When did the ancestor of blue and white porcelain in China appear? What city are all the porcelain in China?

Dehua County, Fujian Province is a famous ceramic producing area in China and an important base for exporting porcelain.

Dehua porcelain industry has a long history of 1000 years. Porcelain is white and hard, well-crafted, elegant in shape and bright in color. As early as the song and yuan dynasties, he boarded the international porcelain altar and became famous at home and abroad. Once with Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province and Liling in Hunan Province, it was called "the three major porcelain capitals" of China.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the commercial prosperity of Quanzhou Port and the development of overseas trade, Dehua porcelain was sold overseas. At present, more than 30 sites of Song and Yuan porcelain kilns have been found, and many sites of Dehua porcelain at that time have also been found in some countries and regions in Southeast Asia and East Africa, which is a witness of history.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Dehua Kiln, represented by Wanbao Wheel Kiln, adopted the processes of wheel making, impression and tire connection. A large number of bowls, plates, cups, plates, bottles, cans, pots, boxes, washing and vases of celadon, celadon and white porcelain are fired in Yilong kiln; A small amount of black glazed tea bowls are fired. The surface of porcelain is decorated with patterns such as lotus petals, peony, cloud water, banana leaves, tangled branches and flowers, as well as dozens of decorative patterns such as lotus petals, chrysanthemum petals, sunflower patterns, wheat ears and rolling grass. These products are available in Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other places.

By the Southern Song Dynasty, the firing technology of porcelain kilns had made new progress. The fired white porcelain has large volume, thin carcass, moist glaze color, strong whiteness and light transmittance, and has reached a very high level.

At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Dehua porcelain kiln was greatly improved, and a kind of "chicken cage kiln" appeared, which was between dragon kiln and similar kiln (also called egg kiln) and was easy to control fire. From the early Song Dynasty, the old process of reduction sintering was changed and the new process of oxidation sintering was adopted. At this time, the production scale of the kiln has also been greatly expanded. 1976 archaeological excavation slope of Qudou Palace kiln site in Song Dynasty 57. 1 m * * * You 17 kiln room. Such a large ancient kiln is really rare in China. During this period, new products of white, yellow and red appeared in porcelain glaze, and porcelain carved Buddha statues became very popular. Export porcelain still occupies a major position in porcelain trade.

In his travels, Kyle Poirot, a famous Italian traveler in Yuan Dynasty, selected Dehua porcelain as "many porcelain markets", "exquisite production" and "low purchase price" and brought Dehua porcelain back to Italy. According to Artis, the first British ambassador to Dehua, it has been confirmed that the Italian museum still retains a small flower arrangement work brought by Ma Shi from Dehua Chunling Kiln.

In the Ming Dynasty, Dehua porcelain industry entered a new development period. The comprehensive development level of utensils modeling, firing technology, product quality, production varieties, technology level and decorative art is far above that of Song and Yuan Dynasties. Porcelain sculptures represented by He Chaozong are world-famous, and are known as "Oriental art" and "treasures on earth". The unique "ivory white" (Bai Jian porcelain, milky glaze as jade, simple and elegant tone) is known as the representative of China white porcelain and enjoys the reputation of "China white" and "the pearl of international porcelain altar". In particular, the porcelain carvings of Taoist and Buddhist figures have realistic shapes, elegant styles and unique artistic charm, reaching the peak of Dehua kiln's ancient technological achievements. Dehua kiln in Ming dynasty made new creation in building technology, and semi-inverted flame kiln appeared for the first time in China, with large combustion volume, fuel saving and easy control of combustion flame. This type of kiln spread abroad and had a great influence on the design of international porcelain kilns.

The book Kiln published by Japan 1970 once recorded: "Kiln-like kiln first appeared in Dehua, Fujian, and it is also the most famous. Japanese kilns were designed under the influence of Dehua, so Japan estimated Dehua kilns as the ancestor of series kilns. "

In the middle of the era, there was a new creation in glaze making technology, and the blue and white day under the kiln gradually entered the decoration field of Dehua porcelain. In the Qing Dynasty, Dehua blue and white porcelain ware competed with each other. More than 20 blue and white porcelain kiln sites/kloc-0 have been found in the county. Blue and white porcelain replaced white porcelain.

There are many kinds of blue and white flowers, and the contents of pattern painting are extensive, including historical stories, figures and ladies, production activities, social customs, animals and flowers, landscapes and religious decorations. The picture is beautiful and elegant, the brushwork is simple and rough, the composition is simple and stretched, and it is full of life breath, showing the new style of folk kiln color or quiet and elegant or rich and gorgeous, and creating a new era of Dehua kiln color. Its popularity abroad is no less than that of colorful porcelain daily utensils and furnishings emerging in the Qing Dynasty. At present, Dehua kiln ancient porcelain pieces or museum treasures unearthed in Britain, France, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, India, Syria, Tania and many other countries are important cultural relics for studying the development history of Dehua ancient porcelain and the history of scientific and technological cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

After the late Qing Dynasty, with the economic aggression of imperialism, China's urban and rural areas were severely damaged, and Dehua porcelain industry declined. However, a few folk artists, such as Su and Xu Youyi, insisted on making porcelain, inherited the tradition and pioneered and innovated in difficult times, and their works were still highly praised. 19 15 years, Su first molded porcelain plum blossom and won the first prize of Panama World Expo. Later, Xu Youyi initiated porcelain training and other craft activities, and produced porcelain sculptures such as Mulan Joining the Army, Guan Gong and Guanyin, which won gold medals at international and national expositions held in Britain, Japan and Nanjing respectively. 1930: The porcelain sculpture "Five Hundred Arhats" specially made for Longji Temple in Xianyou is vivid, varied and lifelike, and it is also the first treasure in China porcelain altar.

During the Republic of China, underglaze blue and white was gradually replaced by underglaze color. During the period of 1934, Fujian Provincial Construction Department set up an improved porcelain factory in Dehua, introduced mechanical equipment such as ball milling, mud refining and winch, and developed chemical porcelain such as over-glaze pigments, electric porcelain, ceramic tiles, pliers pots and funnels. Instead, it is a new technology of gypsum model grouting and mechanical pressing. But in this period, as far as the whole porcelain industry is concerned, it basically followed the traditional manual operation technology.

After liberation, Dehua porcelain production has been reborn, especially since the reform and opening up, the porcelain industry in this county has entered a new development period. 1988, there were 229 porcelain production enterprises registered by the county industrial and commercial bureau, and the number of registered people at the end of the year was 1 16 15, accounting for 1 16% of the total number of employees in the county. Ceramic research institute, ceramic school, ceramic machinery factory, packaging carton factory, decal workshop and other supporting institutions for scientific research and production have been established one after another, and the backward manual operation in the past has gradually been replaced by advanced production. The scale of production is constantly expanding. 1988 the annual output value of porcelain industry is more than 54 million yuan, accounting for 40% of the county's total industrial output value and 19.82% of the county's total industrial and agricultural output value. The output of daily-use porcelain accounts for 40% of the total output of porcelain in the province, and the export porcelain accounts for two-thirds of the total export porcelain in the province. Products sell well in more than 20 provinces and cities and more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. This is an important commodity in the province's foreign trade. It also occupies an important position in China ceramic industry.

Dehua traditional porcelain sculptures, which are well-known at home and abroad, inherit the style of He Chaozong in the Ming Dynasty and reproduce its brilliance. Using kneading, carving, carving, carving and other techniques, it combines high-quality raw materials with exquisite skills and has a unique style. At present, Dehua produces more than 390 kinds of products with historical and traditional themes, and more than 0/00 kinds of porcelain Guanyin/KLOC with various postures and specifications. The large-scale porcelain sculpture "Drip Guanyin" is as high as 1.90 meters, dignified and elegant. The smallest "sitting Guanyin", only 5 cm high, is beautiful and generous. These statues with different expressions inherit and develop the traditional technique of "vivid and freehand brushwork", which makes the porcelain images have both form and spirit, bright and clean colors, beautiful and healthy artistic conception and gives people a beautiful feeling. Artists are good at using mud glazes of different materials, which makes the colors of porcelain carvings extremely diverse. Modern themes and porcelain sculptures of various animals, flowers and birds, bonsai and flower baskets are dazzling and varied. These porcelain sculptures have been selected for foreign exhibitions many times and are deeply appreciated by international friends.

The ivory white porcelain, known as "the pearl of international porcelain altar" in the Ming Dynasty, was restored and developed after the founding of the People's Republic of China and renamed as "Bai Jian Porcelain". The successful production of Bai Jian porcelain. Porcelain is delicate and moist, soft and white in color, slightly milky yellow, just like ivory. In all previous foreign export commodities fairs and exhibitions, it has been well received and won the certificate of state-owned quality products.

Dehua high white porcelain is one of the new achievements of Dehua porcelain scientific research after the founding of the People's Republic of China. With a high whiteness of 88. 1 degree, it was rated as the highest white porcelain by the national ceramic circle. Tea sets, wine sets, tableware, vases, table lamps and other handicrafts made of high whiteness are deeply loved by people because of their frosted, crystal clear glaze color and thin fetal quality. High whiteness plum blossom wine set, narcissus cuttings and bud wine set won the first, second and third prizes of 1982 national ceramic art design respectively. Dragon and phoenix bottles, peacock ear bottles and other products are praised as treasures in porcelain in foreign exhibitions. At present, the upcoming "Bai Jian" high-grade complete set porcelain production line of Dehua Porcelain Factory and the whiteness high-grade complete set porcelain production line of Dehua Second Porcelain Factory will make Dehua porcelain bloom more brilliantly.

With the situation of opening to the outside world and the increasing development of China's construction in recent years, Dehua Porcelain will continuously improve its decorative art, increase the variety of colors and improve the quality of its products to meet the needs of domestic consumers.