More than 200 scientific research and engineering technicians have jointly tackled key problems, and have successively overcome many world-wide problems such as tunnel, bridge and subgrade construction application technology in permafrost. Many frozen soil engineering measures have been pioneered at home and abroad, making the Qinghai-Tibet Railway a "World Museum of Frozen Soil Engineering".
The ice thickness of the wind volcano exceeds150m. Before the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, some western media predicted that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway could not pass the wind and volcano at all. China Railway 20th Bureau, who is in charge of the construction, has cooperated with many scientific research units to solve a number of worldwide problems in plateau frozen soil construction. From June 5, 2002 to 10, the Fenghuoshan tunnel was successfully connected.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is over 3000 meters above sea level, of which the section over 4000 meters is 960 kilometers, with the highest point of 5072 meters. The annual average temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius, the extreme minimum temperature is MINUS 45 degrees Celsius, and the oxygen content in the air is only half that of the mainland. Builders may have life-threatening altitude sickness such as pulmonary edema and brain edema at any time.
In order to ensure the health of builders, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Headquarters insists on health protection first. In the past, the common rhetoric of "one is not afraid of hardship, and the other is not afraid of death" has been replaced by "people-oriented, health protection". Three-level medical institutions have been established along the line, and employees who are sick can be sent to the site hospital for treatment within half an hour. There are 17 large oxygen stations along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and workers are required to take oxygen for at least 2 hours every day on average. No one died of altitude sickness in the more than four years since the construction started.
There are many kinds of rare animals in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a large population and fragile ecological environment. The total investment of the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is 33.09 billion yuan, of which environmental protection investment exceeds 654.38+0.2 billion yuan. The headquarters also implemented the environmental supervision system for the first time in a large-scale project in China, and entrusted a third party to carry out the whole environmental monitoring of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has become a model of environmental protection for key projects in China: for the first time, a letter of responsibility for environmental protection was signed with the provinces and regions where the railway passed; Build a migration channel for wild animals for the first time; Successfully planted transplanted turf at high altitude for the first time. ...
Reduce transportation costs, expand foreign exchanges and change consumption structure.
The opportunity of plateau development comes once in a blue moon.
People who have just arrived in Tibet will feel the same way: the price is high. According to a survey conducted by relevant departments in Tibet, the actual purchasing power of one ton of coal 700 yuan and one ton of cement 800 yuan in Lhasa is equivalent to that of 54 yuan in coastal areas. The main reason is that Tibet's own production capacity is relatively low, and the road-based transportation mode increases the transportation cost of materials entering and leaving Tibet and the economic expenditure of personnel entering and leaving Tibet.
Inconvenient transportation has increasingly become the bottleneck of Tibet's reform, opening up and economic development. The development of plateau characteristic industries such as tourism, mining, Tibetan medicine, processing of agricultural and livestock products, and national handicrafts are all restricted by traffic.
Since the operation of Xining-Golmud section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, it has become the main road to develop Qaidam Basin in Qinghai and promote the economic development of Qinghai and Tibet provinces. Golmud, a new Gobi city, has developed from the Gobi desert to a modern city.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which runs through Qinghai and Tibet provinces, is a strategic channel connecting Qinghai and the mainland, and an important part of the road network skeleton in the hinterland of the west. The completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will provide a broad space for the economic development of the two provinces, fundamentally improve the transportation facilities in Tibet, make Tibet form a three-dimensional transportation by railway, highway and air, completely solve the problem of difficult entry and exit of materials and personnel, speed up the rational adjustment of industrial structure, and gradually form its own economic hematopoietic function.
Connect the plateau landscape in series, show charming charm and attract the attention of the world.
The golden tourist route came out.
Blue sky and white clouds, snow-capped mountains and canyons, folk customs, religious temples ... The mysterious Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has always attracted Chinese and foreign tourists with its great charm. Since 1980, the number of tourists in Tibet has increased by 27.6% annually, and the tourism revenue has increased by 34% annually, both of which are significantly higher than the national average.
Tibet has regarded tourism as the first characteristic economy, but the traffic jam has restricted the development of tourism. After the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, it will not only provide passengers with lower fares, but also connect Xining, Golmud and Lhasa into a whole, forming a tourist circle around Golmud and Lhasa.
After completion, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will be open to traffic all day, and an infrared monitoring system will be used. The train speed can reach 120km/h in general sections and 100km/h in frozen soil sections. This means that the journey from Golmud to Lhasa will not exceed 12 hours.
According to reports, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway trains are divided into ordinary passenger cars and sightseeing trains. The former mainly transports passengers, while the latter has tourism function. Every resort can stop for sightseeing. It is estimated that the annual passenger capacity of sightseeing trains is 900,000 passengers. At that time, tourists will sit in the car with oxygen supply function, enjoy food, ethnic customs performances and other services, and browse the beautiful scenery outside the window. This will undoubtedly increase the number of tourists in Tibet and promote the vigorous development of tourism in Tibet.
Facing the new situation, Tibet has put forward a leap-forward development strategy. The completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will undoubtedly make Tibet take the express train of the times and sail for a better tomorrow.
Zhan Tianyou, whose real name is as soon as possible, is from Wuyuan, Jiangxi. 186 1 year (the 11th year of Qing Xianfeng) was born in an ordinary family of tea merchants. When I was a child, Zhan Tianyou was very interested in machines, and often made various machine models with the children in the neighborhood. Sometimes, he will secretly take apart the bells at home, fiddle with the components inside and ask questions that even adults can't answer. From 65438 to 0872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hongkong to sign up for the preparatory class for young children going abroad organized by the Qing government. After passing the exam, my father drew a note on a certificate of going abroad, which said, "If there is illness, life and death, everyone will live in peace." After that, he left his parents and came to the United States to study with the ideal of learning western "skills".
In the United States, students in preparatory classes abroad witnessed the great achievements of science and technology in North America and Western Europe and marveled at the rapid development of machinery, trains, ships and telecommunications manufacturing. Some students are pessimistic about the future of China, but Zhan Tianyou firmly said, "In the future, there will be trains and ships in China." With the belief of studying hard for the prosperity of the motherland, he studied hard and graduated from New Haven with 1867. In May of the same year, he was admitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Yale University, majoring in railway engineering. After four years in college, Zhan Tianyou studied hard, ranking first in the graduation examination with excellent results. 188 1 year, of the 120 China students who returned home, only two got their degrees, and Zhan Tianyou was one of them.