What "strange diseases" should you watch out for when traveling to Africa?

What "strange diseases" should you watch out for when traveling to Africa? Africa straddles the equator, with hot climate, mosquito breeding and frequent infectious diseases. Traveling to Africa, people may be infected with malaria, filariasis, Leishmania, schistosomiasis, babesiosis, myiasis, tick paralysis and other rare tropical diseases in China, and these "strange diseases" are easily misdiagnosed. Filariasis is transmitted by mosquitoes, including lymphatic filariasis, cutaneous filariasis and visceral filariasis. In the early stage of lymphatic filariasis, fever and skin inflammation may occur, and in the later stage, leg-like limb elephantiasis may occur. Cutaneous filariasis can cause skin inflammation, especially onchocerciasis parasitic on the eyes can cause visual impairment and even blindness, also known as river blindness. Visceral filariasis is mild, and symptoms such as chest pain or rash may occur. Leishmaniasis is a disease spread by insect bites called sandflies, including visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is characterized by chronic fever, splenomegaly and anemia. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is mainly characterized by nodular ulcer on the lesion site, unbearable itching, and secondary infection after scratching. There are 6.5438+0.3 million new cases and 20,000-30,000 deaths worldwide every year. Babesiosis is transmitted by tick bites, similar to malaria. The severity of the disease is closely related to people's age, immune level and whether to remove the spleen. Mild people have no obvious symptoms or only fever, and severe people will have fever, anemia, jaundice and hematuria, leading to organ failure and even death. The disease can also be transmitted from mother to child through blood transfusion. Non-tourists should consult the local entry-exit quarantine bureau and other institutions before going out to learn about tropical diseases, and do the following: try to take the bus and close the windows when going out; When outdoors, apply mosquito repellent to your body; Avoid going to high-risk areas and carefully enter the breeding grounds of blood-sucking insects such as forests, pastures, grasslands and bushes. If you must enter these environments, wear long clothes, trousers and stockings, and try to attract mosquitoes with dark clothes such as black or blue. Avoid sleeping in humble accommodation, and use mosquito nets or spray pesticides indoors at night. Non-travelers should do "several noes": don't swim and play in the pond easily, and avoid touching unfamiliar water bodies; Pay attention to food hygiene, don't drink raw water, don't eat food and drinks that may be contaminated by mosquitoes and flies, and don't eat half-baked food.

What equipment and food do you need to travel to Africa now? First of all, you should bring mosquito repellent, essential balm and other anti-mosquito drugs, followed by antimalarial drugs such as artesunate and Ketaixin, and antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin and norfloxacin. Don't forget to take some cold medicine and airsickness medicine. You can bring some instant noodles, biscuits, dried meat, pickled mustard tuber in small bags, melon seeds and so on. Food, mosquito nets, sun hats, umbrellas and energy. I hope these are helpful to you. Have a nice trip! Good luck! !

What special properties should I be wary of when buying a house? Well, the state should control it, but then again, is the house price high? You can't buy it! Real estate people are in charge of you. If you don't buy it, someone will buy it.

What pitfalls should you be wary of when starting a business? Avoiding the following six common mistakes can save a lot of "tuition fees" for your business.

Wool pocket, the founder of two brothers

Text | Lorie A. Patch

Like all startups, Rodney Nelson needs to build a good website for his company Woolly Pocket. He founded this company with his brother Miguel Nelson, focusing on selling exquisite and environmentally friendly plants online. But they encountered some problems.

"Our first website was not designed according to the standard rules of websites," Nelson recalled. He lives in Phoenix and is a business management consultant. "Its navigation function is difficult to work, and customers have to slide the mouse to the bottom of the home page and then turn to the next page to find the' Buy Now' button."

The two brothers found another programmer, but their second e-commerce website didn't work well either. They found it difficult for the technical team to respond quickly. "The website designed for the first time cost almost $7,000 and needs to be revised after six months." Nelson said, "The second time we spent $65,438+$5,000. At that time, we felt very satisfied, but it didn't bring people a refreshing feeling. Then a year later, we started to ask a company for help. So, we designed three websites in one year. In the end, we revised the website four times in a year and a half, and it didn't really work until the fourth time. "

For your business, it may not only cost so much to build a website, but you may also have to pay "tuition" for everything else-this is Murphy's theorem for start-ups. Taking care of a startup seems to cost money everywhere, and it's hard to be smart enough to get value for money at first. However, some common mistakes may make a self-reliant startup face disaster. Here are six pitfalls to pay attention to and professional advice on how to avoid them.

The price is expensive: the team is not strong.

Bill Hollette is the managing director of the Martin Trust Center, a subsidiary of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Entrepreneur Association, and the author of The Disciplined Entrepreneur. He believes that choosing the wrong team is the most expensive mistake of entrepreneurs, which not only leads to a large loss of income, but also easily kills morale.

He explained: "Recruiting a person to work in a start-up company looks like playing basketball. You can choose your friends to play with, but if you want your team to have a chance to play all the time, then you must choose your teammates carefully. "

It is very important to recruit talents with different special skills. But Hollette suggested: "Just like a great team, they must hold the same values and have the ability to trust each other in difficult times." Based on this, mutual support with your co-founders and early employees under pressure is often more important than friendship. "

Price is expensive: pricing deviation.

Sarah Shaw, CEO of Entreprete, a consulting firm in durango, Colorado, said: "The first company I started was a handbag company, and the biggest mistake I made was pricing."

"At that time, I didn't expect that for clothing and accessories, you must count the fabrics you need, including the wasted fabric area." Xiao explained. It is precisely because of the lack of accurate understanding of the cost that she failed to accurately price the product.

"I think people generally think that pricing is twice the cost, but this is not correct." She said, "After considering the expenses such as marketing and exhibition hall fees, the pricing should be 2.5 times the cost."

In the first two years of his business, Xiao himself invested 654.38 million dollars. Thanks to her persistence and word-of-mouth communication (many celebrities like her handbag), the company finally achieved an annual income of $6,543,800+and successfully attracted investors. However, after the "9. 1 1 incident", the company fell into a downturn and finally died in 2002.

Like Xiao, Tobin Booth, CEO of Blue Oak Energy Company, paid a heavy price for the wrong pricing strategy. In 20 10, the California solar photovoltaic system builder signed a contract with a retail enterprise to install solar equipment in eight States in the United States.

"In such a highly competitive market, we have no experience in handling such complicated orders," he said. "We don't know in advance the tax responsibilities that we have to bear across so many States, and we don't know the labor costs in different States. Moreover, due to the weather and transportation, it also caused the problem of delayed delivery. "

The company failed to plan the specific time of installation, which led to the delay, so it had to pay extra storage costs. 20 1 1, our loss reached $500,000. Booth revealed that the wrong valuation was his worst experience as an entrepreneur, but he also said that it was not without benefits: "As the old saying goes,' You learn from your mistakes'." The most painful experience is also the most learning lesson. "

Expensive price 3: missed opportunities

When you have a killer idea, you naturally want to package it and push it around the world. But even people who are not qualified as certified public accountants know a common sense, that is, the longer they spend before releasing their ideas, the more money they spend.

"This is a common mistake made by people, especially those who work in science and technology," said Drew Williams, co-author of Feed the Startup Beast. "Many technicians want to make an application perfect before launching it, but this often means that it will take you a long time and a lot of money." This mistake is likely to leave you at the end of your rope-you need funds to maintain normal operation and make progress in product research and development in order to gain consumer recognition.

"You need to improve the most primitive and basic product vision, let more people know about your product and find buyers for it." Williams suggested, "find one or two customers who are interested in your products and are willing to provide experimental support for your manufacturing, testing and correcting products." There is always a gap between the product and your idea, so you need to explore it slowly. If you have a real customer behind you, you can create a better product in a very cost-effective way. "

Expensive price 4: technical blindness

When Traklight, a software company dedicated to helping individuals and enterprises identify and protect intellectual property rights, was established, although Mary Juten was not a Luddite who had to hinder technological progress (181~1816, Britain opposed capitalist oppression by destroying machines and other means). Juetten said: "I know how to show what our software can do ... but I don't know much about software coding or website development." Juetten is a certified public accountant and enjoys the qualification of certified public accountant in Canada.

Previously, she relied on the experience of another co-founder in the technical field, but when the cooperation between them ended, she fell into chaos. "This is my biggest mistake: I have been looking for the best cooperation opportunities, but I have not let myself learn more programming languages, nor have I introduced talents in this field to the team."

The team she recruited to create Traklight software department told her that it was "impossible" to use one programming language, but it was "necessary" to use another programming language to build a website. "If the staff who designed my website came to me and said,' You'd better use this color, not that color', I would ask all kinds of questions. But I have never expressed any opinion on the programming language, because it is a technical problem. "

The four-month period reserved for software development is extended to eight months, and then extended to nine months or more. "If I have professional technical knowledge, I can win more time and bring products to market earlier." She said, "So entrepreneurs who are' technology-blind' like me need to learn by themselves."

Finally, Juetten took the course of "Lecture on Essential Technical Knowledge of Entrepreneurs". She suggested that other founders who need relevant professional knowledge visit the interesting programming website Codecademy, or get corresponding solutions through the training courses provided by the entrepreneurial education company General Assembly.

Expensive 5: distressed lawyer's fee

Booth of Blue Oak Energy Company is eager to draft a new quotation for the order that spans eight States in the United States, but he also regrets that he was too economical in legal related expenses such as attorney fees when the company was still in its infancy. "It would be great if I could rearrange the early personnel and spend thousands of dollars to hire a lawyer to draft a suitable contract from scratch!" He recalled, "My mistake was that I didn't find a lawyer who really understood the company's business."

Many of the company's early customers failed to repay the cost of solar equipment as scheduled, and Booth found a debt collection company to cooperate. He said that he also suffered some losses in the process: "I found that there are some clauses in our contract that the other party does not bear the lawyer's fee." Today, the annual income of Blue Oak Energy Company has reached 20 million dollars.

Shaw had a similar experience, because when she signed the contract, she didn't know that she should own the trademark right of the company named after her, so when the investor negotiated to buy the company, her name was also bought. "I can't start any more companies in my own name." She regrets it very much. "I wish I had hired a lawyer to remind me."

The price is expensive: the promotion fee is chaotic.

Williams, the writer mentioned above, said: "Many entrepreneurs think that others need to spend money to promote their products or services, but my company doesn't, because my products are good enough and the wine is not afraid of the deep alley." Another myth is that you can build brands and attract consumers for free through social media. "Social media doesn't offer free lunches." He said, "Getting just right on social media often requires unimaginable efforts. It usually takes you six months to a year to make small progress-in short, it is not a promotion tool that can get quick response. "

If you are not sure how much budget you should invest in marketing, Williams' suggestion is to invest 10% ~ 20% of the company's estimated gross income. "When your company gradually stabilizes, this ratio can be appropriately reduced to 5% ~ 10%. If the company becomes a market leader, it only needs to invest 5% or less. "

After Traklight went online, Juetten found that the company's ranking in search engines was not ideal. She recalled: "No one found us through search." Therefore, she decided to invest some marketing expenses. "For a small company, the cost of the first promotion is amazing, but instead of modifying the website, we launched email marketing and CRM (Customer Relationship Management)." Now this measure has achieved initial results: in April 20 13, the monthly traffic of Traklight website was only100; By the end of that year, the number of independent visitors climbed to 2800 per month.

How much loss did the lag of software development and marketing cause to Juetten? She estimated that "the money spent on meaningless programming language updates is about tens of thousands of dollars, but the time cost wasted by delaying the product launch may cause hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses." If not, "we should develop much better than now".

What diseases should we be wary of when the stool is not formed for a long time? enteritis

What special properties should I be wary of when buying a house? 1. Some properties.

What is real estate owned by * *? There is more than one owner in the real estate license, and this kind of property is the property shared by several people. The purchase of * * real estate must obtain the consent of all * * owners, otherwise, the sales contract may be deemed invalid. Pay attention to the following issues when purchasing some properties in * * *:

1. The name of the husband and wife is on the property certificate, but the property belongs to the husband and wife.

In this case, although the party registered in the real estate license sells the house without the consent of the other party, the registration of real estate has the effect of publicizing public trust. For buyers, there is no obligation or ability to check whether the property is owned by husband and wife. Therefore, as long as the purchaser is in good faith and does not know the fact that one party does not agree to sell the house, the sales contract is valid.

There are two people on the property right certificate, but only one person signs the contract.

According to the provisions of judicial interpretation, husband or wife enjoy equal rights when dealing with marital property. Due to daily needs, either party has the right to decide whether the husband and wife have joint property. In addition to the needs of daily life, if one of the spouses makes an important decision on the joint property of the husband and wife, the husband and wife should negotiate on an equal footing and reach an agreement.

Others have reason to believe that it was expressed by both husband and wife, and the other party shall not oppose a bona fide third party on the grounds of disagreement or ignorance.

The second is supporting housing and low-cost housing.

Supporting housing refers to the policy commodity housing that * * * provides preferential policies, limits construction standards, and supplies residents who have been demolished in major projects and key old district reconstruction projects in this city. Low-and-medium-priced housing refers to the policy commodity housing that provides preferential policies and limits construction standards to supply low-and middle-income families in this city.

In many places, it is stipulated that supporting houses and low-priced houses shall not be transferred or rented within five years after obtaining the property right certificate, but these regulations are not laws or administrative regulations, so even if they are violated, they just cannot go through the transfer formalities immediately, and the sales contract itself is still valid. However, the legal risk is great, because it takes five years to transfer the ownership.

Even the house that the buyer has already occupied may be broken by the original seller after the house price rises in the future, and the seller may mortgage or sell the house to others, resulting in the inability to transfer ownership.

If the seller sells one room and two halls, others have obtained the property right certificate. At this time, the buyer can only pursue the seller's liability for compensation, but can't obtain the property right. Therefore, it is difficult to have a comprehensive policy to ensure the smooth transfer of the last house within five years, so it is necessary to be cautious when buying such properties.

Third, after-sales public houses.

The sale of after-sale public houses mainly involves two issues:

1, the problem of property owners of after-sale public houses

After the sale of public houses, there is only one person's name on the property certificate, but there may be other property owners, such as residents, rank personnel and people with working age, who have the right to ask for confirmation as property owners.

However, based on the publicity and credibility of the real estate, as long as the sales contract is signed with the owner of the real estate license, other property owners can not claim that the sales contract is invalid without their consent, and other property owners can ask the seller to bear the liability for compensation.

2, the right to live with others.

Although roommates are not property owners, they enjoy the right to live in the house. In the past, when handling the transfer procedures of after-sale public houses, the real estate trading center required the same person to agree to the sale in the contract. Now it is only a formal review, and the same person will not be required to sign on the spot in the trading center.

If the property owner sells the house to others without the consent of the co-resident, the co-resident may claim that the sales contract is invalid, or that the sales contract is valid but cannot infringe on his right to live, so he refuses to move out of the house.

Based on the publicity and credibility of real estate registration and the protection of transaction security, the same lessee can only claim the right of residence from the seller, or demand the division of the house price obtained by the seller, but has no right to claim that the sales contract is invalid or refuse to move out of the house.

In order to avoid such disputes as much as possible, it is necessary to know the situation of co-owners when buying after-sale public houses. You can ask the family to show the household registration book and ask the co-residents to make a written commitment to sell the house.

What risks should equity crowdfunding guard against? The risks of private equity investment in JD.COM are as follows:

1, the operational risk is relatively high.

2. Business performance is related to the personal quality of enterprise managers, and the failure of a large number of private investments is due to the lack of managers' level and ability.

3. Exit risk is a unique risk of private equity funds. Unlike publicly issued stocks and bonds, the investment of private equity funds usually takes three or even five years.

4. Therefore, to participate in private equity investment, it is necessary to examine the investor's financial ability and anti-risk ability. High profits are often accompanied by the same high risks. After having a comprehensive understanding and understanding of investment risks, consider participating in investment after combining the maximum risk that you can bear.

Tips: This service has been offline. I suggest you pay attention to other businesses of Jingdong Finance. For details, please refer to the website of Jingdong Finance (:jr.jd./).

What account disputes should I be wary of when buying a second-hand house? Ten points for attention in second-hand housing transactions:

1. Is the property right of the house clear?

Some houses have multiple owners, such as heirs, families and couples. To this end, the buyer should sign a house sales contract with all owners. If only some * * * people dispose of the property owned by * * without authorization, the sales contract signed by the buyer with other * * * people is generally invalid.

Second, is the land situation clear?

Second-hand housing buyers should pay attention to the nature of land use, whether it is allocation or transfer. The allocated land is generally used free of charge and can also be recovered free of charge. Transfer means that the owner has paid the land transfer fee and the buyer enjoys more complete rights to the house. Also pay attention to the service life of the land. If the land use right of a house is only 40 years and the owner has used it for more than ten years, then it is a bit uneconomical for the buyer to measure whether it should be based on the price of commercial housing with the land use right of the same lot for 70 years.

Third, whether the transaction house is being rented.

Some second-hand houses have a material burden when they are transferred, that is, they are also rented by others. If buyers only look at the property ownership certificate and pay attention to the transfer procedures, but not whether there is a lease, then it is very likely that buyers will get a property that cannot be moved in or used in time. Because our country, including most countries, recognizes that "buying and selling does not break the lease", that is to say, the house sales contract cannot compete with the previous lease contract. This point is ignored by many buyers and intermediary companies in practice, and is also used by many sellers, which leads to more disputes.

4. Whether the house formalities are complete.

The real estate license is the only proof that the owner owns the house. There is a great risk for the buyer not to get the house if he conducts the house transaction without the real estate license. The owner can mortgage or resell the real estate license, even if it is not obtained in the future, the owner can mortgage and resell it. Therefore, it is best to choose a house with real estate license for trading.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Is welfare home legal?

Housing reform, housing projects and affordable housing are all welfare housing policies, which will be subject to certain restrictions when they are transferred. Moreover, these houses have certain national regulations on the nature of land and the scope of housing ownership, and buyers should avoid conflicts between sales contracts and national laws when purchasing.

6. Whether the property management fee is in arrears.

Some owners have long been in arrears in property management fees, electricity fees and gas (natural gas, heating and gas) fees when they transfer their ownership, and have already owed a lot of fees. The buyer bought the house without knowing it, and the buyer may have to bear all the expenses.

Seven. Does municipal planning have an impact?

Some homeowners may be eager to sell their second-hand houses because they know that their houses will be demolished in about 5 to 10 years, or that high-rise houses will be built near their houses, which may affect the municipal planning conditions such as lighting and price. As a buyer, you should fully understand the details when buying.

Eight, whether the unit housing infringement.

The housing of general units includes cost employee housing and standard employee housing. The nature of the two plots of land is allocated, and the land use fee should be paid when transferring. Furthermore, for the standard-priced housing, the general unit enjoys part of the property rights, and the unit enjoys the preemptive right when the employees transfer their ownership. If the buyer does not pay attention to these, it may infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of the unit together with the owner.

Nine, whether the intermediary company violates the rules.

Some intermediary companies provide intermediary services in violation of regulations, such as providing zero down payment service for buyers when lending second-hand houses, that is, all the money paid by buyers can be defrauded from banks. Buyers think they have taken advantage. I don't know if the bank finds out, all the responsibilities may be borne by him.

X. Is the contract clear?

Although the second-hand housing sales contract does not need to be as comprehensive as the commercial housing sales contract, it should also clearly stipulate some details, such as contract subject, rights protection, housing price, transaction mode, liability for breach of contract, dispute settlement, signing date and so on.

What should vitiligo patients be wary of when taking a bath? Hello, when vitiligo patients take a bath, cosmetics and the like have little contact with leukoplakia. Blue oxygen is aimed at whitening blood, and vitiligo is treated from the blood of vitiligo. Through the super oxidation of blue oxygen, the tyrosinase activity factor can be quickly awakened, the tyrosinase activity in serum can be stimulated, and the chromosome can be catalyzed to produce nutrients needed by melanocytes under the tyrosinase reaction, thus promoting the synthesis of melanin, thus completely curing the disease.

What problems should diabetic lower extremity edema be alert to? Aunt Zhang and Aunt Li used to work in the same textile factory. After retirement, the old sisters who have known each other for many years have never broken contact. They meet once in a while, and there are always endless topics to talk about every time. A few years ago, diabetes visited the old sisters one after another. Since then, the topics they met have focused on diabetes, from symptoms to diet and medication. On this day, Aunt Li went to chat with the Zhang family again. Aunt Zhang said that she always felt bored recently, her eyelids and calves were swollen, and her fingers were pressed into a pit. I wonder if there is something wrong with her kidney. Aunt Li took over and said that she had recently added a new disease-hypertension. After taking antihypertensive drugs for a period of time, her blood pressure at least stabilized, but her ankle also became edema. The shoes that used to fit her well are no longer worn. Two old sisters chatted and wondered, we both have diabetes, and now we both have edema of lower limbs, which seems to be related to diabetes. When they meet, they should go to the hospital for a check-up and see what is going on. After hospital examination, Aunt Zhang's urine protein was positive, and the edema was related to hypoproteinemia caused by diabetic nephropathy. She needs a low-protein diet, strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure and blood lipid, and kidney-protecting treatment with Chinese medicine. Aunt Li has negative urine protein and normal renal function. Her edema is related to taking nifedipine, a antihypertensive drug. As long as she stops using this antihypertensive drug and uses other antihypertensive drugs (such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors), the edema will disappear. Experts interpret edema as a pathological phenomenon of excessive effusion in interstitial tissue, especially in lower limbs. Except for a few reasons, edema of lower limbs in diabetic patients is mostly related to various chronic complications of diabetes, which is a sign of many chronic complications. Commonly seen in the following situations: 1, diabetes complicated with renal insufficiency Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of lower extremity edema in diabetic patients. When diabetic patients have renal damage, edema of lower limbs, eyelids and face is caused by a large amount of urine protein leakage, decreased glomerular filtration rate and severe hypoproteinemia, and systemic edema may occur in severe cases. Protein and cast can be seen in patients' urine routine examination, and the increase of renal function indexes (such as creatinine and urea nitrogen) can be used for differentiation. 2, diabetes complicated with heart disease Diabetes is prone to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and cardiomyopathy. In severe cases, cardiac insufficiency (especially right cardiac insufficiency) can cause systemic blood stasis and water and sodium retention, leading to jugular vein dilatation, hepatosplenomegaly and symmetrical edema of both lower limbs. Such patients are often accompanied by cardiovascular symptoms such as palpitation, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and ischemic changes in ECG, which can be distinguished. 3, diabetes complicated with peripheral neuropathy Diabetic neuropathic edema is more common in both lower limbs, which is related to * * * and activity. This is because the autonomic nerve (mainly sympathetic nerve) is damaged, which leads to the expansion and congestion of peripheral blood vessels and the congestion and edema of veins of both lower limbs; In addition, neurotrophic disorder leads to the increase of local capillary permeability and edema of lower limbs. Edema caused by diabetic neuropathy is often accompanied by numbness, pain, sock-like hypoesthesia and other symptoms, which can be distinguished. 4. Diabetes complicated with vascular diseases of lower limbs When patients have venous diseases of lower limbs (such as deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs and venous valve insufficiency) leading to venous reflux obstruction and venous hypertension, edema of lower limbs may occur, but it is often unilateral edema. 5. Patients with diabetic foot infection have foot skin injury and infection, and local inflammatory reaction can also lead to edema. Such patients are often accompanied by acute inflammatory manifestations such as local skin temperature increase, skin redness and pain. 6, diabetes complicated with severe malnutrition Some diabetic patients, due to long-term excessive dieting, calorie and protein intake is seriously insufficient, leading to hypoproteinemia and dystrophic edema. 7, drug factors Some hypoglycemic drugs and antihypertensive drugs can cause water and sodium retention, leading to edema of the lower limbs. The former is insulin and thiazolidinediones (such as rosiglitazone and pyrrolidone); The latter is calcium antagonist (such as nifedipine, amlodipine, etc. ). Its * * * same feature is edema after taking medicine, which disappears quickly after stopping taking medicine. 8. Diabetes complicated with hypothyroidism Some diabetic patients (especially elderly female patients) are also complicated with hypothyroidism, which can cause mucinous edema of lower limbs or face, showing that there is no concave change when pressing the edema with fingers. In addition, patients with hypothyroidism often have symptoms such as fatigue, lethargy, fear of cold, bradycardia and constipation. Examination shows that thyroid function (FT3, FT4) is low, which can be distinguished. 9. Idiopathic edema When female diabetic patients have edema of lower limbs, attention should be paid to excluding "idiopathic edema". This kind of edema mostly occurs in childbearing age, and patients are often accompanied by neurosis. The occurrence of edema is often related to menstrual cycle. Positive "still water test" will be helpful for the diagnosis of idiopathic edema. Other diabetic patients, such as those with chronic liver disease, may also have edema of lower limbs. Patients with chronic liver diseases (such as anorexia, liver disease, liver palm, spider nevus, jaundice, etc.). ) and abnormal liver function can be distinguished by B-ultrasound examination of liver and gallbladder. In short, there are many reasons for diabetic edema, which should be analyzed according to the specific situation of patients, so as to find out the reasons and provide targeted treatment. Attachment: Drink1000 ml after urinating on an empty stomach in the morning; ; In the state of standing activity, urinate once every hour for 4 consecutive times, and calculate the total urine volume. Drinking1000 ml; The next day; In resting position, urinate once every hour for 4 consecutive times, and calculate the total urine volume. Comparing the results of the two measurements, if the standing urine volume is less than 50% of the lying urine volume, it is positive.