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Edison was a great electrician and inventor. He was born in Mylan, Ohio, USA. He has worked in his father's timber factory since he was a child. Because of his poor family, he only studied at school for three months in his life. But he loved science since he was a child, taught himself hard and was addicted to invention and creation. The number of officially registered inventions reached 1328, and he was called the king of inventions in the world. His invention depends not only on intelligence, but also on hard scientific practice. For example, when he invented the electric light, he used 200 notebooks to collect information alone; In order to find a suitable filament, we used copper wire, platinum wire and other materials 1600, as well as hair and various bamboo wires. Finally, we selected a kind of bamboo filament from Japan, which became the original filament after burning and carbonization. As he himself said, "Invention is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration."

American inventor. In history, it is famous for establishing factory laboratories and opening up ways to closely combine technology development with scientific research. 1847 February 1 1 Born in Mylan, Ohio, a Dutch immigrant family. 193 1 year1October 18 died in west orange, new jersey. I had only three months of formal education when I was young. From the age of 12, he worked as a newsboy, vendor and telegraph operator to make a living. Influenced by M Faraday, he engaged in electrical experimental research and invention all his life. 1868, he invented a ballot recorder and tried to sell it to congress, but it was not adopted. Edison's first invention did not find a market, which made him pay more attention to the practicality of the invention. 1869, Edison moved from Boston to new york. He improved the telegraph of Gold Index Telegraph Company, which was appreciated by the company manager and was hired with a monthly salary of 300 dollars (which was a very high monthly salary at that time). 1870, he moved to New Jersey and began his period of efficient invention. 1874 improved the typewriter. 1876, a carbon microphone was added to the telephone invented by a g bell, which improved the reception of sound.

1876, he founded his own famous laboratory. In this laboratory, he broke the tradition that a single scientist engaged in research alone, and organized a group of professionals (including N Tesla and others) who worked together to formulate topics and assign tasks, and worked together on an invention, thus creating the correct way of modern scientific research. 1877, he invented the phonograph and made him famous all over the world. 1878 started the research of incandescent lamp. After more than ten months of repeated failures, the incandescent carbon filament lamp was successfully lit on June 1879 and June 65438+1October 2 1, and it was lit stably for two whole days. 1882, the world's second public thermal power plant was established in Pearl Street, new york, and the electric lighting system in new york was established, which became the prototype of modern power system. The realization of electric lighting not only greatly improves people's production and working conditions, but also indicates the arrival of the electrification era of daily life. 1883, when Edison was testing a vacuum bulb, he happened to find a current passing between the cold electrode and the hot electrode. This phenomenon was later called Edison effect, which became the basis of electron tube and electronic industry. 1887, he moved to west orange, and in the same year, he founded a larger laboratory with updated equipment in the city, namely the famous Edison laboratory (later called the invention factory). Here, according to the invention of G. Hysmans, I made my own camera. 19 14 years, the earliest sound film system was made with phonograph and camera. In his later years, his inventions and innovations included batteries, cement mixers, recording telephones, duplex and multiplex telegraph systems and railway brakes. During the First World War, he was the chairman of Ren Haijun's Technical Advisory Committee, directed the research on torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment, and invented dozens of weapons. To this end, the US government awarded him the 1920 Medal of Outstanding Service, and the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor. 1928, the US Congress awarded him the Medal of Honor. Edison and his laboratory obtained 1093 invention patents all their lives. Edison made many inventions in his life, but after all, he lacked systematic scientific knowledge, so he could not make a correct judgment on the development of modern technology. At the end of 19, AC transmission system appeared, but he still insisted on DC transmission, and lost the contract to build Niagara Hydropower Station in the fierce competition with G. westinghouse; His laboratory blindly trial-produced magnetic mineral processing equipment, exhausted the funds obtained from the invention of electric light, and finally had to give up. However, Edison's contribution to the development of electric power, the manufacture of electrical appliances and the popularization of electric energy applications made him one of the greatest inventors in human history.

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Albert Einstein, the greatest physicist in the 20th century, was born in Ulm, southwest Germany, on March 1879, and moved to Munich with his family a year later. Einstein's parents were Jews. His father Herman Einstein and his uncle Jacob Einstein jointly opened an electrical appliance factory to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Mother Pauline, a housewife with secondary education, likes music very much and taught Einstein to play the violin when he was six years old. Einstein was not lively when he was a child, and he couldn't speak when he was over three years old. His parents were worried that he was dumb and took him to see a doctor. Fortunately, Einstein was not dumb, but he didn't speak fluently until he was nine years old. Everything he says must be carefully thought over. At the age of four or five, Einstein was once ill in bed, and his father gave him a compass. When he found that the compass always pointed in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something hidden behind this phenomenon. He happily played with the compass for several days, pestering his father and uncle Jacob to ask a series of questions. Although he can't even say the word "magnetic" well, he stubbornly wants to know why the compass can guide the direction. This deep and lasting impression was vividly recalled by Einstein until he was 67 years old. When Einstein was in primary school and middle school, his homework was normal. Because he is slow and doesn't like people, his teachers and classmates don't like him. The teachers who taught him Greek and Latin hated him even more. He once publicly scolded him: "Einstein, you will never be a successful person when you grow up." And I want to kick him out of school for fear that his class will affect other students. Einstein's uncle Jacob is in charge of technical affairs in the electric appliance factory, while Einstein's father is in charge of business contact. Jacob is an engineer. He loves mathematics very much. When Einstein came to ask him questions, he always introduced his mathematics knowledge to him in very simple and popular language. Under the influence of his uncle, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. My father's business is not good, but he is optimistic and kind. Inviting poor students from Munich to dinner at home every night is tantamount to helping them. One of them is a pair of Jewish brothers Max and Bernard from Lithuania. They are all medical students. They like reading books and have a wide range of interests. They were invited to eat at Einstein's house and became good friends with shy little Einstein with black hair and brown eyes. Max can be said to be Einstein's "first teacher". He lent him some popular natural science books. When Einstein was twelve years old, Max gave him a plane geometry textbook from speke. Einstein recalled this sacred little book in his later years and said, "There are many conclusions in this book, such as that the three heights of a triangle intersect at one point. Although they are not obvious in themselves, they can be reliably proved, so any doubt seems impossible. This clarity and reliability left an indescribable impression on me. " Einstein was also very lucky to know the main achievements and methods in the field of natural science from an excellent popular reading. Popular reading not only increased Einstein's knowledge, but also touched the curious heartstrings of young people and caused him to think deeply about the problem. At the age of sixteen, Einstein applied for the engineering department of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland, but failed in the entrance examination. He accepted the suggestion of Professor Weber, the president of the Federal Institute of Technology and a famous physicist in the school, and completed the middle school course in Arau, Switzerland, with a view to obtaining a middle school degree. 1896 5438+00 In June, Einstein stepped into the school gate of Zurich University of Technology and studied mathematics and physics in the normal department. He is very disgusted with the indoctrination education in school, which makes people have no time and interest to think about other problems. Fortunately, compulsory education that stifles real scientific motivation is much less in Zurich Federal Institute of Technology than in other universities. Einstein made full use of the free air in the school and devoted himself to the subject he loved. At school, he widely read the works of masters of physics such as Helmholtz and Hertz, and he was most fascinated by Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. He has the ability of self-study, the habit of analyzing problems and the ability of independent thinking. Early work 1900, Einstein graduated from Zurich University of Technology. He was refused to stay in school because he was not enthusiastic about some courses and indifferent to the teachers. He couldn't find a job and made a living as a tutor and substitute teacher. After a year and a half of unemployment, Marcel Grossman, a classmate who cares about and understands his talent, extended a helping hand to him. Grossman managed to persuade his father to introduce Einstein to the Swiss Patent Office as a technician. Einstein thanked Grossman for his lifelong help. In his mourning letter to Grossman, he said that when he graduated from college, he was "suddenly abandoned by everyone and faced with life at a loss." He helped me. Through him and his father, I later went to Haller (then director of the Swiss Patent Office) and entered the patent office. It's kind of like saving my life. Without him, I probably won't starve to death, but my spirit will be depressed. "1902 February 2 1 day, Einstein obtained Swiss nationality and moved to Bern, waiting for the recruitment of the patent office. 1902 On June 23rd, Einstein was officially employed as a third-class technician by the Patent Office, whose job was to examine all kinds of technological inventions applying for patent rights. 1903 married mileva Malik, a college classmate. From 1900 to 1904, Einstein wrote a paper every year and published it in the German journal of physics. The first two articles are about the thermodynamics of liquid level and electrolysis, trying to give chemistry a mechanical basis. Later, it was found that this road was not feasible, and the mechanical basis of thermodynamics was studied instead. 190 1 put forward some basic theories of statistical mechanics, and three papers from 1902 to 1904 all belong to this field. 1904 seriously discusses the fluctuation phenomenon predicted by statistical mechanics and finds that energy fluctuation depends on Boltzmann constant. It not only applies this result to mechanical systems and thermal phenomena, but also boldly applies it to radiation phenomena, and obtains the fluctuation formula of radiation energy, thus deducing Wien's displacement law. The study of fluctuation phenomenon made him make a major breakthrough in both radiation theory and molecular motion theory in 1905. 1905 miracle 1905, Einstein created an unprecedented miracle in the history of science. This year, he wrote six papers. During the half year from March to September, he made four epoch-making contributions in three fields in his spare time besides working eight hours a day in the patent office. He published four important papers on quantum theory of light, molecular size measurement, Brownian motion theory and special relativity. 1905 In March, Einstein sent the paper he thought was correct to the editorial department of the German Journal of Physics. He said shyly to the editor, "I will be very happy if you can find room for me to publish this paper in your annual report." This "embarrassing" paper is called "Speculative Views on the Generation and Transformation of Light". In this paper, the quantum concept put forward by Planck in 1900 is extended to the propagation of light in space, and the optical quantum hypothesis is put forward. It is considered that: for time average, light behaves as fluctuation; For instantaneous values, light appears as particles. This is the first time in history to reveal the unity of fluctuation of microscopic objects and particles, that is, wave-particle duality. At the end of this article, he explained the photoelectric effect with the concept of optical quantum, and deduced the relationship between the maximum energy of photoelectrons and the frequency of incident light. This relationship was not confirmed by Millikan's experiment until 10 years later. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for his achievement of "the discovery of the law of photoelectric effect". But this is really just the beginning. Albert Einstein went hand in hand in the fields of light, heat and electrophysics, and it was out of control. 1905 In April, Einstein completed a new method to determine the molecular size, and in May, he completed the movement of suspended particles in still liquid required by the theory of thermomolecular motion. These are two papers about Brownian motion. Einstein's purpose at that time was to determine the actual size of molecules by observing the irregular motion of suspended particles caused by the fluctuation of molecular motion, thus solving the problem of whether atoms exist in scientific and philosophical circles for more than half a century. Three years later, French physicist Perrin confirmed Einstein's theoretical prediction with accurate experiments. This justifies the objective existence of atoms and molecules, which also makes ostwald, the German chemist who is most firmly opposed to the founder of atomism and energy theory, take the initiative to announce in 1908 that "the atomic hypothesis has become a scientific theory with a solid foundation". 1In June, 905, Einstein finished his long paper "On Electrodynamics of Transport Bodies" which initiated a new era in physics, and put forward the special theory of relativity completely. This is the result of Einstein's brewing and exploration in 10, which largely solved the crisis of classical physics at the end of 19, changed the space-time view of Newtonian mechanics, exposed the equivalence of matter and energy, and created a brand-new world of physics, which is the greatest revolution in the field of modern physics. Special relativity can not only explain all phenomena that classical physics can explain, but also explain some physical phenomena that classical physics can't, and predict many new effects. The most important conclusion of the special theory of relativity is that the principle of conservation of mass has lost its independence and merged with the law of conservation of energy, so that mass and energy can be transformed into each other. Others include the slow scale of the clock, the constant speed of light, the zero rest mass of photons and so on. Classical mechanics has become the limit case of relativistic mechanics at low speed. So mechanics and electromagnetism are unified on the basis of kinematics. 1905 In September, Einstein wrote a short article, is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? ",as the inference of relativity. Mass-energy equivalence is the theoretical basis of nuclear physics and particle physics, and it also paved the way for the release and utilization of nuclear energy in the 1940s.