Educational Psychology: Eriksson's Life and His Eight Stages —— Teacher Recruitment in Tianjin in 2020

Analysis of examination situation: Eriksson's stage theory is a common knowledge point in teacher recruitment. There are objective questions (single choice, multiple choice, judgment) and subjective questions (short answer questions and essay questions sometimes appear in the exam; Of course, sometimes a certain stage can be presented as a single point in the material and comprehensively investigated with other knowledge points. The form of investigation is mainly the matching of stage age, task and characteristics. Although the examination form is not complicated, most students memorize by rote and are prone to make mistakes, confusing some stages and tasks. Now take everyone to distinguish from the origin of the characters; Let's distinguish clearly when we do the questions, so as to determine the answer.

I. Detailed theoretical explanation

Eric? Erickson (1902~ 1994) is a famous American psychologist who has made great contributions to neurology, developmental psychology and psychoanalysis. Eric? Erickson is one of the representatives of the new psychoanalysis school. 1902, Eric? Eriksson was born in Frankfurt, Germany. His mother and stepfather are both Jews, but because of his Scandinavian descent (it is said that Eric? Eriksson's father is of Scandinavian descent. Eric? Eriksson grew up in Germany and immigrated to the United States. So in German schools, students are called Eric? Eriksson? Jews? In his stepfather's ancestral temple, other Jews call him that, because his appearance is typical of Scandinavian descent, which is quite different from that of other Jews? Pagan? .

Eric? Eriksson's psychological theory is mainly the theory of personality social psychological development. He divided individual psychological development into eight stages. In these eight stages, individual development will be influenced by genetic factors and environment at first. Meanwhile, Eric. Eriksson also put forward the following viewpoint: individuals will have different and special psychological tasks in each development stage, and each development stage will have corresponding development contradictions that need to be solved by individuals. If this contradiction can be solved smoothly at this stage, then the individual's personality will develop healthily. On the contrary, if the contradictions at this stage are not resolved at this stage, then the personal personality development will be affected. According to Eric? According to the theory put forward by Eriksson, if the contradictions in the early stage of an individual are not solved, the greater the impact on the individual's personality will be. In other words, the solution of contradictions, especially in the critical period, is very important for the development of individuals, and missing it will affect the development of individual personality. For this, Eric? Eriksson proposed? Lifelong development stage of personality? Educational theory: Education must aim at individuals of different ages and provide appropriate and corresponding educational contents according to their different stages of development. If educational mistakes occur at any stage of individual development and miss this stage of development, these mistakes will bring lifelong negative effects to individuals.

The first stage is infancy (0~ 1.5 years old), which is a conflict between basic trust and distrust. Trust is formed in character? Hope? This quality, it has played a role in enhancing self-strength. Children whose needs are met will have a basic sense of trust. A trusted child dares to hope, is full of ideals and has a strong future orientation. On the other hand, I dare not hope, but always worry that my needs will not be met, forming fear. Erickson defines hope as: enduring belief in the realization of one's wishes, resisting the roar of dark forces, and marking the birth of life. ?

The second stage is childhood (1.5~3 years old), which is the conflict between autonomy and shyness and doubt (will quality). During this period, children have mastered many skills, such as crawling, walking and talking. Children start? Is there a will? Decide carefully what to do or not to do. The conflict between parents and children became fierce with the appearance of the first resistance period. On the one hand, parents must control their children's behavior to conform to social norms and form good habits, but they should not be overprotective and hinder the development of children's autonomy at this age. If children are not allowed to explore and cannot gain a sense of personal control and influence on the outside world, they will feel shy and suspicious. They feel uncertain about themselves and become dependent on others. Eriksson's definition of will is: Despite the inevitable shyness and doubt, a firm determination to freely choose or restrain oneself. ?

The third stage is the early school age (3~5 years old), which is an active conflict with guilt (target quality). They cultivated a sense of ambition and mission. If children are encouraged to take the initiative to explore, they will form initiative and lay the foundation for him to become a responsible and creative person in the future. If adults laugh at children's original behavior and imagination, children will gradually lose self-confidence, tend to live in a narrow circle arranged by others, lack the initiative to create a happy life, and form an inferiority complex. Children who can't develop their initiative well will feel guilty and shrink back at this stage. They may lack a sense of purpose and rarely show initiative in social or other occasions. When the child's initiative exceeds guilt, there will be? Purpose? The quality of. Eriksson's definition of purpose is: A courage to face up to and pursue valuable goals, which will not be limited by the failure of children's imagination, guilt and fear of punishment. ?

The fourth stage is school age (6~ 12 years old), which is the conflict between diligence and inferiority (ability and quality). Most children inevitably have to compare and compete with their peers for their intelligence and ability. If children experience success, their sense of competition will continue to increase. When children's sense of diligence is greater than their sense of inferiority, they will gain something? Ability? The quality of. The experience of failure will make children feel inappropriate, have low expectations for their future creation and life, form a sense of inferiority, and have a low evaluation of their talents and abilities. Eriksson said: the ability is not weakened by the child's inferiority complex, and what is needed to complete the task is the skilled skills and wisdom of free operation. ?

The fifth stage is adolescence (12- 18 years old), which is the conflict between self-identity and role confusion (honest quality). The crisis at this stage is role confusion. The main task of adolescence is to establish a new sense of identity or image in the eyes of others and his emotional status in the social collective. Eriksson said: This feeling is also a growing self-confidence, an internal continuity and empathy (a person's psychological self) formed in past experiences. If this self-awareness is commensurate with how you feel in other people's minds, it will obviously add gorgeous colors to your career. Eriksson used the identity crisis theory to explain the social problems of teenagers, such as social dissatisfaction and crime. He said: If a child feels that his environment deprives him of all possibilities of self-identity in future development, he will resist the social environment with amazing power. In the jungle of human society, if there is no sense of identity, there is no existence of its own. Therefore, he would rather be a bad person or live like a dead man than be a nondescript person. He chose all this freely. ? With the formation of self-identity and loyalty? The quality of. Eriksson's definition of loyalty is: The ability to adhere to self-confirmed identity regardless of the inevitable contradictions in the value system. ?

The sixth stage is early adulthood (18~25 years old), which is the conflict between intimacy and loneliness (the quality of love). Young people begin to seek a special relationship, through which they can develop their intimate relationship and grow emotionally. The result of intimate relationship development is usually marriage or commitment to another person's love, but there may be other endings, such as two people sharing intimate relationship but not getting married, or unfortunately getting married without intimate relationship. People who cannot form a good sense of intimacy at this stage will face loneliness. They may have experienced superficial relationships many times, but they never get emotional satisfaction in a really close relationship. Some people even avoid the need for emotional commitment. The celibacy lifestyle may be convenient and pleasant for a period of time, but if it cannot be surpassed, it will lead to a serious lag in the development of emotions and personal satisfaction. What does Eriksson think love is? Suppress the genetic opposition between the opposite sex and give each other forever? .

The seventh stage is adulthood (25~65 years old), which is the conflict between fertility and self-concern (caring for quality). When a person successfully passes through the period of self-identity, he will live a happy and fulfilling life in the years to come. He will have children and care about the reproduction and upbringing of future generations. The sense of fertility has two meanings: birth and childbirth. Even if a person has no children, as long as he can care and educate his children, he can have a sense of fertility. On the other hand, people who have no fertility awareness have poor personality, are stagnant and self-concerned. They only consider their own needs and interests and don't care about the needs and interests of others (including children). During this period, people not only have to have children, but also undertake social work. This is a period when people pay the most attention to the next generation and have the most creativity. Will people gain something? Care? And then what? Creativity? The quality of.

The eighth stage is maturity (over 65 years old), which is the conflict between self-adjustment and despair (wisdom and wise quality). The attitude of the elderly towards death directly affects the formation of trust of the next generation of children. Nothing in life is more sad than the disappointment of an old man, and nothing is more satisfying than an old man full of perfection. When old people look back on the past, they may leave this world with emotion, or they may die in despair. Self-adjustment is a feeling of accepting oneself and acknowledging reality, and it is a sense of detached wisdom. Eriksson defines it as:? Treat life and death calmly.

Second, distinguish between mastering methods.

Understanding and distinguishing memory: You can combine the life and background knowledge of the characters, trace the source of knowledge, and help yourself use organized learning strategies. Combine the keywords extracted from the handout.

Third, the examination questions reappear

According to Erickson's new psychoanalytic moral theory, where is the radio? Diligence versus inferiority? Stage of children, the biggest influence on them is ().

A. father, mother, teacher, stranger

Answer C. Analysis: This question mainly examines Eriksson's theory of socialization development stages. Eriksson believes that the development of children's personality is a gradual process, and he must go through a series of stages in the same order. Each stage has a development crisis determined by corresponding conflicts and contradictions, and each crisis involves a conflict between a positive choice and a potential negative choice. School age (6~ 12 years old) is the conflict between diligence and inferiority (ability and quality). Teachers play an important role in two stages: diligence and inferiority, role identity and role confusion. Because the children in these two stages are in the school education stage, teachers should take corresponding measures to guide the situation and prescribe the right medicine. So, the answer to this question is C.

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