What are the basic techniques of rock filling technology in rockery engineering?

The following is the related content of Basic Technology of Rock-filling Technology brought by Zhong Da Consulting for your reference.

Rockpiling techniques (or techniques) of rockeries are often divided into two schools, namely, the Northern School centered on Beijing and the Jiangnan School centered on Taihu Lake Basin. In fact, since ancient times, many rockeries in Beijing have been "built by Wu" (Zhu Zunyi's sentence), mostly influenced by craftsmen in the mountains in the south of the Yangtze River. For example, Li Yu, Zhang Lian and Zhang Ran all belonged to the south of the Yangtze River in the early Qing Dynasty, leaving behind rockery works in Kyoto. In particular, Zhang Lian and Zhang Ran lived in the capital and were good at rockery, which was famous for traveling between officials and ministers. In the early Qing Dynasty, Wang Shizhen's Juyi Record said: "The great scholar Wanping the maharaja, recruited the great scholar, and really decided Liang Gong. The younger brother of the great scholar Juan Lai visited the righteous courtyard, and the beautiful water and stones were natural. The Huating (now Songjiang, Shanghai) was also made by Zhang Ran. Tao An, whose father is Nanyuan, takes a window as a rockery, and welcomes autumn, Beiyuan, Dachi and Yellow Crane as paintings. The twists and turns are ups and downs, the management is bleak, and the chemical industry is wonderful. Nanyuan died, but she died with her. Today, Yingtai, Yuquan and Changchun Garden all have arrangements. " Since then, Beijingers have specially broken rockeries, called "Zhang Shanzi", which has been handed down from generation to generation as a "cross tactic" of safety, association, receiving, fighting, carrying, spelling, hanging, sword, card and hanging. There is also a "30-character formula" of "picking up buckets, hanging swords, nailing tenons, caulking pads, and converting pressure". There are "nine strokes" in Jiangnan, such as folding, standing, padding, spelling, picking, pressing, hooking, hanging and supporting. In fact, its modelling technique is roughly the same, which is some basic forms and operation modelling technique of rockery in the process of piling up, as well as the combination of rocks and rocks. At present, these basic rock-filling techniques are often used in rockery construction, and they have been included in China's "Specification for Occupational Skill Post Appraisal of Rockery Workers". Now it is described as follows: the means of placing rocks. In Suzhou dialect, it is customarily called "shelving" or "covering". Angle can be divided into single safety, double safety and three safety. Double insurance is to put a stone on two unrelated stones to form a cave on the vertical facade. Sanan is to put a stone on three stones and make them become one. Therefore, Anshi mainly highlights "cleverness" and "shape" through the overhead of rocks, thus reaching the ethereal gap on the facade (viewing surface) of rockery, which is called "gardening"? Lushan said "exquisite and clever". Even the horizontal overlap between rocks. Connecting stones should be naturally connected according to the natural outline, texture, concave and convex, edges and corners of the rock, and pay attention to the fact that after the natural weathering of the rock, the connecting stones are of different sizes, strewn at random, vertically and horizontally combined, jointed or tight, or have sparse cracks to form joints. At the same time, pay attention to the folding and connection between stones. The connection is a vertical lap between rocks. " "Connection" should be good at using sections or stubbles between rocks to form natural layered joints in the connection, which is the stone superposition of horizontal (horizontal) layered structure and vertical layered structure in the design. Layered knots should be unified and diverse, look like naturally weathered rocks and have natural interest. If the stubble of the upper and lower rocks are not on the same plane when splicing, it is necessary to embed stones to make the stubble of the upper and lower rocks bite each other like stones. The bucket is arched and stands in the air as a "bucket", which imitates the modeling style of natural rocks eroded by running water to form caves. When stacking, on the vertical stones with different shapes on both sides, a stone with a convex top and a concave bottom is used as the top of the rockery, which is like two sheep fighting with their heads. This is the image statement of the craftsmen in ancient Dieshan. Boast refers to the rock located on the main viewing surface. When its side is dim or ill-shaped, it is called boasting when it is spliced and hung with another rock on its side as a remedial measure to enhance the three-dimensional sense of the rockfill. You can use the stubble of the rock to fix the lifted stone and then laminate it on it. If the stubble on the side of the rock is smooth, it can be cemented. Spelling is to combine several smaller stones into a larger shape according to the modeling requirements of rockery. But if there are too many small stones, it is easy to appear trivial and not easy to be strong. Therefore, it is necessary to put large stones together and pay attention to the texture and color of the rocks, so that they have the same texture, consistent outline and natural transition. Hanging and hanging are hanging stones hanging vertically downward in the air, with vertical hanging as "hanging" and horizontal hanging as "hanging". Hanging is modeled after stalactites hanging in natural caves. Hanging stones are often located in the middle of the cave roof, and both sides are clamped by hanging stones. The ceiling near the inner wall is also used, while the Nanshan in Zhanyuan, Nanjing uses hanging stones hanging upside down by the water, which has a unique flavor. "Hanging down" is often used to remedy the head of a peak stone, or to hang a cliff. , thus creating a fantastic decorative effect. Generally speaking, the hanging stone volume should not be too large to ensure safety. Hanging a stone upside down is "hanging". Hanging is the same as hanging, but the appellation between the north and the south is different. A card is a small hanging stone stuck between two stones. This method must be that the left and right stones form a wedge with a big top and a small bottom, and then a stone is placed in the wedge. It is only an auxiliary foil, generally used in small rockeries, while large stones are used less because they are easy to fall down after weathering for many years and cause danger. A practice in which a sword makes a vertically winning rock stand upright like a sword. One mountain and one stone stand upright like a peak, which can form a tense situation, but it must be arranged naturally according to local conditions to avoid being too single or too dense. The rising Jianfeng Mountain, if combined with bamboo cultivation in Gu Song, can often become an intriguing garden landscape. Generally, rock with lateral texture is used as lateral pressure to create a flying trend, so it is also called "picking out". "One-on-one hit" means picking out a stone, and "heavy pick" means there is a stone under the stone. If you want to pick out layer by layer, the length of picking out should be 65438+ 0/3 of picking stones. When choosing stones, you must choose some rocks with solid texture and no hidden cracks. The method of identification is generally tapping and listening to the sound. If you choose both ends, you need to be more careful in choosing stones. Now Suzhou rockery craftsmen also use vertical stones to make choices, but it is more difficult. The key to "picking" is "being clever and steady" and "being firm and hidden", so it is closely related to "pressing". "If the stress is too large, it will press it", that is, the crossed modeling rocks will cause the center of gravity to move outward and tilt to one side. At this time, it is necessary to use stones to match the pressure and make its center of gravity stable, so it is most important to press the stones firmly and seamlessly. Generally, the final overall stability of a group of rockeries or peaks is achieved by the matching pressure of the top stones. At this time, it is necessary to choose some relatively large and well-shaped jacking stones, and cooperate with the pressure to close the roof, which is both stable and beautiful. "Gone with the Wind" uses pumice to enrich the changes of the head. Texture, stone quality, stone color and so on. Pumice should be consistent or coordinated with stone picking. Traditionally, sometimes pumice can be processed into various animal images; On the other hand, modern stacking technology has made a new breakthrough and development on the basis of the traditional "floating" stacking method. It often selects some small, narrow, thin and light rocks, and uses bonding materials and methods such as bonding, binding, clamping, bracing, supporting and hanging to locate and shape according to the modeling concept, thus creating a stone-to-stone relationship. It is mostly used to stack small pieces of rockery type in Taihu Lake. Stacking "horizontal stacking of rocks", that is, a stacking technique of flattening horizontal rocks to form the structure of horizontal rock layers, is the most commonly used method in traditional rockery stacking. For example, the shape of the "Yungang" Huangshi rockery in Netscape Garden is formed by the main method of "laying stones on top of each other". But in the specific stacking, we must pay attention to the consistency of textures between stones. Vertical refers to the stacking technology of vertical stones used in stone walls, caves and peaks. Vertical piles are made of vertical stones. Due to the heavy weight and small compression surface, brake pads must be made to make the bottom stable, without losing the center of gravity and firmly splicing. The style of Huangshi rockery can be divided into horizontal and vertical stacking. For example, the cliffs and peaks in the Huangshi rockery in Ouyuan are vertically stacked. When stacking vertically, attention should be paid to seamless joints, and sometimes more natural gaps should be left to reduce human traces. Cushion is used to treat transverse layered structure. Under the big stones that are picked out, in order to have a stable structure and a natural appearance, stones are specially padded to form an effect of taking the virtual as the real. In addition, in the process of rockery construction, we must pay attention to the brake pads. Only in this way can the rock be solid and firm. The ancient rockery has always been built by dry masonry method, that is, on the premise of not smearing cementing materials (such as mortar), the rocks that make up the rockery have stable center of gravity and firm structure. Therefore, it is the most critical to pile up mountains and cushion stones. Cementing material not only increases the overall strength of rockery, but also has the function of modifying the splicing between rocks, making it seamless and seamless, and has the weathering interest of natural rock mass. The foot pad is stable, which can not only save cementing materials, but also be strong. Hook refers to placing a small rock with turning shape and texture at the end of the selected modeling rock when the rock protrudes too much horizontally, or making a hook downward to change the dullness of horizontal modeling. "Hook" is also the traditional method of "Jinhua Gang" stacking stones. It mainly uses stones and auxiliary iron sheets to hook between stones, or uses long strips to wrap and paste rockeries as a framework. Bracing, also known as "shovel", is a practice of stabilizing rocks with diagonal braces. Rock deformation, cantilever, arch, roof, etc. Should be supported. Reasonable support points must be selected for the supporting stone, and its appearance should be consistent with the vein of the mountain, with mud on the whole. The support is not suitable because it is inconsistent with the horizontal and vertical rock joints of Huangshi rockery. It is often used in the rockery of Taihu Lake, but it is only used as an auxiliary processing and decoration for some special stones, and the stones used are generally relatively small. The formulas listed above are just some typical techniques used by ancient rockery craftsmen in rockery modeling construction. These modelling technique should be used flexibly in the actual construction, and they must not stick to the form and pursue it deliberately.

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