Introduce mother-of-pearl in detail

The following is some useful information I collected from the Internet.

Mother-of-pearl is an organic and inorganic mixture produced by mollusks and used as the inner layer of animal shells. It is also a bright substance that constitutes the surface of pearls. This material is very strong, but very elastic, with all kinds of bright colors. Mother-of-pearl substances generally exist in the outer layer of pearls and the inner layer of shells of pearl oysters or freshwater pearl mollusks; Many other mollusks also contain mother-of-pearl, such as marine gastropods, such as Abalone, Snail and Edmontidae.

brief introduction

The medicine is called mother-of-pearl. mother-of-pearl

Also known as Pearl Peony, Mother of Pearl, Mother of True Pearl and Mother of Pearl.

It has the effects of calming the liver and suppressing yang, calming the heart and calming the nerves, and improving eyesight.

English name Nacre, mother-of-pearl effect.

Chinese phonetic alphabet Zhu Zhen.

Processing to remove impurities, pulverizing, and sieving to remove dust.

The taste is salty and cool. Liver meridian and heart meridian.

Pearl-producing shells in medicinal parts.

The medicine has the effects of calming the liver and suppressing yang. Calm and calm; Textual research on clearing liver and improving eyesight.

Function: calming the liver and suppressing yang, relieving convulsion and stopping bleeding. Treat dizziness, tinnitus, palpitation, insomnia, madness, epilepsy, hematemesis, epistaxis and metrorrhagia.

Oral administration and dosage: decoction, 0.3 ~ 1, or pill or powder.

People with cold stomach should be avoided to use with caution.

Source "New Ginseng Pieces" Classification of families and genera: mussels Indications: headache and dizziness; Palpitation and insomnia; Epilepsy; Liver heat with red eyes; Cover with plastic film for harvesting and storage: it can be harvested all year round. After picking up the shell, remove the meat and dirt, wash it, cook it with alkaline water, then soak it in fresh water, take it out, scrape off the black skin outside, and dry it in the sun or oven.

pharmacological action

After mother-of-pearl feeds the mother-of-pearl powder of Pinctada martensii to rabbits, there is almost no difference in blood calcium ion concentration between mother-of-pearl and calcium carbonate. Its 30% sulfuric acid hydrolysate contains amino acids such as leucine, methionine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. It has no effect on the blood vessels and blood pressure of rabbit ear shell, but it can increase the heartbeat amplitude of isolated toad and reduce the intestinal tension of isolated rabbit, and has short-term diuretic effect on rabbits. 4N hydrochloric acid extract from nacre can inhibit histamine contraction of isolated guinea pig small intestine. The ether extract can inhibit the contraction of histamine on intestinal tract and prevent shock and death of guinea pigs caused by histamine. Although allergic shock in guinea pigs sensitized to horse serum cannot be prevented, organ allergy, such as contraction of isolated intestine and uterus in guinea pigs, is often inhibited. Pinctada powder can inhibit sarcoma-180 in mice. The 30% sulfuric acid hydrolysate of mother-of-pearl can increase the pulsation amplitude of toad's isolated heart and reduce the tension of rabbit's isolated intestine, which has short-term diuretic effect on rabbits. The ether extract of acid hydrolysate (except calcium) has the effect of resisting intestinal contraction caused by histamine, protecting guinea pigs from shock caused by histamine, and also has the effect of raising blood pressure. Taurine from mother-of-pearl, pearl hydrolysate, whole organs (including meat) and sperm egg extract of Pinctada martensii was injected intraperitoneally, and the bleeding time of mice was shortened by tail cutting method, which was 565438 0.4% shorter than oxytocin. Intravenous injection of 0.75ml/kg significantly enhanced the uterine contraction of rabbits in vivo, lasting more than 30 minutes, which was longer than pituitrin. 94. 1ml/kg intraperitoneal injection obviously inhibited spontaneous activity of mice.

Traditional Chinese medicine components

Shells mainly contain more than 92% calcium carbonate and 5% organic matter, of which keratin is the main component, and also contain many inorganic elements such as aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, sodium, zinc, phosphorus, barium, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and silicon. Shell nacre powder contains 0.35% amino nitrogen, and its conchiolin consists of threonine, glycine, proline, meta-acid, glutamic acid, alanine, serine, arginine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, histidine, methionine and cystine, and also contains three non-protein hydrolysates of taurine, ornithine and phosphoserine. Inorganic elements in pearl powder include calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and silicon. The amino acids of shell prismatic layer are mainly glycine, leucine, serine and histidine. The mother-of-pearl layer contains amino acids, mainly including lysine, glycine, valine and aspartic acid. It also contains phosphoryl ethanolamine and galactose ceramide.

.2 2. Pearl oyster

The mother-of-pearl layer is mainly composed of conchiolin and calcium carbonate, with a content of about 92% and organic matter accounting for about 5%. It contains aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, zinc, silicon, titanium and other metal elements, and it also contains histidine, arginine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, cystine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine and so on. The hydrolysate of prismatic layer contains serine, glycine, etc. The nacre contains conchiolin and other protein, as well as porphyrin.

4 Low-toxic drugs

The lethal dose of mother-of-pearl powder to rats was >: 2 1.5g/kg, and the lethal dose of mother-of-pearl was >: 3 1.6g/kg. Mother-of-pearl powder was evenly mixed in the feed and continuously fed to newly weaned rats for 2 months. In the 478ppm dose group and 1, 434 ppm group, after two months of administration, there was no effect on weight gain (P > 0.05), but in the 4,300 ppm group, weight gain was affected. At the 7th and 8th week, the average body weight of male rats was significantly lower than that of the control group (P:5000mg/kg, which is actually non-toxic, so mother-of-pearl should be a low-toxic drug.

5 ecological environment

1. Mother-of-pearl lives in a quiet bay with a lot of sediments, rocks or gravel on the seabed, and grows well in the sea area with gentle tidal current and rich water quality. It grows near the low tide line to the water depth of about 10m, usually at the depth of 5 m. Diatoms are the main food, the optimum growth temperature is 15-30℃, and the spawning period is 5- 10 months. The growth rate is relatively fast, and the shell height can reach about 70mm in two years.

2. Living near the low tide line in the intertidal zone, they are fixed with their feet in the crevices of rock reefs or coral reefs, and most of them are fixed on the rock foundation facing the wind and waves.

3. Most of them inhabit the sea area with a water depth of about 20m, and they can be harvested at a depth of 60m.

4. Habitat and distribution are the same as those of Pinctada Hepu.

5. Living in rivers and lakes with light cement and slightly sandy bottom.

6. Living in the mud bottom of rivers and lakes, moving slowly.

7. Living at the bottom of rivers, lakes and swamps.

6 arguments of various schools of thought

mother-of-pearl

1. China Medical Dictionary: Nourishing Liver Yin and Clearing Liver Fire. Can be used for treating epilepsy, dizziness, tinnitus, heartbeat, abdominal distension, women's blood fever, children's hemorrhage, and convulsion.

2. "Pieces of New Ginseng": calming the liver and subduing yang, calming the heart and calming the nerves, relieving convulsions and stopping epilepsy, clearing away heat and swelling, and improving eyesight.

3. "Jilin Chinese Herbal Medicine": stop bleeding. Treat hematemesis, nosebleed and uterine bleeding.

4. China Medical Dictionary: This thing (mother-of-pearl) enters both the heart meridian and the liver meridian, which is different from abalone but enters the liver meridian, so it is essential for people involved in mental illness. Mother of pearls-resource distribution

Mother of pearl 1. It is distributed in the coastal areas of Guangdong and Guangxi, especially in the Beibu Gulf, with the highest yield in Hepu, Guangxi.

2. It is distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Xisha Islands and other coastal areas, and it is one of the excellent varieties of pearl culture.

3. Tropical and subtropical species, distributed in Hainan and Xisha Islands.

4. Habitat and distribution are the same as those of Pinctada Hepu.

5. Distributed in Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang and other places.

6. Mother-of-pearl fabrics are all over the country.

7. It is distributed all over the country. Mother-of-pearl-formula selection

① Treatment of hyperactivity of liver-yang, dizziness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus and burning cheeks: mother of pearl is five yuan to one or two yuan, and Ligustrum lucidum and Eclipta prostrata each have San Qian. Decoct with water. (Atlas of common Chinese herbal medicines)

② Treatment of palpitation and insomnia: mother-of-pearl is five yuan to one or two yuan, polygala tenuifolia is one yuan, and Ziziphus jujuba seed San Qian is one yuan and fifty cents. Decoct with water. (Atlas of common Chinese herbal medicines)

③ Treatment of endophthalmopathy (lens opacity, optic atrophy): mother-of-pearl, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Ginseng. Decoct with water twice a day. ("Jilin Chinese Herbal Medicine") Contraindications: People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should use it with caution.

7 Modern research

7. 1 Main components:

All kinds of mother-of-pearl contain calcium carbonate, the content of which is above 80% ~ 90%; It also contains magnesium carbonate, calcium phosphate, keratin and other elements. Keratin of Pinctada martensii contains more than 20 kinds of amino acids such as glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, serine, valine, cystine, methionine, arginine, histidine and tyrosine. Trace elements in Pinctada martensii are basically the same as those in pearls.

Both nacre and pearl are formed by nacre secreted by mother-of-pearl mantle and epidermal cells of pearl sac, and their luster, color and composition are basically the same.

7.2 pharmacological effects:

1. Effect on liver: Pinctada fuciformis, Pinctada rugosa and other nacre injections have protective effects on liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride, which can alleviate the damage of liver cells and accelerate the recovery of alanine aminotransferase.

2. Anti-allergic effect: the hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid hydrolysate of nacre can inhibit the intestinal contraction of guinea pigs caused by histamine, and its ether extract can inhibit the intestinal contraction of guinea pigs caused by histamine and prevent the shock and death of guinea pigs caused by histamine. It has the tendency to inhibit the allergic contraction of isolated intestine and uterus in guinea pigs.

3. Other functions The 30% sulfuric acid hydrolysate of Pinctada martensii contains a variety of amino acids (such as methionine and alanine). ), has no effect on blood vessels and blood pressure of rabbit ear shell, but can increase the heartbeat amplitude of isolated toad and reduce the intestinal tension of isolated rabbit, and has short-term diuretic effect on rabbit. Pinctada powder can inhibit sarcoma 180 in mice. Pearl layer injection has certain antagonistic effect on annular turbidity caused by retrobulbar injection of galactose saline in guinea pigs.

Oral pearl powder can obviously reduce the spontaneous activity of mice and has obvious synergistic effect on the central inhibition of pentobarbital sodium. The sulfate hydrolysate of mother-of-pearl can increase the heartbeat amplitude of isolated heart; Mother-of-pearl injection has protective effect on liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride; Pearl powder gastric lavage has obvious inhibitory effect on stress gastric ulcer in rats.

7.3 Clinical research

It is reported that nacre membrane can treat aphtha caused by various reasons, and obvious analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcer healing effects can be seen within 0.5 ~ 1 minute after sticking the medicine membrane (marine medicine, 1984, 4: 43); 3 13 cases of hemorrhoids were treated by pressure ligation with pearl mother liquor, and the short-term effective rate was 100% (journal of traditional chinese medicine, Hubei, 1983, 5:26). In addition, mother-of-pearl is also used to treat vascular headache at high altitude, senile cataract and ulcer.

Introduction to morphology

8. 1 1. Pinctada maxima

Pinctada maxima has a diamond-shaped fragile shell, with a length of 50-90mm, a width of 18-32mm, and a height similar to its length, and the height of a larger individual can reach more than100 mm. The top of the shell is located in the front, with ears on both sides, and the front ear is slightly smaller than the rear ear. The mother-of-pearl of the two shells is unequal, the right shell is flat, the left shell is slightly convex, and there is obvious foot line depression under the front ear of the right shell. The back edge is straight; The belly edge is round, the shell surface is yellow-brown, and the concentric growth ring pattern is extremely thin, flaky, fragile and easy to fall off. The middle part of the shell is often worn, closely arranged near the abdominal edge, slightly inclined to the end of the uvula, with large foot silk holes and hairy foot silk. The pearl layer in the middle of the inner surface of the shell is thick and developed, with strong pearl luster. After some capsules are stimulated, epithelial tissue rapidly divides to form pearl sacs, and constantly secretes nacre, and then gradually forms pearls. The edge of the inner surface of the shell is pale yellow, and there is no nacre. The hinge line is straight, the main teeth are prominent, and there is a long tooth edge below the hinge line. The ligament is purple-brown, with obvious muscle marks on the anterior superior brake, which is located below the top of the shell. The closed shell has large muscle marks, which are rectangular, slightly pointed at the front end and later in the center of the shell.

8.2 2. Pearl oyster

Shells are irregular and round, and the shell is solid and thick. Generally, the shell length is 1 10- 150mm, and the largest shell can reach about 200mm, with the same height and length. The left shell is slightly convex and slightly larger than the right shell, and the top of the shell is located at the front end of the rear edge and bends forward. There is a depression in front of the top of the right shell, which is the hole of the foot line. Two shell ears are not obvious, and the shell surface is not obvious. The pearl layer on the inner surface of the shell is thick with iridescent luster, straight hinge line, toothless, strong ligament, purple-brown, small muscle marks on the front maxilla, wide and rectangular muscle marks on the closed shell, slightly gourd-shaped, black raw edges, melanin on the anal membrane, fat and wide, and small protrusions on the top.

8.3 3. Pinctada maxima

The shell is nearly pentagonal, slightly round and solid and thick. Adult shells are more than 200mm long, and the largest can reach more than 300mm, weighing 4-5kg. It is the largest kind of pearl oyster, with a slightly flat shell, a top at the front end of the back edge, a small front ear and no back ear. The scales on the shell surface are irregularly arranged, grayish yellow, and the radial ribs are light brown. The scales of the old shell often fall off, revealing mother-of-pearl, and the radial ribs are not obvious. There is a thick silvery white pearl layer in the shell, and the edge is yellow-brown. The rear end of that hinge portion protrude slightly. Ligaments are broad and dented after falling off. The adductor muscle scar is broad, kidney-shaped, the scar surface is not smooth, and there are many transverse stripes. The anal membrane is tongue-shaped with a wide and round end.

8.4 4. Pinctada longicaudata

The mother-of-pearl shell is nearly square, and its shell length is about 100mm, which is slightly larger than that of Hepu mother-of-pearl. The top of the shell is located in front, with no front ear, long rear ear, wing-like protrusion, flat right shell and slightly convex left shell. The scale layer on the edge of the shell surface is thin and inclined into pieces. The inner shell is covered with silvery white mother-of-pearl, and the muscle scar of the closed shell is slender.

8.5 5. Hyriopsis cumingii

Shells are large and flat, and their shells are hard and slightly triangular. The tops of the left and right shells are closely connected, and the rear edge is long, protruding upward to form a large triangular sail-like rear wing, and the front and rear edges are short and angular. The edge of the abdomen is almost straight and slightly curved. The shell surface is not smooth, and the top of the shell is engraved with thick ribs. The growth lines are concentrically and annularly arranged at a wide distance. The inner surface of the shell is smooth and the nacre is milky white.

8.6 6. Cremastra plicata

The shell is large and slightly equilateral triangle. The coronoid process of the anterior dorsal margin is not obvious, the posterior margin is high, and the posterior margin is inclined upward, extending into a large crown. There are a series of longitudinal ribs on the back of the shell, which become thicker and thicker from the fault. The abdomen is almost straight. The shell surface is dark yellow-green to dark brown, and the top of the shell is often eroded and loses its surface color. The nacre sparkles.

8.7 7. Anodonta dorsalis

The shell is oval with angular protrusions, the front end is slightly round, the back end is inclined, and the abdomen edge is curved. There are three thick rib veins on the back from the top of the shell. The surface of the shell is green and brown. The muscle scar of the closed shell is rectangular. The nacre in the shell is milky white.

9 treatment method

1. mother-of-pearl, take the original medicinal materials, remove impurities and dust, and break them.

2. Calcinate mother-of-pearl, put the clean mother-of-pearl into a suitable container, heat it with strong fire, calcine it until it is crisp, take it out, cool it and crush it.

3. nacre powder: take clean mother-of-pearl, grind it with a grinding wheel to remove the outer layer and the middle layer, and keep the inner layer (nacre), then soak it in 50× potassium permanganate for 30 minutes, then wash it with clear water, crush it, pass it through a 130 mesh sieve, fly dry it in water, crush it again, and dry it after passing through a 200 mesh sieve.

10 identification method

1. Hyriopsis cumingii, a complete shell, slightly equilateral quadrilateral. Mother-of-pearl wheels growing on the surface of shells are arranged in concentric rings. The trailing edge protrudes upward, forming a large triangular sail tail. The scar on the inner surface of the shell is obvious: the scar on the front closed shell is oval and the scar on the rear closed shell is slightly triangular. The left and right shells have two quasi-main teeth, the left shell has two long side teeth, and the right shell has 1 long side teeth; Glossy. Hard, slightly fishy and tasteless.

The main differences between Hyriopsis cumingii and Kristen Stoden are as follows: the former is a "spinnaker" with a concentric ring on the shell surface and a flat shell shape, while the two shells are equal, and the mother-of-pearl in the shell is milky white; The latter is an equilateral triangle, stretching into a big "crown", and the mother-of-pearl in the shell is milky white to light blue, which can be distinguished. [ 1]

On the other hand, the shell of martensitic pearl is rhombic, and the concentric lines on the shell surface grow fine and flaky; The pearl in the shell has a strong pearl luster, and it is different without pearl on the edge.

2. Crested mussel, the complete shell is an equilateral triangle, and the back edge extends upward to form a big crown. The coat trace on the inner surface of the shell is slightly obvious; The scar of anterior obturator internus is large and wedge-shaped, while the scar of posterior obturator internus is irregular and oval, with longitudinal ribs and grooves corresponding to the lower shell surface of posterior teeth. Both the left and right shells have 1 short and slightly thicker posterior teeth and 1 thin incisors, and there are no quasi-primary teeth.

3. Pinctada Hepu, the complete shell is rhombic, the rear ear is big and the front ear is small, the rear edge is straight, the abdomen is round, and the growth line is extremely thin and flaky. The adductor muscle scar is large, rectangular and has a prominent long main tooth.

10. 1

The main differences between Hyriopsis cumingii and Kristen Stoden are as follows: the former is a "spinnaker" with a concentric ring on the shell surface and a flat shell shape, while the two shells are equal, and the mother-of-pearl in the shell is milky white; The latter is an equilateral triangle, stretching into a big "crown", and the mother-of-pearl in the shell is milky white to light blue, which can be distinguished.

On the other hand, the shell of martensitic pearl is rhombic, and the concentric lines on the shell surface grow fine and flaky; The pearl in the shell has a strong pearl luster, and it is different without pearl on the edge.

10.2 rapid identification

1. Hyriopsis cumingii: The shell is large and flat, hard and heavy, the two shells are equal, the shell surface has concentric ring texture, and the rear edge is triangular and sail-like; The left shell has two quasi-main teeth and two side teeth with different sizes, and the right shell also has two quasi-main teeth and one big side tooth. The shell is smooth and the nacre is milky white.

2. The crowned mussel: The shell is slightly like an equilateral triangle, the front part is short and low, the ridges at the front and rear edges are not obvious, the rear edge is long and high, and the rear edge inclines upward and stretches into a big crown. The shell surface is dark yellow-green to dark brown; The hinge is strong, and the left and right shells each have a high back tooth and a thin front tooth. The nacre in the shell is shiny, from milky white to light blue.

3. Pinctada martensii: The shell is rhombic, and the shell height is almost equal to the shell length. The shell is slightly brittle, the two shells are unequal, the right shell is flat and the left shell is convex; The concentric lines on the shell surface are long and thin, flaky, thin and brittle, and easy to fall off; The shell surface is yellowish brown, and there are often several dark brown rays; The pearl layer on the inner surface of the shell is developed and has a strong pearl luster. The edge is light yellow, and there is no nacre.

4. radial poisonous moth: the shell of the radial poisonous moth lamprey ..

5. toothless mussel: this is the shell of toothless mussel ...), a toothless mussel. [ 1]

1 1 nutrition knowledge

Introduction to mother-of-pearl knowledge:

Mother-of-pearl is the shell of Hyriopsis cumingii, Pinctada rugosa or Mother-of-pearl Hepu, which can be harvested all year round. After taking out the shell, remove the meat and soil, wash it, boil it with alkaline water, then soak it in fresh water, take it out, scrape off the outer black skin, and dry it in the sun or dry it in the sun. Location: Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Anhui and other places.

Hyriopsis cumingii is slightly equilateral quadrilateral, and the growth rings on the shell surface are arranged concentrically and annularly. The trailing edge protrudes upward, forming a large triangular sail tail. The scar on the inner surface of the shell is obvious, the muscle scar on the front closed shell is oval, the muscle scar on the back closed shell is triangular, and the left and right shells have two pseudo-main teeth. Glossy and hard. The smell is slightly fishy and light.

The crested mussel is an equilateral triangle, and its back edge extends upward to form a big crown. The scar on the inner surface of the shell is slightly obvious. The scar on the front obturator internus is wedge-shaped, and the obturator internus is irregular and oval. There are longitudinal ribs and grooves under the back teeth, and there are no false main teeth on the left and right shells.

Pinctada Hepu is square, with large rear ear, small front ear, straight back edge, round belly edge, strong growth line and flaky country and people. The adductor muscle is large and rectangular with a long convex main tooth.

It is best to be big, white, crisp and unbreakable.

Supplementary information on mother of pearl:

Mother-of-pearl can be divided into two types according to different processing methods: pearl drug smuggling case and calcined mother-of-pearl. After processing, store it in a dry container and put it in a ventilated and dry place to prevent dust.

Mother of pearl is suitable for people:

Use with caution for those with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold.

The dietotherapy function of mother-of-pearl;

Mother-of-pearl tastes sweet, salty and cold; Liver meridian and heart meridian; The quality of the town has declined;

It has the effects of calming the nerves, calming the liver, suppressing yang, clearing the liver and improving eyesight.

Indications: palpitation and insomnia's disease, epilepsy, dizziness and headache, liver heat, conjunctival congestion, venation, vomiting, metrorrhagia and leakage.

Instructions for use of mother-of-pearl:

1. For patients with yin and blood deficiency, restless mind, little sleep at night and occasional fright, it can be combined with Ziziphus Spinosae Seed, Platycladus orientalis Seed and Radix Rehmanniae Preparata to nourish yin and blood, calm the heart and soothe the nerves.

2. For those with hyperactive heart fire, restless mind, irritability and insomnia, it can be used with Coptidis Rhizoma, Magnetite and Cinnabar to clear heart and soothe the nerves.

3. Headache and dizziness caused by hyperactivity of liver yang can be combined with Uncaria, Chrysanthemum, Gastrodia elata and Concha Haliotidis. To increase the efficacy of calming the liver and suppressing yang.

4. If the syndrome belongs to yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity, it can be used equally with Radix Rehmanniae and Radix Paeoniae Alba.

5. For patients with hyperactive liver fire and red eyes with swelling and pain, it can be used with Chrysanthemum, Equisetum and Prunella vulgaris to clear liver and improve eyesight.

6. If used with Atractylodes lancea and Ginseng, it can treat liver deficiency, blurred vision and night blindness.

The above estimate is useful for people who use mobile phones to surf the Internet, and anyone who uses computers to surf the Internet can find it, but I still hope it can be adopted.