I asked the history of Emperor Xiaowen and his famous officials in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei dynasty

Name and font size: formerly known as Tuoba Hong, changed from China surname to.

Yuan, so it is also called.

Date of birth and death: 466 ~ 499 AD

Birthplace: Pingcheng (now Datong North, Shanxi)

Ethnic group: Xianbei nationality

Faith: Buddhism

Super-long: Poetry and Fu

Historical evaluation

Vigorously promoting the sinicization policy has promoted national integration.

The Northern Wei Dynasty was established by Tuoba GUI, the Daowu Emperor, and spread to the Six Dynasties and Five Emperors. It took 85 years to reach the famous Emperor Xiaowen.

Feng used it afterwards, and Xiao Wen bowed.

Emperor Xiaowen (467-499) taboo, presented to the eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Hong. In August of the first year of Huang Xing, he was born in Purple Palace in Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province). Li Hui's daughter and mother, Li Furen, were sent by Zhongshan School. Before Macro was born, Feng Taihou was in North Korea, and Wendi obeyed his mother. After Ji Hong was born, the Queen Mother returned to the government and was raised by her relatives.

At the beginning of the third year of Emperor Xing, Macro was under two years old, but he was still sentenced to death. In June, he was appointed Crown Prince. In August of five years, Emperor Wendi was transferred to the Prince, calling himself Emperor, and Macro was Emperor. The title was changed to the first year of Yanxing (47 1), when he was five years old.

Emperor xiaowen acceded to the throne at the beginning, and the emperor's father was in charge of state affairs. At that time, the north was flooded for years, the land rent was heavy, the officials were greedy and tyrannical, the people were displaced, and the people of all ethnic groups resisted constantly. In September of the first year of Yan Xing, more than a thousand people gathered in Levin, Qingzhou, claiming to be the King of Qi. In October, the red people in Woye and Tongwan rebelled against Wei, and Cao Pingyuan, a citizen of Shuofang, led a crowd to attack Shiloubao and kill the general. 1 1 month, Sima Xiaojun set out for Ping Ling. In February and March of the following year, Oriental Pepper and Lianchuan Pepper rebelled one after another and entered the north limply. In July, Gwangju Citizen and Hexi Citizen Fee also united against him. In February of three years, the imperial court issued an imperial decree, stipulating that any county order that can eliminate the "robbery" of one county should also govern two counties and enjoy the treatment of two county orders; Those who can wipe out two "robbers" are in charge of three counties at the same time, and three years later they are promoted to county magistrate. The same is true of the officials of 2000 Stone, who were promoted to the secretariat three years later. After several years in power, Emperor Tai Shang took some corresponding measures, such as rewarding honest officials, severely punishing corruption, reducing rents and taxes, and persuading farmers to take classes, but all of them had little effect and the situation did not change much. According to statistics, from the first year of Emperor Xiaowen's accession to the throne to the fourth year of Taihe (47 1-480), there were more than 20 riots and rebellions in various places recorded in historical books, and the political situation in the Northern Wei Dynasty was seriously turbulent.

In June of the first year of Cheng Ming (476), Emperor Xiaowen had just turned ten years old, and Emperor Taizong was poisoned by Feng Taihou. The Queen Mother was called the imperial court for the second time in the name of Empress Dowager Tai, and the title was changed to Taihe. Empress dowager is resourceful, can do great things, reward and punish life and death, and has rich political experience and talent. From the first year of Taihe, she began to carry out a series of major reforms in social customs, politics, economy and so on, and consciously China it. In December of the seventh year of Taihe (483), it was forbidden to "intermarry of one family and the same surname", and the old customs of Xianbei were reformed from marriage. In June of eight years, it was ordered to get off work and pay a salary; During the nine or ten years, she personally presided over and promulgated the important equal land system and the three-long system, which brought great changes to the society of the Northern Wei Dynasty. For details, please see Feng Taihou's biography. Emperor xiaowen grew up under the care and cultivation of the queen mother. He is very filial and cautious to his grandmother. Since the Queen Mother came to the Korean dictatorship, he has rarely participated in political affairs. No matter big or small, he has to bear the will of the queen mother.

In the 14th year of Taihe (490), Emperor Xiaowen was 23 years old. At this time, he has grown into a talented, courageous and original young politician. Under the long-term strict education and direct influence of the Queen Mother, he was not only proficient in Confucian classics, but also accumulated rich experience in governing the country, which increased his practical ability and laid a solid foundation for the later great cause of reform. In September this year, the Queen Mother died unfortunately, and Emperor Xiaowen was so sad that he cried for three days. With tears in his eyes, he said to his courtiers, "I was influenced by the Queen Mother since I was a child, and I was kind and strict. I have been teaching my courtiers and my father. " He also said in the imperial edict: "When I was young, I was on the throne, waiting for the Queen Mother to seize the whole country. My ancestors only devoted themselves to martial arts, not learning culture and education. It was her old man who taught me to learn ancient roads. How can you not mourn the collapse when you think of the merits of the Queen Mother? " Minister, who is not sad at home and abroad? "Since then, Emperor Xiaowen has shouldered the burden of reform alone.

Wei Xiaowen's tourist map

Move the capital to Luoyang

Emperor Xiaowen inherited the empress dowager's will, made great use of Han Confucianism, further carried out reforms in all aspects, and made every effort to promote Sinicization. He imitated the rites of the Han dynasty, made famous achievements, built ancestral temples, gave big gifts, welcomed the spring in the eastern suburbs, personally cultivated the fields, offered sacrifices to Shun, Yu, Duke Zhou and Confucius, and promoted the country to the old age. The prospective minister mourned for three years. In November of the fifteenth year of Taihe (49 1), the official system of the Han people was modeled, the official products were determined, and the state and county officials were assessed. He stipulated in the examination letter: "If two thousand stone officials are admitted to the school, try to make up four generals and give them a ride in Huang Ma;" If you are admitted to the upper middle school, you will appoint five generals; Those who pass the exam will be given a set of clothes. " In the winter of the same year, Taiyue Temple was established, and Yale agreed not to accept the voices of Zheng and Wei; Gao Lv, a librarian, was asked to discuss ancient music with music officials, and to work out the melody according to the Six Classics and the music records of other countries.

In the first month of the sixteenth year of Taihe, five imperial edicts were issued, stipulating that the imperial clan was far from the descendants of Taizu Tuoba GUI, and all those with different surnames were reduced to the public, the public was Hou, the Hou was Bo, and the son remained unchanged. Although the name is easy, the grade of the product is the same as before, the male is one product, followed by two products, the male is three products, the female is four products, and the male is five products. He also ordered ministers to discuss the five elements, and adopted the suggestions of Li Chengbiao and others, thinking that Cao Wei was Jinde and Northern Wei was Jinde. In April, a new law was promulgated, abolishing the cruel? The punishment (car crack) and waist beheading were changed to beheading, beheading and hanging, which reduced the torture of Yi five and Yi three to one level, Yi five to ancestors, Yi three to one, and the door punishment stopped automatically.

The most important measure for Emperor Xiaowen to promote Sinicization is to move the capital to Luoyang. Northern Wei lived in Pingcheng for a long time, and it was cool in the north of Pingcheng. In June, snowstorms and sandstorms are frequent. At that time, someone wrote a poem "Sad for the City of Peace", saying, "Sad for the City of Peace, drive the horse into the clouds, it often snows in the cloudy mountains, and there is no wind to stop." The popular ballad goes like this: "If you freeze the birds to death at the top of the mountain (now east of Datong City, Shanxi Province), why not fly and play!" The harsh climatic environment makes it difficult to adapt to economic development; The geographical position in the north is even more unfavorable to the Northern Wei Dynasty's rule over the whole Central Plains, so Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In order to ensure the smooth move of the capital, Emperor Xiaowen made careful arrangements: in May of the seventeenth year of Taihe (493), he called hundreds of officials, declared that he would cut college students, and planned to create a fait accompli of moving the capital on his way south. At the meeting, he first asked Chen Wang, Tai Changqing, who was in charge of the ritual music system of the ancestral temple, to predict good or ill luck. When he saw Ge Gua's hexagrams, he said happily, "Ge Gua's image says that the Tang and Wu revolutions should be in harmony with the people of Heaven. There is no more auspicious hexagrams!" Ministers are afraid to say more when they meet. Ren Cheng Wang Cheng stood up against it, and Emperor Xiaowen said angrily, "The country is my country. Should Rencheng stop using troops? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country. I know the danger of using force, how can I not talk! " After a while, Emperor Xiaowen lost his temper and said, "It doesn't matter if everyone has their own opinions." Immediately after retiring from the DPRK, he summoned Wang Cheng and Ren Cheng, retreated to the left and right, and discussed with Cheng alone, saying, "This move is really not easy. But the country prospered from the Great Wall and moved to Pingcheng. This is a useful place, and it is impossible to implement civil administration. It is really difficult to change customs today! " I am writing to the emperor's residence, King Heluo, and I want to take this opportunity to invade the Central Plains on a large scale. What do you think of Rencheng? "Tuoba Cheng was reminded and agreed to answer:" Your Majesty is going to move to the Central Plains and travel around the world. Everyone knows this and should celebrate it in Daqing. "Emperor Xiaowen asked anxiously:" The customs of Xianbei people in the north are so attached to their homeland that moving the capital will disturb them. What can they do? "Cheng decisively replied:" Extraordinary things are not something that ordinary people can think of. As long as your majesty makes up his mind, what can they do? " Hearing this, Emperor Xiaowen said excitedly, "Ren Cheng, you are really my Sean! "In June, immediately ordered the construction of a river bridge for the army to cross the river; So Wujiang personally put Li Chong, a senior minister, in charge of military selection and selecting talented people. In July, he made the prince a prince, issued a proclamation, moved books to Qi Jing, and declared that he would attack the south; Under the imperial edict, people were recruited in Yang and Xu. And make Guangling Wang Yu and others appease the six towns in the north and adjust their fine riding. At this point, the preparations are basically ready.

In August, Emperor Xiaowen bowed down in Yongguling, Feng Taihou, led a group of officials and led more than one million troops from the south of Pingcheng. Qiu Tuoba was ordered to stay in Pingcheng with Tuoba Yu, the king of Guangling. He took Yu Wang as the riding general, was responsible for the military affairs around Guanyou, and guarded Guanzhong with Si Kongmuliang, General Annan Lu Yuan and General Pingnan. When he left, Taiweipi asked the imperial secretary to follow him, and Emperor Xiaowen sternly reprimanded him: "You have to ask your age." The army went out of the city, along the way, with a neat and mighty lineup, passing through Hengzhou and Sizhou and arriving in Luoyang at the end of September.

It was late autumn and rainy, and the army was resting on the spot. Emperor Xiaowen visited the former site of Luoyang Forbidden City in the rain, but what he saw in front of him was a dilapidated scene, broken walls, overgrown with weeds. He said to the minister affectionately, "I am really sad that the ancestral hall was destroyed because the Jin family didn't practice merit." After that, he burst into tears and recited the poem "Millet Separation": "His millet separation is a seedling of millet. The line is decadent and the center is shaken. People who know me worry me. What do I want if you don't know me? Oh, my God, who is this? ..... "Yin to the sad place, courtiers with tears. Then, visit Luo Qiao, visit imperial academy, and observe the Stone Classics. After a short rest in Luoyang, the Sixth Army was ordered to continue southward. Emperor xiaowen, dressed in military uniform and holding a whip, rode at the front of the team; After a long journey, those boxes were exhausted and unwilling to walk in the rain, so they knelt in front of the imperial horse and kowtowed and wept bitterly. Please stop going south.

Emperor xiaowen deliberately asked, "the temple is set and the army continues to advance." What are you nagging about? " Li Chong, the prime minister, and others remonstrated: "Everyone in the world doesn't want this, but your majesty wants it: I don't know why your majesty opposes the southern expedition." I dare tell you to die. "Emperor Xiaowen was furious." We want to rule the world and unify the whole country. You Confucian scholars have repeatedly blocked the plan. If you talk nonsense again, you will do it according to military law. Wang Xiu, the king of Anding, repeatedly cried and remonstrated. Yu Nu, Emperor Xiaowen, did not rest, and said to his ministers, "This time, the scale is not small, and nothing has been achieved. What should I show to future generations? How can you be famous for thousands of years by deploying troops and dispatching troops like this! If you don't travel to the south, you will move the capital here. Opportunity knocks but once. what do you think? It has been decided, and we can't do it at once. The station that wants to move the capital is on the left, and the station that doesn't want to move the capital is on the right. " As soon as the words sound just fell, King Hugh of Anding and others stood to the right. When Wang Zhen and others in Nan 'an saw that the situation was not good, they quickly suggested: "As the ancients said,' those who make great contributions do not seek common interests'." If your majesty stops his plan to travel south and moves to Luoyang, it will be the wish of my ministers and the great joy of the people! "Ministers shouted" long live! "At that time, many ministers of Xianbei were reluctant to move in, but they were more afraid of the expedition, so they had to do it and dared not raise objections, so they decided to move the capital.

Li Chongchong said, "Your Majesty will decide Luoyi, and the owner of the ancestral temple can't sit on his horse and March and wait." I hope your majesty will return to Pingcheng for the time being, and then prepare cultural relics for your majesty to pay tribute to. "Emperor Xiaowen replied decisively:" I will visit all counties and counties, stop in Yecheng and come back in spring. It is not appropriate to return to the old place. "But sent Wang Cheng, Ren Cheng back to the city of peace, told the left-behind officials about moving the capital, and meaningfully encouraged him to say," Today is really a so-called' revolution'. The king should do his best! "

Emperor xiaowen knows that there are similarities and differences between the giants moving their capitals. Once, he asked Wei and General Yu Lie in the south of the town, "What do you think of Ai Qing?" Yu Lie replied bluntly: "Your majesty's foresight is beyond the reach of a simple person." I will be happy and miss telling the truth, but it is only half right and half wrong. "Emperor Xiaowen said," Since you don't object, it is in favor of and support for moving the capital. "I'll send you back to Zhenping City and entrust Taiwan Province's politics to you."

Luoyang suffered from war and the old palace was in ruins. Emperor Xiaowen was stationed in Jin Yong in the northwest corner of Luoyang. There is Wang Nan Temple in the west of the city. Whenever I have leisure time, I often visit temples and talk about Buddhism with monks. In the northeast of the city, there are merchants, where there used to be Yin stubborn people. Emperor Xiaowen changed his name to Li Wenyi and ordered the courtiers to live in it. The courtiers sneered at each other and left soon. At the beginning of October this year, Si Kongmuliang, Prime Minister Li Chong and Minister Dong Jue were recruited to build the new capital Luoyang. Later, he led a brigade to the north, from Jin Yong west to Henan, passing through Hulao City (now Sishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan Province) to Huatai (now Huaxian East, Henan Province), and set up an altar temple in the east of Huatai to tell his ancestors about the move of the capital. He also ordered King Hugh of Anding to lead officials to Pingcheng to meet his family. In November, he moved to Yecheng as an official.

Ren Cheng arrived in Pingcheng, and the left-behind officials knew that he had moved the capital, which made him terrified. Cheng quoted the historical facts of moving the capital from ancient times to modern times, and enlightened and explained in many ways, which impressed everyone. Cheng Sui quickly returned to Yecheng, and Emperor Xiaowen was rewarded. He said happily, "Without this city, it would be difficult to succeed in moving the capital."

At this time, Su Jianli, the minister of Nanqi, established his own political power and surrendered to Wei. After Wang Dao, the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Su was well-read, especially familiar with the previous dynasties. When Emperor Xiaowen heard that Wang Su was going to see Ye, he kindly introduced him and asked Zhou Zhi. Wang Su's words are quick and his answers are smooth, without losing the courtesy of the monarch and the minister. When it comes to the way to build a country, it is to quote classics. Chen said that he wanted to control the chaos, but he also talked about it, which was deeply in line with Emperor Xiaowen's mind. Emperor Xiaowen listened carefully, nodding and sighing constantly, and between words, he didn't feel tired at all. Wang Susui took the opportunity to talk about Xiao Qi's ominous signs and opportunities, and urged him to go south in a big way. From then on, Emperor Xiaowen turned his heart to the south and was courteous to Wang Su for a long time. The old minister close to you can't meet each other. After they retired, they often chatted with Wang Su alone, sometimes until late at night. Wang Su is also loyal and dedicated, and there is nothing to hide. Naturally, the monarch and ministers get along, such as Liu Bei and Kong Ming. At that time, Emperor Xiaowen wanted to promote rites and music and change old customs. Wang Su presided over the formulation of courtiers' cultural relics. Emperor Xiaowen attached great importance to this minister of Han nationality and affectionately called him "Wang Sheng".

In January of the 18th year of Taihe (494), Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang. China scholar Han Xianzong wrote: "I heard that Your Majesty will visit Zhongshan this summer. Last winter, your majesty was stationed in Huaye City. During the slack season, it was better to sacrifice than the house, and the people worked hard. It is the harvest season of silkworm and wheat, and farming is as busy as a bee. How can the people live! The Sixth Army marched in the heat, fearing diseases and epidemics. I hope that your Majesty will return to Pingcheng as soon as possible, which will not only save the suffering of the States, but also concentrate manpower, material resources and financial resources to complete the construction project of Luodu as soon as possible. " He added: "The old pedestal of Luoyang Palace was built by Wei Mingdi. In previous lives, someone ridiculed him for being too extravagant. Today, it is desirable to cut business. " In recent years, officials in Pingcheng have been rich in housing, vying for the first room and paying attention to luxury. It is wise to establish a system to control it, because there is a chance of migration. "Emperor Xiaowen reads chapters, and his voice is good, which is mostly adopted.

In March, Emperor Xiaowen visited Pingcheng, near the Taiji Hall, and introduced the left-behind officials to discuss moving the capital. He said to his ministers, "I want to move the capital to Luoyang, and the ministers have their own aspirations." Mu Bi, the secretariat of Yanzhou, got out of class first and knelt down: "Moving the capital is a big deal. In my humble opinion, it is not appropriate to move the capital. " Emperor Xiaowen asked calmly, "Just tell me the reason why you can't move the capital!" Mu Shu plausibly said: "The country has a soft crown in the north, Jingyang in the south (a guide to the Qi regime), dangers in the west and Koguryo in the east. The Quartet failed to calm down and the country has not yet been reunified. We can't shirk each other by this. Conquering all directions requires a large number of military horses. How can we win without horses? " Emperor Xiaowen retorted, "Horses often come from the north, and the pasture is in Dai Jun. Why worry about no horses? This county is located in the north of Hengshan Mountain, outside Kyushu, and is not the capital of emperors. Because of this, I had to move the capital to the Central Plains. " Not convinced, Muhei then asked, "I heard that the Yellow Emperor was born in Zhuolu. In this way, the ancient holy king did not have to make the capital of the Central Plains. " Emperor Xiaowen replied: "The Yellow Emperor lives in Zhuolu, and the world is uncertain; Later, he moved to Henan. Shangshu went on to say, "I don't think it is better than Yimei and Luomei, but since the first emperor, the people have lived here for a long time, and once they moved south, they may not be happy." Pingyang Gongpi called himself an old minister and said in a reproachful tone: "Last year, Your Majesty personally led six armies to discuss the Xiao family in the south. When he arrived in Luoyang, he sent Wang Cheng of his city to Pingcheng to announce the decree and ordered his ministers to discuss Luo's move to the capital. At the beginning of human feelings, I was puzzled. " If you want to move the capital, you should ask Bo to see if it is a good thing before making a decision. Emperor Xiaowen patiently replied, "Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong were ancient sages, but they could live in a house and camp in Luoyi. There is no such saint today, what's the use of divination! Besides, Zuo Zhuan said,' Don't doubt what divination is, but don't doubt what divination is'. The Yellow Emperor's divination was unsuccessful, and Tessa always said it was' auspicious'. The Yellow Emperor listened to his words and finally prospered and was auspicious. In this way, a man of all virtue can predict the future more accurately than a tortoise. As an emperor, the four seas are his home, no matter in the south or the north, how can he always live in one place! My distant ancestors lived in a desolate place outside the Great Wall for generations; "Wenping built its capital in Dongmugen Mountain, Zhao Chengdi built a new city in Lesheng (now Hohhot), and Emperor Daowu moved the capital to Pingcheng. Why can't I move my capital to the Central Plains? " A word made everyone speechless. Although Lu Wenen, a former secretariat of Qinglong in Huaizhou and Qinzhou, remained stubborn, they all resigned. The next day, Emperor Xiaowen visited the imperial court, announced the imperial edict, and partially moved the capital to Luoyang.

In autumn and July, Emperor Xiaowen went out of Pingcheng to continue his northern tour, touring Shuozhou, climbing Yinshan, touring Yunchuan, Huaishuo, Wuchuan, Fuming and Rouxuan. I used to ask the people about their sufferings, and gave chestnuts and silks to the poor, embarrassed and lonely. In mid-September, he returned to the Peace Palace, panting, and wrote a three-year performance appraisal letter. Hundreds of officials in Lin Chaotang personally questioned this matter, including Liu Rui, Zuo Servant, Yuan Zan, Shang Shuyu, Guo, San Qi Chang Shi, Zi You Zhao, etc., were all overwhelmed and made a fuss, or dismissed, demoted or reduced in salary. Shangshu, Wang Cheng and Ren Cheng of the official department have made great contributions, and they have also been removed from the post of Shaobao. Emperor Xiaowen also said meaningfully to Liu Rui: "Xianbei people often say that Xianbei customs are simple and rude, so why use books!" "I really don't like to hear that. There are many people who know books now. Whether they are all saints depends on whether they learn or not! I personally attacked officials for nine years, conducted performance appraisal for three years, and revived rites and music, aiming at changing customs and enlightening hundreds of millions of people. I am the son of heaven, why should I move to the Central Plains! It is to let your descendants gradually accept good customs and learn more. If you live in the north forever and meet an emperor with poor writing style, you will definitely need a wall! " Liu Rui crocodile tears replied, "just like the holy one said. How can the golden sun tablet of Xiongnu be famous for the seventh time without being an official in the Han Dynasty? " Emperor xiaowen was very happy to hear that.

In October, Taiwei and Pingyang Gongpi were teachers and recorded the history of Liuping City. Emperor Xiaowen visited the ancestral temple, moved the ancestral tablet, set out from Pingcheng, passed Yecheng, and returned to Luoyang in late November. In order to calm down the trouble, he took Qinghe clan and Shang Shu Cui Liang as official ministers, responsible for the election; In order to solve the problem of lack of war horses after moving the capital to Luoyang, he ordered the rear generals to inspect the pasture, and selected Mengxian County, Henan Province, slightly north of Luoyang, as the new pasture, named Heyang Ranch. Every year, a large number of livestock will move from Hexi pasture in Hexi Corridor to Bingzhou (now Shanxi area) where they graze, and then move to Heyang step by step, so that livestock can gradually learn water and soil and avoid casualties. Heyang Ranch keeps 100,000 military horses all the year round, and there are countless miscellaneous animals. Yu is the director of the company, who is responsible for management to make animals healthy and good.

With the move of the capital, a large number of Xianbei people poured into the mainland, and the Northern Wei government faced many new problems: the custom of Xianbei people was to knit left-handed trousers, men wore trousers and women led small sleeve, and most of them could not speak Chinese, which was not in line with the custom of the Central Plains; Moreover, when the newcomers first came to Luoyang, they lived in a house without rafters, had no food, were not good at agriculture, and were nostalgic for the past. If these problems are not solved in time, it will seriously hinder the exchanges between ethnic groups and the development of economy and culture, which is not conducive to the consolidation of the Northern Wei regime. With the support of Wang Su, Li Chong, Li Biao, Gao Lv and other Han scholars, Emperor Xiaowen immediately set out to reform Xianbei old customs, and made every effort to promote Sinicization.

Reform the old customs and customs, and fully implement sinicization.

1February 2, the imperial edict forbade the gentry to wear Hu clothes, and stipulated that Xianbei people and other northern ethnic minorities should all wear Han clothes, and court officials should all wear Han official royal clothes. A few days later, another decree was issued to exempt the relocated households from three-year rent and encourage them to cultivate on the newly approved land by the government; Many of them were also chosen as Yu Lin and Hu Ben as guards.

At this moment, Xiao Daocheng's nephew Xiao Luan killed Xiao Zhaowen, the king of Hailing, usurped the throne, established himself as king and called himself Ming Di. When the news came, Emperor Xiaowen denounced Xiao Luan's unfaithfulness and injustice, so he used it as an excuse to find fault in every way. He first sent Xue Zhendu, a southern general, to Xiangyang, Liu Chang to Yiyang, Tuoba GUI, a secretariat of Xuzhou, and Liu Zao, a general from Pingnan, to Nanzheng, and cut all the roads together. /kloc-at the end of 0/2, 300,000 troops went south and crossed the Huaihe River to Shouyang. Due to Shouyang's tight defense, Wei Jun could not capture it, so it had to give up Shouyang's eastward attack along the Huaihe River. Liu Chang and Wang Suzhong led 200,000 troops to besiege Yiyang. As a result, he was attacked by the Qi army inside and outside and was forced to clear the way. After a long attack, Wei foot soldiers suffered heavy casualties, and several others were frustrated one after another. In March of the following year, when Emperor Xiaowen was forced to withdraw his troops and return to Pengcheng, the bad news of Feng's death came from Pingcheng. Feng is the father of Emperor Zhang Yue Feng, Emperor Xiaowen, and an official admirer. A teacher who didn't want to move the capital, Tuoba Pi, who recorded history, and Liu Rui, who created history, quickly sent someone to deliver the watch and asked Emperor Xiaowen to return to Pingcheng for the funeral. Emperor xiaowen said angrily, "since the beginning of time, there has never been a funeral for my uncle who came from afar!" Now that we have just started to operate Luoyang, it is not appropriate to seduce each other and trap you in injustice! " Orders to stay in Taiwan Province and servants below can be demoted by censors. "He sent condolences to Feng on the spot, sent someone to meet Feng's coffin, and was buried in the southern suburbs of Luoyang. In late April, Emperor Xiaowen entered Lucheng (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and personally offered sacrifices to Confucius. Worship the four Kongs and the two Yans as officials, choose one of the Kongs to worship the holy Hou, and order Yanzhou to repair the Confucius tomb and rebuild the monument. Leaving Lucheng and heading north (now the south bank of the ancient Yellow River in chiping, Shandong Province), I ordered the servant in charge of etiquette to shoot into a flooded ship, intending to enter the Yellow River from Surabaya and return it to Luo along the river to the west. Cheng Yan remonstrated: "The river is swift, so it is not suitable for your majesty to take a boat." Emperor Xiaowen replied, "Because Pingcheng has no way to transport grain, Jing is poor with the people. Now that the capital is moved to Luoyang, the roads extending in all directions will be smooth, and the Yellow River is so deep that people are very sad about it. I did this just to inspire people. The educated youth is sincere, but I can't accept your suggestion today. "

In late May of the 19th year of Taihe (495), Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang from the front line, regardless of the fatigue of pommel horse, and immediately called his ministers to discuss the prohibition of nonsense. He asked his ministers, "Do you want the Wei Dynasty to be as beautiful as the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, or do you want the Han and Jin Dynasties to surpass the previous generation alone?" Wang Xi of Xianyang replied: "I hope your majesty will surpass the previous generation of sages." Emperor Xiaowen asked again, "But should we change our customs or continue to follow the old rules?" Xi replied, "May the politics of the Holy Land be updated." Emperor Xiaowen then asked, "Do you want to pass it on to future generations just for yourself?" Xi replied, "May it be passed down forever." Emperor Xiaowen said, "If so, it must be a reform, and it has to be violated." Then he announced to the officials: "From now on, Xianbei language and other northern minority languages will be banned, and all Chinese will be used. Over 30 years old, used for a long time, it may be difficult to change suddenly; Under 30, everyone in the court, etc. Never use old words. " If you knowingly commit a crime, you should be demoted and dismissed, and everyone should take a warning! "He severely reprimanded Li Chong, the left servant of Shangshu, and said," I have discussed this matter with Li Chong, but Li Chong said,' The four sides have different opinions, and I don't know who is right? What the emperor said is the standard language. "Li Chong's remarks are a capital crime!" So he scolded Li Chong: "You failed the country, you should let the suggestion be punished!" Frightened Li Chong hurriedly took off his official hat and repeatedly kowtowed and confessed. Then Emperor Xiaowen severely condemned the left-behind officials, saying, "Yesterday, I saw women still wearing collars in small sleeve. Why not obey the previous imperial edict? If what I say is wrong, you should argue with each other. How to follow the instructions when you go in and not follow the instructions when you leave? " All the officials repented together. In June, the imperial edict was officially issued: "No dialogue with the imperial court in Beiguan language is allowed. If you break the law, you will be exempted from official residence. "

In the same month, Emperor Xiaowen issued another edict, stipulating that Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang were buried in Henan after their death, not in Pingcheng. As a result, all Xianbei people who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang became people from Luoyang County, Henan Province. They began to manage small plots of land, build several houses and try their best to improve their lives. People are in urgent need and gradually become individual farmers in the Central Plains. According to the system in the ancient "Zhou Li", Emperor Xiaowen wrote to abolish the long ruler, the vat, the heavy scale and promulgated the whole country.

In August of that year, Jinyong Palace in Luoyang was completed, and imperial edicts were issued to set up Guo Zi School, imperial academy and four primary schools in Luoyang. One day, accompanied by courtiers, Emperor Xiaowen visited Hualin Garden in the palace and watched the ancient Jingyang Mountain. These two places of interest were built by Cao, which were once extremely luxurious, but they were later destroyed by long-term wars. Guo Zuo, assistant minister of Huangmen, said, "The benevolent enjoys Leshan, while the wise enjoys water. They should be restored. " Touched by words, Emperor Xiaowen lamented: "Wei Mingdi lost to the former in luxury, how can he follow suit?"

In September, the renovation project of Xinjingying was initially completed, and all the six palaces of Pingcheng and Wu Wen were moved to Luoyang. In the same month, the emperor's younger brother Wang Yong was appointed as the secretariat of Xiangzhou. When he left, Emperor Xiaowen warned: "It is easy to herd sheep, but it is difficult to herd sheep. It is easy to stand without orders." It is difficult because it is not straight, although it is not obedient. You should take this as a warning. "

The Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties adopted the "Nine-grade Zhengzhong System" to select officials, and Emperor Xiaowen followed suit. On the first day of December this year, he introduced ministers in Guangjitang, and publicly announced that Jiupin was the right method to prepare for the general election of officials. And said to his ministers: "There has always been one thing deplorable in the country: that is, ministers refused to publicly point out the gains and losses of the monarch. People are worried about being unable to guide, and people are worried about disloyalty. From now on, I recommend someone. If necessary, you should tell me my mistake. If there are talents I don't know, please recommend them. If you can do this, you will be rewarded, and if you don't say it, you will be guilty. You should know. " 1Feb. 30, the ministers of the congress presented their official hats and robes in Guangji Temple, put on Hu clothes, and all the officials were seated, and Zhu Xi was full. It was very lively.

From the Northern Wei Dynasty to Taihe, money was never used again, public and private transactions often bartered things, and the commodity currency economy tended to stagnate. This year, Emperor Xiaowen ordered the casting of Taihe five baht, and private casting was also allowed. However, regardless of public or private smelting and casting, we must stress the quality of coins and strive for perfection, and we must not mix them with other things. After the new coins were minted, the capital and towns in Zhuzhou were ordered to pass, and the salaries of domestic and foreign officials were also paid according to the standard of silk, and each silk was 200 yuan. Five baht soon spread all over the north, which promoted the development of commodity exchange.

In the first month of the 20th year of Taihe (496), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the compound surname of Xianbei to be changed into monosyllabic Chinese surname. In the imperial edict, he said, "The name or copy of the old clan of the hero who moved from Dai Jun to Luoyang should be changed." Therefore, the royal family Tuoba changed his surname to yuanshi county County, changed his surname to surname, changed his surname to uncle, Qiu Muling changed his surname to Mu, Bu Liugu changed his surname to Lu, He Lai changed his surname to Liu, and He Lou changed his surname to Lou. Don't change Yu to Yu, Wei Chi to Wei, and the rest can't be named Ji. After the change of surname, the surname of Xianbei nationality is not repeated and foreign, but exactly the same as that of Han nationality, and Xianbei nationality has taken a new step on the road of sinicization.

In order to further integrate the Xianbei and Han nationalities, Emperor Xiaowen also strongly advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. He took the lead in filling the harem with daughters from Cui Zongbo, Qinghe, Zheng, Taiyuan, Shaanxi and other places, and personally hired a house for his sixth brother. His eldest brother in Xianyang hired Li Fu, his second brother in Henan, a Chinese doctor, a Chinese mother, his second brother Wang Yu in Yang Guang, and his second brother Wang Yong in Yingchuan. Among the six princesses, except Muming, the daughter of Dai Junjun, one of the eight big noble in Xianbei, the rest are famous Han literati in the Central Plains.

Emperor Xiaowen also adopted the hierarchical system of Wei and Jin dynasties to divide the surnames of Xianbei nobles into clans, and granted different official positions and privileges according to the grades of surnames. He said in the imperial edict: "Dai Junren didn't have a surname at first. Although it is a descendant of heroes and sages, it is unclear. " He regards the size of credit and the level of official rank as the only criteria for formulating family names. A surname that is higher than the clan surname and meets the requirements is called the county surname. According to the above standards, county surnames are divided into four grades: A, B, C and D, which are called four surnames. According to the imperial edict, in addition to Yuanshi County, the royal family and their grandsons, grandfathers and families, the eight surnames of Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei, since Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu, have been honored today, and they are all princes. Obviously, Xianbei's former residence is the first of all surnames, the same as Han County. It turned out to be a tribal Lord. Since the first emperor (Tuoba GUI changed his name after he entered the Central Plains, that is, 396-397), the official position of III was above the service, and the state secretariat, town general and vassal were the surnames; If it wasn't a tribal adult, and since the emperor, the official positions of the three realms were above the ministers, and they were princes, but they were also surnames. Although he belongs to the descendants of tribal adults, his official position is not prominent; If it is not a tribal adult, it is also a prominent family. And ordered Si Kongmuliang, leading generals Yuan Yan, Zhong Bao Jun Jia, Wei and others to examine in detail according to the above provisions, list the account books and report them to the emperor for approval. At the same time, imperial edict Huang Menlang, Stuart Zuo Changshi Song Yang and others defined the Han gentry in each state and divided them into four surnames: general surname, county surname, state surname and county surname, which greatly changed the original family hierarchy.

On one occasion, Emperor Xiaowen and his courtiers discussed the surnames and characters in the sea, and many ministers thought that Xue should be a big family in Hedong. Emperor Xiaowen objected: "Xue is from Shu, so you can't take the county name!" At that time, Xue Zongqi, the general of Zhige, who was the imperial army, stood on his royal highness with a halberd in his hand. Hearing this, he was outraged and went out to play: "Guangde, the distant ancestor of my minister, was an official all his life in the Han Dynasty, and people called him Chen Han. Jiu Zuyong went to Shu with Liu Bei, and people called him a minister of Shu. After the second generation, the Xue family moved back to Hedong. Up to now, six generations have come down in one continuous line, not Shu people! Your majesty is a descendant of the yellow emperor and was sealed in the north. Can you also say that he is a semi-final of the conference? " If I don't get the county name today, I'm dead! "Say that finish, bitterly throw ji on the ground, smashed to pieces. Seeing this, Emperor Xiaowen said slowly, "Well, I'm a teacher and you're a teacher. How about that!" So he took Xue's surname into the county and said humorously, "You are not a Sect, but a Sect!"! "

On another occasion, Emperor Xiaowen discussed the election with his officials. He asked his adjutants: "Recently, people with high and low backgrounds have different points. Is this really the case? " Li Chong did not answer directly, but asked: "I don't know whether it is for aristocratic families or for the good governance of the country?" Emperor Xiaowen replied: "Of course, we must govern the country." Li Chong asked again, "If that's the case, why didn't your Majesty promulgate the imperial edict of selecting talents today, but did you worship the door?" Emperor Xiaowen said disapprovingly, "If there is,