How to learn classical Chinese

1. Several issues that should be paid attention to when learning classical Chinese content.

Content words in classical Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, and quantifiers. In classical Chinese, there are much more content words than function words. When learning classical Chinese, the most important thing to do is to master the meanings of classical Chinese content words. Only by mastering the meaning of a certain number of classical Chinese words can one have a certain knowledge of classical Chinese words. Accumulation will make it possible to read classical Chinese more smoothly. When learning classical Chinese content words, you should pay special attention to the following points:

1. Pay attention to the similarities and differences in the meanings of ancient and modern words.

Chinese has developed from the You Dynasty to today, and the meanings of words have continued to evolve. The meanings of some basic words and a very small part of general words have not changed much from ancient to modern times. Such words will not have any impact on our learning of classical Chinese. difficulty. But there are some other words that, although commonly used in classical Chinese, have disappeared with the disappearance of old things and concepts, and the meanings of ancient and modern words have changed. This change is mainly reflected in the following four aspects:

(1 ), expansion of word meaning.

The expansion of word meaning refers to the expansion of the scope of objective things reflected in the word meaning, that is, from part to whole, from individual to general, from narrow to broad, so that the original meaning becomes part of the extension of the new meaning. For example, "autumn" has expanded from one season to refer to the whole year; "sleep" has expanded from sitting and dozing to referring to sleep.

(2), reduction of word meaning.

The narrowing of word meaning refers to the narrowing of the scope of the objective things reflected in the word meaning, that is, from the whole to the part, from broad to narrow, so that the new meaning becomes part of the extension of the original meaning. For example: "Husband" generally refers to a man in ancient times, as in "Does a husband also love and pity his young son?" Nowadays, "husband" specifically refers to a woman's spouse. "Stinky (xiù)" generally refers to all smells to specifically refers to foul smell. "Soup" generally refers to hot water and boiling water to specifically refers to vegetable soup, broth, etc.

(3), transfer of word meaning.

The transfer of word meaning means that the meaning of the word changes from referring to the first thing to referring to the second thing. For example, "scholar" refers to "a person who studies" in ancient times, as in "This is why scholars should not take things carefully without thinking deeply" ("You Baochan Mountain"), now refers to people who have achieved certain academic achievements. "Miss" in ancient times referred to unmarried women or unmarried women from powerful families. Now, in the context of reform and opening up, its meaning has basically changed to refer to women who have engaged in improper behavior. If you call a young and beautiful woman a lady, the lady will glare at you angrily to show that she is not a lady.

(4), the praise and blame color of the meaning of the word has changed. For example, "slander", in ancient times, refers to publicly blaming others for their faults, and is a neutral word. For example, "Those who can slander and ridicule the city and court and hear the ears of few people will be rewarded." "Zou Ji satirizes the king of Qi and accepts advice". Nowadays, "slander" is used for slander, which refers to saying bad things about others out of nothing. It is a derogatory term.

The above four situations are the main types of changes in word meanings in ancient and modern times. The existence of a large number of words with both ancient and modern meanings that are both related and different is the main obstacle to learning classical Chinese. When we study classical Chinese, we must combine it with studying classical Chinese works, and master the common meanings of a number of commonly used words in classical Chinese with purpose, plan, and as required.

2. Pay attention to distinguishing monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words in ancient and modern Chinese.

Modern Chinese accounts for the vast majority of polysyllabic words, while classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words. Therefore, when we read classical Chinese, we should not mistake the disyllabic words in classical Chinese for modern Chinese. bisyllabic word. For example, the ancient meaning of "very" in "The view of extraordinary things often lies in dangerous places" ("You Bao Chan Mountain") is two words: different from ordinary. Jinyi is an adverb expressing degree. In addition, polysyllabic words in classical Chinese should not be interpreted separately. For example: "At dusk, I killed a hundred Wuli people" ("Feng Wanzhen"). The word "Wulu" is a connected word, which means "roughly" and "roughly". This meaning is the same as "wu" and "wu". "The two words have nothing to do with each other and cannot be discussed separately.

3. Pay attention to the polysemy phenomenon in ancient Chinese.

Like modern Chinese, there is also polysemy in classical Chinese. If we only understand one or two meanings of a polysemous word, and easily interpret one or two meanings when reading classical Chinese, we may make errors in understanding. In order to avoid mistakes, we must consciously accumulate and organize knowledge.

In our textbooks, there are convenient exercises at the end of each classical Chinese text. This is to help us accumulate and organize the work. It must be completed carefully and must not be ignored. If you accumulate more word meanings, you will be able to choose the meaning more accurately when encountering polysemy words. In addition, we also need to understand the original meaning and extended meaning of the word. Every word has its original meaning, its original meaning. Later, with the development and changes of society, the new meaning was its extended meaning. For example: "wife", the ancient meaning is to grab a woman with your hands, but the modern meaning refers to a man's spouse. "Sun" means my son's son in the ancient meaning and is passed down from generation to generation. Today's meaning refers to my son's son.

4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of false characters.

The use of ancient characters to communicate with falsehoods is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese. In ancient times, because of the same or close pronunciation, some characters were often used in common with other characters. This phenomenon of characters replacing each other in use was called "tongjia" characters. "Tong" means universal; "false" means borrowing. It is not easy to identify Tongjia characters. The older the classical Chinese text is, the more difficult it is to read Tongjia characters. For beginners, the way to master Tongjiazi is to read more classical Chinese works, look up more dictionaries, and accumulate knowledge.

Second, several issues that should be paid attention to when learning classical Chinese function words.

Classical Chinese function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections and pronouns. The lexical meaning of function words is relatively abstract, but it has various grammatical functions such as expressing mood and organizing content words. Classical Chinese function words, especially commonly used function words, appear more frequently in classical Chinese and can be used more flexibly. When reading classical Chinese, one must be good at analyzing the meaning and function of function words in order to fully understand the meaning of the article. If you misunderstand the function words, it will affect your understanding of the entire sentence and even the entire article. While studying, we should pay attention to the following convenient questions.

1. Distinguish content words and function words.

Most of the function words in classical Chinese are made up of content words. For example, the basic meaning of "su" is "place", which was later extended to mean "the place of..." or "the person of..." and is used as a structural particle. Another example is that the basic meaning of "zhi" is "to go", and later it was transformed into pronouns, particles, modal particles, etc., and became the most commonly used function word. It is equivalent to "it" in modern Chinese and is used as a pronoun. Equivalent to "的" in modern Chinese. Used between subject and predicate to cancel the independence of subject and predicate, verb, go. Plays the role of piecing together the tone. From some of the examples above, we can know that whether a certain word is a content word or a function word can only be determined in a specific language environment. The basic principle is: the words do not separate from the words, and the words do not separate from the sentences.

2. Understand the differences between ancient and modern function words.

There are completely different function words in ancient and modern times. We only need to grasp their meaning and usage in ancient times, such as the "story" in "The Story of the Fall of the Six Kingdoms" in "Theory of Six Kingdoms", but , some function words are used in ancient and modern times, such as "subversion" in "As for subversion, it is reasonable to do so" in "Theory of Six Kingdoms". This requires us to pay special attention to the differences between them, and to review them word for word with an analytical eye, rather than judging the past from the present.

3. Distinguish the different uses of the same function word.

Classical Chinese function words are used frequently and their usage is flexible. A function word often has multiple parts of speech and expresses a variety of grammatical relations. For example, "er" can be used as a conjunction; it can also be used as a pronoun. When used as a conjunction, it can express a parallel relationship, a partial relationship, a succession relationship, a progressive relationship, or a turning relationship.

4. Understand the different moods expressed by function words.

The ancients called function words "ci", "yuci" and "yuzhu". It can be seen that function words are important in expressing the convenience of tone. If a piece of classical Chinese text is not connected with function words, it will lose its "temperament" and lose its vitality. Without the use of function words, it would be impossible to express the complaint and pride hidden in the speaker's apparent self-effacement. When studying classical Chinese, we need to chant repeatedly, understand the tone expressed by function words, and summarize some rules from it. For example: "hu" and "gai" often mean utterances, "zhe" often means titon, "dewu" and "wunai" often mean speculation, rhetorical questions, etc. There are only a few dozen commonly used function words in classical Chinese. The more commonly used function words are, the more flexible their usage is. If you really master their meaning and usage, you can remove a major obstacle to the convenience of function words when reading.

Third, master the phenomenon of conjugating parts of speech.

Some content words in classical Chinese temporarily change their grammatical function in the sentence, and the meaning of the word has changed to a certain extent. This is the flexible use of words.

If a word has been conjured into another word, it will not make sense if we still interpret it according to its original usage. Therefore, it is very important for us to learn classical Chinese to master the basic rules of using parts of speech, analyze their usage and understand their meaning based on specific language lenses. The main cases of using parts of speech are as follows:

1. The use of verbs, adjectives and nouns.

Verbs, adjectives, and nouns are used as verbs with the meaning of "to make" or "to make", and have the meaning of "what is the object of making"? This is the usage of causative verb. In ancient Chinese, the use of causative verbs was generally limited to intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs do not originally take an object. When used to make verbs, they are followed by an object, but this is rare. The pronunciation of transitive verbs changed after the Middle Ages, for example: "The Marquis of Jin drinks (yìn) Zhao Dun wine". This is different from other uses of transitive verbs, but it cannot be generalized.

2. The conative usage of adjectives and nouns.

This means that adjectives and nouns are used as verbs with the meaning of "think" or "think", indicating what the subject thinks of the object or what the subject treats the object as.

3. Nouns are used as verbs.

When a noun is used as a verb, it has the grammatical characteristics of a verb. It no longer represents a person or thing, but represents actions and behaviors related to the noun. For example: "Registered as an official, sealed the treasury, and waited for the general" (Registration: Registration. "Hongmen Banquet"). Both the causative and conative uses of nouns are nouns used as verbs. In ancient Chinese, nouns used as causative and conative were less common, but those used as ordinary verbs were quite common. In ancient Chinese, locative nouns were often used as verbs.

4. Nouns are used as adverbials.

In ancient Chinese, nouns were often used as adverbials to directly modify and limit verb predicates, expressing actions, the state, method, place, and tools of behavior.

In addition, we must pay attention to three issues:

First, we must pay attention to the distinction between conative and causative actions. Here, we provide two ways to distinguish: first, the causative usage is that the subject tells the object what to do, which is objective, while the verb usage rule is that the subject thinks or thinks what the object is like, which is a subjective view, and the objective is not necessarily the case. . Second, when verbs and nouns are conjugated into verbs, they are generally not used in conative actions (the verb itself has no intention of conjugating usage, but when adjectives are conjugated into verbs, they are commonly used in causative and conative actions).

The second is to pay attention to the conditions for the flexible use of parts of speech. To identify whether a word has been conjured into another type of word, it mainly depends on its position in the sentence, which parts of speech are combined with it, what kind of syntactic relationship it forms, and what grammatical characteristics it has. The causative and conative usage of nouns and adjectives, as well as the use of nouns as verbs, are all conjugations of nouns and adjectives into verbs, which can be seen from the changes in their grammatical conditions. The following are some of the more important grammatical conditions for conjugating nouns and adjectives into verbs.

1. Two nouns are used together. If it is neither a parallel structure nor a partial structure, the former noun is often used as a verb, and the latter noun is used as its object. The two nouns are used together, sometimes It can also be a subject-predicate structure, with the former noun as the subject and the latter noun as the predicate.

2. Nouns and adjectives are placed after the word "su" and used as verbs. For example: "King Chen Sheng, put it in the belly of the fish that someone caught."

3. Place nouns and adjectives after voluntary verbs such as "can", "ke", and "desire", and use them as verbs. For example: "The Master said to Gongye Chang: 'What a wife...'".

4. The noun is placed after the adverb and used as a verb (adverbs are generally only used as modifiers of verbs or adjectives in sentences). For example: "Qin Shisui went to the east".

5. Place nouns and adjectives in front of pronouns such as "zhi" and "I", and use them as verbs. For example

"The lower ones, the smaller ones... are nothing more than what they are."

6. Use a preposition structure as a complement after the noun, and the noun is used as a verb. For example: "The Jin Division Army Yu Qingliu".

7. When nouns are connected with "er", they are used as verbs. For example: "Longli respects the virtuous and becomes a king."

Third, we must pay attention to clarify an issue: the flexible use of parts of speech means that a word originally belongs to a certain part of speech, but it temporarily takes on the properties of another part of speech after being inserted into a sentence. It does not mean that the word belongs to two parts of speech. part of speech. For example: We cannot say that the "jun" in "Jin Shijun Yu Qingliu" is both a noun and a verb.

Fourth, pay attention to mastering several common sentence patterns.

Commonly used sentence patterns in classical Chinese and modern Chinese are basically relative. We mainly need to master five sentence patterns: judgmental sentences, interrogative sentences, passive sentences, omitted sentences and modified sentences.

1. Judgment sentence.

A judgment sentence is a sentence that makes a positive or negative judgment about the nature, situation, and relationship between things. In modern Chinese, the judgment word "is" is generally used to express judgment, while judgment sentences in classical Chinese generally do not use judgment words, but directly use nouns or noun phrases as predicates to express judgments, often with the help of certain particles, modal particles, Adverbs to express or strengthen the tone of judgment. The main forms are:

⑴, the particle "Zhe" is used after the subject to express Teton, and the modal particle "Ye" is used after the predicate to end it.

⑵, only use "Zhe" after the subject to express Teton.

⑶, only use "ye" at the end of the predicate.

⑷, "Zhe" and "Ye" are not used.

⑸. Use the adverbs "nai", "that is", "must", "ze", etc. before the predicate to strengthen the tone.

⑹, use "为" to express positive judgment.

⑺, use the adverb "non" to express negative judgment.

⑻, using "是" as a judgment verb is also found in classical Chinese.

2. Passive sentence.

The subject of the passive sentence is not the sender of the behavior represented by the predicate verb, but the recipient of the behavior. In classical Chinese, some prepositions and particles are often used to express passivity, mainly in the following forms:

⑴, use the preposition "wei" to introduce the active agent of the action.

⑵, use the preposition "yu" to introduce the active agent of the behavior.

⑶, use the particle "see" to express passiveness.

⑷, use the preposition "be" to express passiveness.

⑸, use the format of "for..." to express passiveness.

⑹, use the format of "see... in..." to express passiveness.

3. Omit sentences.

There are some components in classical Chinese sentences that are often omitted by custom and need to be added when translated into modern Chinese. Common situations include the following:

①, omitting the subject. Including Chengqian Province, Menghou Province, Self-narrative or Dialogue Province.

②, omit the predicate verb. For example: "One stream of energy will weaken after another (drum), and it will be exhausted after three (drums)"

③, omit the object.

④, omit the prepositions "Yu" and "Yi" .

4. Questions.

Interrogative sentences in classical Chinese generally use interrogative pronouns or interrogative modal particles to ask questions. There are mainly two situations:

⑴, use interrogative pronouns to ask questions.

⑵, Use interrogative particles to ask questions.

5. Variant sentences.

In classical Chinese, the word order of some sentences is different from the corresponding sentence patterns in modern Chinese. The following four common situations are: ⑴, subject-verb inversion sentences.

⑵, object in front.

Object prepositioning has the following situations:

①. When the pronoun of Ningwen is used as the object, the object is prepositioned.

②The pronoun in the negative sentence serves as the object, and the object is placed in front.

③Use "Zhi" or "是" to advance the object before the verb to emphasize the tone.

⑶The attributive is postpositioned. In classical Chinese, some modifying attributive phrases are often placed after the central phrase.

⑷, the preposition structure is postpositioned. In modern Chinese, preposition structures are often placed before verbs as adverbials, while in ancient Chinese some are placed after them as complements.

Fifth, master the basic methods of classical Chinese translation.

The basic methods of classical Chinese translation can be summarized as adding, adjusting, retaining and replacing.

First, give. Ancient Chinese, like modern Chinese, has omissions in order to make the language concise and concise, and it is more common than modern Chinese. In terms of the way of omission, there are preposition, post-monition and dialogue. In terms of the content of omission, it can be a subject, a predicate, an object, or a preposition root. When we read classical Chinese texts, when we encounter such omissions, we must supplement the omitted elements in order to correctly understand the meaning of the text.

In ancient Chinese, quantifiers are a very underdeveloped part of speech compared with adjacent numerals. Verb quantifiers did not exist in the pre-Qin Dynasty, and object quantifiers were also rare. Modern Chinese is also rich in quantifiers. of a language. Therefore, when we translate classical Chinese, we must find corresponding quantifiers to add them.

Second, tune. Ancient Chinese word order has some special rules, such as object preposition, attributive and adverbial postposition, subject inversion, etc. When translating these sentences, if you still follow the word order of the original text, it will easily be confusing, lead to ambiguity, and lead to misunderstandings. Therefore, we must adjust the original text according to the changes in word order in ancient and modern Chinese to make it conform to the characteristics of modern Chinese word order. This is "tuning".

Classical Chinese, especially verse, often has a language phenomenon of "inverted prose". This kind of inverted writing may be "hurriedly speaking but the writing is reversed", or "the writing is reversed to match the rhyme". When we read ancient texts, when we encounter the linguistic phenomenon of "inverted text", we must translate it upside down according to the content.

Third, stay. "Retain" means to keep the original text without translation, such as country names, place names, personal names, official names, dynasty names, emperor titles, as well as the names of certain regulations and systems and standards of weights and measures, etc., will not be translated.

Some basic words, such as "human", "hand", "mountain", "water", "cow", etc., reflect common things in nature. They have the same meaning in ancient and modern times and should be kept untranslated during translation. If there are some words that are not basic words but are still used today, they do not need to be translated.

In addition, in order to enhance the artistic effect of the work, the ancients often quoted poems, ballads, mottos, and proverbs into their works. For example: "The Badong Three Gorges and the Wu Gorge are long, and the apes cry three times and shed tears on the clothes" ("Three Gorges"). This folk song will remain untranslated, otherwise it will lose the unique charm of the quoted poem.

Fourth, change. Chinese has experienced thousands of years of evolution. Many classical Chinese monosyllabic words cannot be used flexibly in modern Chinese and can only serve as a morpheme of bisyllabic words. When translating, the classical Chinese words must be replaced with words with the same or equivalent meanings in modern Chinese. , this is "change". For example: "I came to the meeting place between the king and the king of Yan" ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru"). Except for the imperial title "Yan Wang" and the location word "Shang", which do not need to be changed here, the rest must be replaced with words that have the same or equivalent meanings as modern Chinese. The translation is: "I once (with you) met the King of Yan on the border." .

The translation methods of "increasing", "adjusting", "retaining" and "changing" mentioned above are not independent. In the specific translation process, they are interrelated and used together. , cannot be completely separated.

Sixth, master the translation skills of classical Chinese.

When translating, in addition to mastering the above four methods, you also need to master some skills.

First, fully imagine the words, words, and sentences in the sentence. This kind of imagination is to mobilize the usual accumulation. One is the imagination of different uses of words. For example, before translating the word "yan" in the sentence "Jun Wu You Yan", you can compare the various uses of "yan" at the end of the sentence, eliminate them one by one, and then determine a usage that conforms to the meaning of the original text after translation. Generally speaking, "yan" at the end of a sentence is used as an interrogative modal particle in a question sentence, but this sentence is not a question sentence, so it is not the same; secondly, it is used at the end of an adjective, but "you" means "blame", It is a verb, so it is not the second one; the third one is used as a concurrent word at the end of the sentence, but this sentence does not need a preposition after the second word to introduce a noun or a pronoun, so it is not the third one; the fourth one is a pronoun. If the word "Yan" in this sentence is translated into the pronoun "they", it will be consistent with the meaning of the whole sentence. The second is to fully imagine various sentence patterns. Take "Mo's death" as an example. The indefinite pronoun "Mo" is used at the beginning of this sentence, and the object is the pronoun "zhi". Therefore, this sentence is a negative sentence with the pronoun object in front. Then, this sentence should be First translated as "Don't die". Let's take the second step. This "die" is an verb and cannot dominate the object "zhi". Think about it, whether it is a verb or a verb, whether it is a verb or a verb, think about it one by one, it is a verb, so this sentence can be translated as "No one died for them." In this way, the translated meaning is the same as The whole text is unified.

Second, you must learn to use some grammatical knowledge of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese for analysis. Some sentences can only be understood correctly and translated accurately through grammatical analysis. For example, "Zi Ji looked at his elders and refused to save them." The word "Ji" in the sentence means "hate". If "Ji Shi" is put together, it would be translated as "hate to look at", which obviously does not make sense.

Then, we should regard the entire structure after "disease" as the object of "disease", that is, the object of hatred, and then dissect this "object", that is, the object of "disease" is "to regard it as dead without saving it." But it should be noted that the object of "view" is only "the death of his superior". Here, "view his superior's death" and "not save" are two "behaviors" connected by "er". Let's look at the object of "Shi" again, "the death of his superior". This is a subject-predicate phrase as the object of "Shi", so "Zhi" is a particle that cancels the independence of the sentence. After such a word-for-word analysis, this sentence can be translated as "hate (them) for watching their commander die in battle without rescuing him." If you put this translation into the full text and read it, the meaning will be unified with the full text, so you can safely confirm your translation at this time.

From the above point of view, whether we are imagining characters, words, sentence patterns, or grammatically analyzing sentence structures, we must accumulate basic knowledge of classical Chinese and translation skills as a prerequisite. Therefore, we usually have to work hard to memorize some knowledge about classical Chinese and translation techniques. Otherwise, our resources will be exhausted, and no matter how we look for "tricks", we will not be able to translate them. In ancient times, there was a very knowledgeable scholar who was ordered to complete a composition within three days, but he was so anxious that he could not eat or sleep well. When his wife saw this, she said disapprovingly: "Is it more difficult for you to write this article than for me to give birth to a child?" The scholar sighed: "Although it is difficult for you to give birth to a child, after all, you still have a child in your belly. I wrote this article. There is nothing in the stomach. It is difficult for a clever wife to cook without rice!" This story further proves the correctness of my point of view.

So, how to work hard? Let’s talk about some of my experiences in the process of learning and practice.

First, when learning classical Chinese, we must pay attention to recitation.

Cheng Duanli said in "Zhu Xi's Reading Method": "If you can read well and think carefully, your mind will naturally be the same as the reason, and you will never forget it. In the past, I couldn't memorize words, but later I just read them. Anyone who remembers it is the result of reading it.” This statement is actually based on experience and is worth learning from. When we study classical Chinese, we should read and recite more classical Chinese poems that are both beautiful in quality and moderate in depth, and store more classical Chinese information in our minds. This is of great benefit to cognitive transfer and reading comprehension.

Reciting is a learning method that uses the method of reading aloud to learn the text repeatedly and gradually strengthen the understanding until it is memorized based on the initial understanding. It is different from ordinary rote memorization. It uses the macro to control the micro, and uses the micro to enrich the macro. It is step by step, read repeatedly, understand from reading, and use after understanding. It is a good way to learn classical Chinese.

Second, check reference books frequently.

A reference book is a book specially designed for flipping and reading. It has a specific sorting method, so that readers can obtain the knowledge or materials they want to know in the shortest possible time. When we study classical Chinese, we should make full use of classical Chinese reference books and use them as teachers who never bother to ask questions and solve problems. There are many types of reference books. The reference books that we can consult when learning classical Chinese include: "Commonly Used Dictionary of Ancient Chinese", "Dictionary of Commonly Used Classical Chinese Function Words", "Kangxi Dictionary", "Shuowen Jiezi", "Cihai", "Cymology" "wait. Among them, "Commonly Used Dictionary of Ancient Chinese" and "Dictionary of Commonly Used Classical Chinese Function Words" are small in size and rich in content. They are not only cheap but also easy to carry. They are essential reference books for us to learn classical Chinese.

Third, practice more.

“The purpose of learning knowledge is to store it in the brain for a long time, but memorizing new knowledge alone cannot guarantee the realization of this purpose.” In order to firmly master knowledge, we must also The knowledge learned must be consolidated and practiced to accumulate knowledge and further improve the ability to read simple classical Chinese.

Fourth, we must be good at accumulating information.

Writing a book and setting up a theory requires citing scriptures and references, and a large amount of data is required. These data often rely on daily accumulation. Methods of accumulating data vary. Some people like to mark the books they have read, and some are good at making knowledge cards. These are all good methods. Hegel had no special gifts or talents when he was young, but he was good at accumulating. He summarized the things he read in detail on loose-leaf cards, and then sorted and arranged them by category, and labeled them one by one. Such accumulation over time and repeated thinking and application finally made him a great philosopher with profound knowledge. If we pay attention to accumulating information while studying and studying, we will definitely benefit greatly.

It can not only cultivate and improve your reading and analysis skills, "make people precise" (Bacon's words), but also reduce the burden on your brain. When these materials become your "second brain", you use these materials Then you will be able to get it at your fingertips, and the wind will come from all directions. Others "can't find anything even if they wear iron shoes", but you "get it without any effort."