Brief introduction of Chomin Nakae.

Chomin Nakae (Chomin Nakae; 1847 ~ 190 1) A theorist, politician, materialist philosopher and atheist of the liberal civil rights movement in Meiji Japan. Political activists and theorists who advocate freedom and civil rights. Kazuo Zhongshun, Nakai Masahiro and Tanaka Zhongzheng are called the "Four Wonders of Meiji". Originally known as Tujie, he was born in a young warrior family in Tosa under Kochi (now Kochi). I have been studying Chinese studies since I was a child, especially reading Zhuangzi and Historical Records. When I was young, my name was Ma Zhu, and later it was renamed Du Jie. The names used successively include Qingling, Qiushui, Nanhai Xianyu, Mu and Huo. Finally, it was specially set on the word "Zhao Min". There is a word "trillion people" in the Book of Songs, which means "trillion people", that is, "the masses". Learning English, Dutch, French and other languages from 17 years old. 1865, Chomin Nakae went to Nagasaki as an overseas student of Tosa, and met the reformer Ryoma Sakamoto. 187 1 The government sent students to study in France. He devoted himself to the study of philosophy, history and literature, and was deeply influenced by French democratic thought. 1874 after returning to China, he embarked on his official career, became a clerk of the Senate, and succeeded the president of a foreign language school; He quit his job soon and started a French school to teach French, politics and philosophy. More than 2000 people were educated before and after. 188 1 joined the liberal party, devoted himself to political struggle, founded oriental freedom publishing house and started theoretical activities. Struggling to attack vassal politics has great theoretical influence on the freedom and civil rights movement. 1882, he published a series of talks about politics and free news, propagating the theory of freedom and civil rights. At this time, he translated J. -J J. Rousseau's On Social Contract into Chinese, with an explanation, which was called Interpretation of Civil Contract. After the publication of the translation, it had a great influence on Japanese society. "The world is hazy and full of dreams. It is dangerous to talk about it alone. Who knows that at the end of Hengtai, I cried and read Rousseau's Civil Contract. " Under the influence of Chomin Nakae, many young people devoted themselves to the freedom and civil rights movement. Chomin Nakae also won the reputation of "Rousseau in the East". Chomin Nakae opposed the hereditary monarchy, openly advocated "rule by the monarch and the people" and "separation of powers", and even said that the "master" of "autonomy" was to nail a nail in the head of the "king". The situation at that time worried the Meiji rulers. Iwakura Tomomi was worried about a similar French Revolution, and even Fukuzawa Yukichi said, "The theory of civil rights has completely become subversive." In view of the revolutionary history of advanced countries in Europe and America, the heads of government have a deep sense of crisis about the freedom and civil rights movement and formulated regulations prohibiting assembly. At the same time, due to the situation, we have to consider setting up a parliament. 1887 65438+In February, after the Japanese government deployed the police and army in Tokyo, it promulgated the public security regulations, and immediately carried out a large-scale raid in Tokyo, ordering 560 folk political activists such as Kenji Kataoka and Chomin Nakae to leave Tokyo on trumped-up charges such as "plotting civil strife" and "obstructing public security", or they would be arrested. But he is determined to continue his activities in Osaka Prefecture. Chomin Nakae was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1890. However, due to the compromise between the People's Party and the government on the budget, Chomin Nakae angrily resigned as a member of the House of Representatives after denouncing the parliament as an "exhibition of cold-blooded animals" under the rule of soft-hearted people who begged the government to agree and obey its orders. 190 1 Suffering from pharyngeal cancer in April, the doctor said that he could only live for another year and a half. He wrote two books, One and a Half Years, which were compiled and published by his student, Yukio Hatoyama, the earliest Japanese socialist. After its publication, it caused a sensation in Japanese ideological circles. The development of Zhongjiang's philosophical thought has gone through a transformation process. He is an idealist of 188 1. 1882 he thinks materialism and idealism have their own advantages and disadvantages, but in fact he still tends to idealism. By 1886, in his book The Hook of Neo-Confucianism (meaning "philosophical concept"), he combined the theory of freedom and civil rights with the theory of evolution and began to turn from idealism to materialism. In The Last Year and a Half, a more systematic materialistic philosophy began to take shape, and some western idealism theories, especially positivism, were criticized. He asserted that the world is "the only thing" and put forward a view of "pure matter" which is different from the material view of natural science. He believed that space and time exist objectively, and spirit is only a function of the body, thus denying the existence of God and the immortality of the soul, criticizing theism, affirming the root of matter to spirit and the ability of spirit to understand the world, thus expanding his epistemology, claiming that ideas are reflected by matter and establishing a materialistic reflection theory.