Regarding the imperial examination system, please come in and ask about its significance and function.

The imperial examination system was implemented in China for 1300 years, which had a far-reaching impact on China's social structure, political system, education and humanistic thought after Sui and Tang Dynasties.

First of all, the imperial examination provides the government with a way to discover and promote talents from the people. Compared with hereditary system and recommendation system, imperial examination is undoubtedly a fair, open and just method, which improves the employment system. At first, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam in East Asia held imperial examinations in China, and Vietnam abolished the imperial examinations after China. 16 and 17 centuries, European missionaries saw China's imperial examination system and introduced it to Europe in their travel notes. /kloc-During the Enlightenment in the 8th century, many British and French thinkers praised China's fair and just system. /kloc-The recruitment method of civil servants established in Britain in the middle and late 9th century stipulated that government civil servants should be recruited through regular public examinations, and gradually formed a civil service system imitated by European and American countries. The examination principles and methods adopted by the British civil service system are very similar to those adopted by China Imperial Examination, which absorbed the advantages of Imperial Examination to a great extent. So some people call the imperial examination the fifth invention of Chinese civilization. Today's examination system is a continuation of the imperial examination system to a certain extent.

Since the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination has been conducted regardless of birth, wealth or poverty. This not only greatly broadens the basis for the government to select talents, but also gives middle and lower-level intellectuals the opportunity to go to the upper level of society through scientific research. This policy has played a considerable role in maintaining the stability of the whole society. Nearly half of the scholars in Ming and Qing dynasties were "poor families" whose ancestors did not study, or although they studied, they did not become officials. But as long as you can "climb the dragon gate", you will naturally be "worth ten times". Over the years, thousands of students have bowed their heads as willing cows, hoping to become famous and honor their ancestors. It can be said that imperial examination is an effective way to network and control scholars to consolidate rule.

Second, the imperial examination excavated and trained a large number of talents for China dynasties. 1300 years, the imperial examination produced nearly100000 scholars and millions of scholars. Of course, not everyone is a man of insight, but most of them are not idle. During the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, among the famous officials of the Han people and the pillars of the country, most of them came from Jinshi. The practice after Yingzong in the Ming Dynasty was "no scholar, no academician, no cabinet", and the imperial examination became the only way for senior officials. Matteo Ricci came to China in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and the scholar-officials in charge of governing the whole country were produced by the imperial examination system.

Third, the imperial examination has also played a considerable role in promoting the popularization of knowledge and the reading atmosphere of the people. Although this promotion is due to the pursuit of fame by ordinary people, rather than the desire for knowledge or spirituality; But objectively, China's writing style has been generally improved, because the imperial examination has become a fashion. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the number of scholars in China was not less than 500,000 most of the time. Including children, there are millions. Except for a few who can further their careers, most of them have become grassroots intellectuals living in various places, which has played a certain role in popularizing knowledge. Moreover, because these scholars are the products of the same system, they all learn the same "sage book", which indirectly maintains the unity and centripetal force of cultures and ideas in all parts of China.

The adverse effects of the imperial examination mainly lie in the content and form of the examination. Since the Ming Dynasty, the content of imperial examinations has become rigid, requiring only candidates to create articles that conform to the form, without paying attention to the actual knowledge of candidates. In order to take the exam for science, most scholars' thoughts are gradually lost in the narrow four books and five classics and pedantic eight-part essay. ; Both vision, creativity and independent thinking are greatly limited. The only purpose of most people studying is to pass the scientific examination, while studying is only to be an official and to worship their ancestors. In addition, the imperial examination also limited the way out for talents. By the Qing Dynasty, most famous artists who had made outstanding achievements in literary creation or various technologies were frustrated in the examination hall. It can be inferred that the imperial examination system not only excavated talents for the government, but also buried outstanding talents in other fields; For a century, all kinds of elites have been trapped in the examination room and wasted their time. In order to enslave the Han people, the Qing government imposed strict restrictions on the contents of the imperial examinations. The imperial examination system in Qing dynasty declined gradually, with more and more disadvantages. Although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty criticized the cheating in the imperial examination, due to the defects of the imperial examination system itself, cheating intensified and the imperial examination system eventually died out.

On the second question:

The examination method of the imperial examination system is what we often say now. This requires many scholars to study hard for decades, and some of them have never mixed with a scholar when they are old. And these are all based on education. Many contents and connotations of education are also changing with the change of imperial examination system. This evidence can be seen from some previous documents. The current college entrance examination system is undoubtedly formed by some improvements to the imperial examination system, and the mapping between the two can be seen everywhere. In many places, they all have amazing similarities.

1. Make education with strong political color.

The main purpose of implementing the imperial examination system in ancient times was to consolidate centralization and political system. In that underdeveloped society, civil servants have become a symbol of knowledge and spirit. Filial piety and honesty have become a symbol of this country's emphasis on ideological and moral education. Therefore, in feudal society, such illusory but representative intellectuals are needed to consolidate their political views. The imperial examination system, to a great extent, is a system that has changed the educational purpose qualitatively, and many literati may live for it all their lives. The rulers wisely choose the people they need and help them consolidate their political status through the imperial examinations. These can be seen from the content of the topics set in the imperial examination. Many exams involve many political opinions, which requires candidates to be very clear about the intentions of the rulers in order to give play to the answers and cater to the tastes of the rulers. The people chosen by the rulers are also judged according to the answers to these questions. Therefore, it is a pity that many scholars we see now are actually very talented, but they have not won the title of a scholar. However, the current college entrance examination system has not got rid of political color. Although we now advocate the belief in democracy and freedom, we have to admit that this society has extremely high demands on party member. At school, the ideological and moral education we study is about some indicators of China's * * * production party. The introduction to Mao Zedong Thought we study has many political colors and opinions, which virtually leads us to believe in China's ruling party. It should be said that it is indeed a clever means to spread some political opinions through education, and through this asexual spread, many intellectuals we have trained through education obviously have the moral indicators given by the * * * production party. In addition, joining the party has become a weather vane in universities, and it is also a very popular but difficult activity. After the application for joining the party is passed, you become an activist. After the activists settle down, they will actively participate in activities to prepare for party member, while preparing for party member will become a formal party member by actively participating in some activities. Needless to say these steps, more importantly, the number of places is very small. It is inevitable that party member will enjoy some special treatment in some government agencies. No wonder so many people are vying to join the party. At this time, education became a vassal of politics.

2. Learn well and be an official.

In fact, this truth was not only existed when the imperial examination system was formed, but was proved by many facts at this time in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, many politicians lobbied as lobbyists among countries without learning well, trying to persuade the monarch to adopt his own political ideas. Of course, the talker was hired as a senior official, but it was not very explicit at that time. After the implementation of the imperial examination system, this has undoubtedly become a common sense. Why do so many people read almost crazily? Can reading really change your destiny? This is true, but the possibility is too small. There are so many literati exams in the country, and few of them are admitted. In the end, there are very few officials. Being the first, in the eyes of many people, is the ultimate goal of reading. At this time, reading has a strong sense of skill, that is, reading is to change your identity, change your death, and one day you can enjoy your life. How many literati struggle for this slim hope of life? Maybe they may not be the top scholar and explore flowers, but fighting for their ideals is also a kind of spirit. Being an official after learning well has become a means to change the fate of Qian Qian people. Study, no matter how tired you are, so as to improve your life.

Although the current education is not as obvious as the propaganda "learn to be an excellent official", we can still see the difference between educated and uneducated. Academic qualifications still play an important role in the election of some positions or in some public conversations. Some majors even set very strict conditions before the interview: at least doctoral students. You can see how sad this is, but it is a reality that you must face. Now advocates want to downplay academic qualifications, and what really works is academic diplomas. A good education is a good bargaining chip for promotion. Not long ago, a brother who was a deputy director in Hainan admitted that he would come back to study for a doctorate, saying it would be more competitive. Ability has become an elusive thing that is hard to measure, and the dominant thing is academic qualifications. Education determines this person's ability in many recruitment. Although education is no longer as stubborn as before, there are still many utilitarian drivers. Many parents have taught their children since childhood that only by studying hard can they have a good life and get rid of the present predicament, especially in rural areas. Being admitted to a good university is a sign of a good future, which most parents see. Maybe, maybe not, but many people ignore very objective factors. Examining civil servants is very popular now. In fact, to a large extent, this is the poison of education. "Exam" civil servants, those who do well in the exam will become senior civil servants, and those who do poorly will become junior civil servants. It's not just civil servants. Nowadays, the society is a big education system, and everything has to be "tested". The result of the test determines whether you have the ability to have what you want. To a certain extent, our practice of "learning to be an excellent official" has many advantages. After all, after learning so much and learning so well, you must give some discounts to make people see that reading can change their destiny. Besides, studying well proves that people are hardworking and should get some good results, which is beyond reproach. Although education does not necessarily mean anything, education is at least the result of a person's precipitation for so many years. Many enterprises need people who can precipitate themselves and put themselves into work. Therefore, from these aspects, "learning to be an excellent official" is another test of social identity.

3. About the fairness of the exam.

Fairness is not a very new word, but it is defined in the imperial examination as: all people, regardless of their grades, are eligible to take the examination, and there is the possibility of carp yue longmen. It also made many thoughts that were not very concentrated begin to have the same intersection: gaining fame through the imperial examination. Many people who are very confused and think reading is useless also have very clear goals. They should study hard to gain fame, and have a directional consciousness in people's hearts to support their rulers well, so Jackie Chan's wish will not be dashed instantly. The imperial examination is very strict, whether it is invigilation or marking, so the reason why many people's dream of imperial examination has not been extinguished is also here. If cheating is found, not only the candidates, but also the invigilator. Of course, there will still be special circumstances. Some children of senior officials can be admitted to Jinshi even if they go to the examination room to handle affairs. Of course, this is not what we want to discuss. So the fairness of this imperial examination was relative at that time. These have certain influence on education at that time and many years later. Many dude children squander desperately and don't study hard; Moreover, many farm children study hard and want to change their fate. But of course, the quality of education and teachers can't be compared. Many good tutors are wasted. And now the fairness of education is also biased. National leaders always preach fairness and justice, but even so, we still have to admit that many times there is no absolute fairness and justice, and many things are related to interests. There are many situations now. Rich and powerful people can go to a good school, and grades are second. What exceptional admission, many of them are admitted to that school by their parents. Sometimes fairness works, sometimes it doesn't make sense. In many ways, education is unfair. There is a great difference between rural and urban education, and the admission lines of some colleges and universities are very different between urban and rural areas. Can you say that these are fair? Of course, we still have to pursue fairness in these unfairness, and our entrepreneurship education is also working hard in this direction.

4. Innovation of personnel training

Many people who came out of the imperial examination system have been studying the four books and five classics, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, universities and the golden mean for decades. Their thoughts have been assimilated in the process of reading for so many years. What poetry, calligraphy and morality, patriotism and love for the people have all become fixed patterns, but their thoughts have taken a back seat or gone at all. What they say about the oral examination of sages is all the truth of sages, but you have to ask them what they think, and they may even quote some words from the ancients to prevaricate you. In the major affairs and governance of the country, how ministers who lack innovative thinking can better assist their monarchs to create better prosperity has become a problem.

The disadvantages of contemporary education in this respect are more prominent. It is no wonder that many foreign scholars criticize China people for their lack of innovative consciousness. This is particularly evident in some political or economic exchanges between China and foreign countries. Objectively speaking, China people are diligent, but China people can't make money. The fundamental reason is that the education system is too rigid. Our education places too much emphasis on standard answers, but we still insist on a standard answer to some subjective questions. It seems that it is better to become a multiple-choice question in our education in the end, because it is relatively simple. Moreover, many students' thinking is frozen from one standard answer to another, and it is difficult to make new discoveries. Now it may be difficult for you to get it out of this boundary. The formation of a person's thinking is mostly in the process of school education.

Of course, although many of what I have listed above are some bad influences of the imperial examination system on China's education, really, we should see that it still has a good side, otherwise it will not be used for thousands of years. How to do and evaluate our education needs to be explored.