Brief introduction of Dongying estuary

Hekou District is a municipal district of Dongying City, the central city of the Yellow River Delta. Founded in 1984, with a land area of 2,600 square kilometers. Jurisdiction 1 street, 3 towns and 3 townships, 178 administrative village, with 230,000 people.

The estuary area is rich in underground oil and natural gas resources, with proven geological oil reserves of 2,654.38+billion tons and natural gas reserves of1700 million cubic meters. The national annual oil and gas production accounts for 47% of Shengli Oilfield, which is the main producing area of Shengli Oilfield. There are also extremely rich high-concentration water reserves and huge salt mines with reserves of nearly 600 billion tons. The conditions for developing salt industry and salt chemical resources are unique.

Hekou District faces the river and the sea, surrounded by water on three sides, the sea on three sides in the east and north, and the Yellow River in the south. With a long golden coastline, it is one of the counties with the longest coastline in our province, and the per capita coastline ranks first in the province. The alluvial of the Yellow River makes it have a vast tidal flat and shallow sea area, and it is rich in fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish resources. It is known as "the hometown of hundreds of fish" and "the hometown of oriental shrimp". The water of the Yellow River moistens the land in the estuary, where it accumulates in large quantities, and the artificial reservoirs dotted around make the fresh water culture gradually become a climate. "Estuary" has become an important part of the cross-century project "Sea Shandong" in our province.

The sight of lush aquatic plants, dense reeds and low opinion of cattle and sheep in the estuary shows the broad prospects for the development of animal husbandry here. The old course of the Yellow River is a hundred miles of fertile land, with lush trees and rice fields. A series of famous products such as rice, golden jujube and winter jujube in the Yellow River Estuary are widely known, and the production of "green food" has formed a scale in the estuary. Hundreds of thousands of mu of reeds have made it the largest reed production and processing base in North China, and small reeds have developed into large industries.

Traffic mileage in Hekou District1235km, expressway runs through the north and south; Dongying Port, a national first-class open port, has begun to take shape; Have an independent power grid system; The capacity of program-controlled switches in the whole region has reached 25,000. District-owned enterprises, township enterprises and individual private economy have developed rapidly, forming a diversified industrial system with petroleum, petrochemical, salt industry, building materials, resin chemical industry, wood manufacturing, aquatic products processing, electronics, textiles and transportation as the main body, with more than 38 categories of industrial products 1800, with an annual output value increasing by 30%. Estuary climate belongs to warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate. The northeast and east face the Bohai Sea, and the offshore shallow water area is wide, with small heat absorption capacity and flat terrain. Continental monsoon has greater influence than ocean, thus forming a semi-humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. Annual average temperature 13.2℃, annual average ground temperature 15.0℃, annual average sunshine hours of 2800.8 hours, annual average frost-free period of 234 days and frozen soil period of 44 days.

The average temperature in 2006 was 65438 03.6℃, 0.4℃ higher than normal. The extreme minimum temperature of the whole year is-15. 1℃, which appeared on February 9th. The annual extreme maximum temperature is 36.9℃, which appears in June 18. The final frost sunrise is now on April 2 every year, which is later than normal 12 days; The first frost sunrise is now later than normal165438+1October 1 1 day; The frost-free period is 222 days, shorter than normal 13 days. The total precipitation in 2006 was 479.6 mm, 76.5 mm less than normal. The annual rainstorm (daily precipitation ≥ 25mm) lasts for 7 days, and the maximum daily precipitation is 51.1mm (July 3 1). The sunshine hours in 2006 were 2529.438+0 hours, 27 1.7 hours less than normal.

The main climatic characteristics of the estuary in 2006 are: the annual average temperature is slightly higher, the winter is cold and the summer is hot; Rainfall is less than normal, and there is local rain and waterlogging in summer. Since autumn, the long-term drought and lack of rain have made the drought continue to develop. The coordination of light, temperature and water resources in spring and summer is reasonable, which is beneficial to crop growth and development. land resources

By the end of 2005, the total land area of Hekou Administrative Region was 3.208 million mu, with per capita possession of 15.66 mu, which was 6 times that of Shandong Province and 2.3 times that of Dongying City, of which the per capita possession of agriculture was 37.93 mu. The total cultivated land area is 585,000 mu, with 2.93 mu per capita and 5.04 mu of agriculture per capita.

river

The Yellow River is the largest transit river in the estuary area. Shunjianggou, west of Chaohe River, is the boundary river between Dongying City and Binzhou City. Other rivers mainly enter the sea alone, from west to east, namely Chaohe River, Maxin River, Lizhan River, Caoqiaogou River, Tiao River, Shenxian River and Dong Xinwei River. Except the Yellow River, all the above rivers flow into the Bohai Sea from south to north.

water resource

Hekou District is located on the coast of the Yellow River Plain and Bohai Sea, and the local water resources are very scarce. Because the main rivers in the area are seasonal rivers with small confluence area, the runoff in flood season is mainly concentrated in 3~5 rainstorms. In addition, the source of the river is short and urgent, and the salinization of saline-alkali land leads to high salt content in surface water, which makes it difficult to use surface runoff. Similarly, groundwater is highly mineralized, mostly brackish water, and it is also difficult to use. Yellow River water is the only available fresh water resource in this area. According to the analysis of measured rainfall data for many years, the average annual rainfall in the estuary area is 554.60 mm, the average annual runoff depth is 57.2 mm, and the surface runoff is 65.438+0.22 billion cubic meters. According to the analysis of the measured data of Lijin Hydrological Station of the Yellow River, the annual average inflow of water in the Yellow River Delta is 65.438+09.827 billion cubic meters, including 2.609 billion cubic meters in March-June, 65.438+02.679 billion cubic meters in July-June, and 654.38+065.438+0.02 in February. It accounts for 13.2%, 63.9% and 22.9% of the total annual water consumption respectively.

mineral resources

There are abundant underground oil and gas resources in Hekou District, including 3 townships and 3 towns 1 sub-district office. The annual output of domestic crude oil accounts for more than 45% of the total output of Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau. Geothermal energy is mainly distributed in Xinhu Township, Taiping Township, Yihe Town, Gudao Town and No.5 Pile Area. In recent years, many geothermal wells have been developed, which are mainly used for heating some residents. Brine, there are high-quality brine mines in coastal areas of China. The salinity of brine is 104g/L, and each liter contains 675mg of bromine ion and 26mg of strontium ion, and the contents of other ions are higher than or close to those of Sichuan black brine. Shells, China's shell mines are distributed in the western coast, and the total reserves of resources are determined to be more than 50 million tons. The content of calcium carbonate in shells is high, and the shell layer is mostly exposed on the ground, which is very easy to mine. Coal, distributed in Xinhu Township, Taiping Township and Yihe Town, has not been exploited because of its deep burial.

Biological resources

Plant resources Woody plants mainly include willow, Sophora japonica, tung, cypress, mulberry, elm, Toona sinensis, tamarisk and so on. Sophora japonica and Tamarix chinensis are the most woody plants in the estuary, mainly distributed in the east and north. Tamarix is mainly wild, commonly known as Vitex negundo. In recent years, artificial construction has begun, and there is a large Tamarix forest farm in the eastern part of the territory. Fruit trees mainly include apples, pears, peaches, apricots, dates and grapes.

There are 4 1 family 125 species of wild herbaceous economic plants in China. According to economic value, it can be divided into eight categories: feed, medicine, fiber, oil, weaving, mulberry, tannin extract and chemical raw materials. There are feed plants, medicinal plants and fiber plants with wide distribution and large quantity. Among them, there are 85 species of forage plants belonging to 22 families and 85 genera, including Gramineae 19 species, Compositae 17 species, Chenopodiaceae 10 species, Leguminosae 9 species and other families 15 species. There are 72 species of medicinal plants, fiber plants 13 species, reeds and apocynum venetum are widely distributed. The existing reed area in the whole region is 260,000 mu. Aquatic plants mainly include cattail, lotus root and algae.

Animals raised by animal resources are domestic animals, including cattle (Bohai Black Cattle and Yellow Cattle), horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, sheep, rabbits, dogs, cats, deer and foxes. Poultry includes chicken (native chicken, imported improved chicken, black-bone chicken), duck, goose and pigeon. Wild animals: rabbits, foxes, weasels, badgers, hedgehogs, bats and so on. Birds: there are sparrows, swallows, woodpeckers, magpies, owls, wild ducks, crows, quails, goshawks, terns, herons, swans, white-tailed harriers, kestrels and so on. Birds in China are mostly distributed in coastal areas, grasslands and yellow river mouth national nature reserves, with 5 species listed as national first-class protected birds and 26 species listed as national second-class protected birds. Insects: mainly ladybugs, lacewings, wasps, Trichogramma, mantis, cicada, butterfly, dragonfly, spider, cricket and so on. Reptiles: snakes, lizards, geckos, scorpions, scorpion-headed earthworms, and amphibians such as frogs and toads. Aquatic animals: There are more than 50 kinds of freshwater animals such as fish, shrimp, snails and frogs, mainly carp, silver carp, grass carp, crucian carp and bream.

fishery resources

Marine living resources

1. Phytoplankton

The average total amount of phytoplankton in the estuary is 226× 10? 4 /m3, including 1 16 species. Among them, diatoms account for 88%, followed by dinoflagellate, and a very small amount of freshwater green algae. In the northern part of the Yellow River estuary, the peak of phytoplankton individual quantity appears in autumn (at the end of September, 420× 10? 4 /m3), and the density is relatively high in the area around Shenxiangoukou.

2. Zooplankton

The average monthly biomass of zooplankton in the coastal waters of the estuary is 249 mg/m3, which is relatively high in April-May, reaching a peak in June, and the average biomass starts to decline after reaching 3 1.6mg/m3. There was a slight fluctuation from July to165438+1October, and the biomass was the lowest in September (174 mg/m3). The high biomass area (500mg/m3) is often distributed in the stinky water estuary between the new and old Yellow River estuaries (May-June), and besides sagitta robusta, there are also larvae of Daphnia mursi, Daphnia sinensis and Eriocheir sinensis. In August, the water temperature rose to about 26℃, and many kinds of invertebrates entered the breeding period, and their planktonic larvae appeared in a large number at the mouth of the fairy ditch. From September to 65438+1October, although the dominant species in the above waters did not change much, their biomass decreased to 100 mg/m3 ~250 mg/m3.

3. Benthic organisms

Benthic organisms along the estuary include some species that can be used as bait for fish and shrimp (such as polychaetes, small bivalves, crustaceans, etc.). ), and there are many other species that can be caught (such as shellfish, shrimp, crabs, etc.). ), all of which have direct economic value. * * * Benthic organisms 19 1 species, of which polychaetes are the most (77 species), molluscs and crustaceans are the second (57 species and 36 species respectively), coelenterates are 9 species, echinoderms are 7 species, fishes are 5 species, and there are a few Artemia and Newtonian animals. The biomass of benthic organisms began to increase from the inshore and offshore, and the high biomass area was basically the same as the high habitat density area.

4. Intertidal organisms

There are 195 species in the intertidal zone near the estuary, of which 19 1 species is animal (Table 2- 14), accounting for 97.95% of the total. There are 4 species of algae, accounting for 2.05%. The composition of intertidal animals in this area is crustacean, followed by mollusk. The dominant species of crustaceans mainly include Japanese big-eyed crab, thick-toothed crab, thick-toothed crab Wu and wide-bodied big-eyed crab, and the common species mainly include Japanese crab, bean-shaped boxing crab, mud crab, drum shrimp, long-legged shrimp and shrimp. Among molluscs, the dominant species of bivalve are Tetranychus, Meretrix meretrix, Scapharca subcrenata, Oncidium, SINONOVACULA SINONOVACULA, Oyster near the river, and the common species are mirror clam, cherry clam, green mantis, and Bohai duck-billed clam. The dominant species of monospora is pomfret, and the common species are river snail, longitudinal rib river snail, smooth narrow mouth river snail, red vein river snail and so on.

There are about 20 main economic species (including important edible organisms) in the intertidal zone and subtidal zone along the estuary, among which shellfish is the main species, followed by crustaceans. Shellfish include flat jade snail, red snail, pomfret, oyster near the river, Spatholobus suberectus, oyster, clam, clam.

5. Swimming animals

Swimming animals mainly refer to fish and some marine economic invertebrates. The coastal area of the estuary is the spawning and breeding ground for these swimming animals.

(1) Economic invertebrates. There are 59 species of economic invertebrates distributed along the estuary, among which crustaceans account for the most, accounting for 42.4%. Among them, prawn, claw shrimp, Portunus trituberculatus, sturgeon and shrimp are the main fishing targets. Molluscs ranked second, accounting for 35.6%, mainly including Scapharca subcrenata, red snail, octopus, needleless squid and Japanese squid; Echinoderms account for 8.5%, and coelenterates and annelids account for a small proportion.

The monthly average biomass is 3.67 kg/ha, which varies greatly in seasons. In April, the return of spring, a few species began to enter the sea area, but the biomass was not high. In May, prawns, Portunus trituberculatus and others searched for bait in this area. In July, due to the death of some parents after reproduction, it was difficult to capture their newborn individuals by trawl investigation, and the biomass was very low. In September-65438+1October, the biomass reached the annual peak (907.55 kg/ha), and the fishery was formed in autumn flood season. After that, the water temperature dropped and the economic shrimps and crabs moved to the open sea, which reduced the biomass in winter to about 1 kg/ha.

(2) fish. There are 85 species of coastal fish, and the seasonal variation of fauna composition is very small. Most of them are warm species all year round, such as wrinkled-lipped shark, ray, green scale, yellow crucian carp, silver carp and perch. , ***47 species, accounting for 55.3% of the total. There are also cold and warm species in winter and summer (big whitebait, cotton ● NFDA 1? And yellow crucian carp, accounting for 29.4%).

The average annual net catch is 27 kg/day, with the highest in summer (48.5 kg/day) and the lowest in winter, less than 4 kg/day.

The total biomass above 50 tons is yellow crucian carp (874 tons), Cynoglossus alboglossus (383 tons), barracuda (324 tons), silver pomfret (248 tons), small yellow croaker (189 tons) and perch (150 tons). NFDA2？ (127 tons), Cynoglossus semilaevis (102 tons), PARALICHTHYS olivaceus (94 tons), ● fish (67 tons), blue scale fish (54 tons), blue spotted mackerel (67 tons), and three spines ● (. 40 tons, 49 tons of red nose ●, black gill plum; 30 ~39 tons of red snapper, known as Gu Yu, Bai Guyu and bighead carp; 20 to 29 tons of yellow croaker and spear tail thorns? NFDA3？ Tiger, yellow-covered flounder; 10 ton ~ 19 ton oil? NFDA4？ , bream, blunt tail? NFDA3？ Tiger fish, long cotton, saury, scaly? NFDA5？ ; 1 ton ~9 tons is taizhu fish, stone sole,? NFDA6？ Green fin horse face ●, long snake? NFDA5？ ; Below 1 ton are bluefin fish and high-eyed rays.

Freshwater biological resources

1. Phytoplankton

The phytoplankton in the freshwater area of the estuary is relatively complete, and 7 species of algae can be seen. The dominant species of phytoplankton are mainly green algae and diatoms. The number and biomass of phytoplankton change obviously with the seasons. In spring and autumn, dinoflagellates, gymnosperms and Chrysophytes are the most common, while in summer, green algae and cyanobacteria are the most common. Diatoms can be seen all year round. The phytoplankton in the old course of the Yellow River is relatively poor, with an average total number of only 288,000/liter and a biomass of only 0.373 mg/liter.

2. Zooplankton

Freshwater zooplankton includes 5 genera of rotifers, 5 genera of cladocera, 7 genera of copepods and 9 genera of protozoa. There are few zooplankton in the Yellow River, with an average total number of 5.9 animals/liter and an average biomass of 0.04 1mg/ liter.

3. Benthic organisms

Freshwater benthos mainly include Gastropoda of Mollusca and Pinctada of Labiatae. Diptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Stigma, Stigma and Diptera, Diptera, Chironomidae, Decapoda and Eriocheir sinensis. Aquatic oligochaetes and bdelloids in annelids. The Yellow River is poor in benthic organisms, with a total number of only 1 15000 /L and an average biomass of only 0.03 mg/L, with few species.