What were the buildings and facilities in the outer city, inner city, imperial city, and palace city of Beijing in the Qing Dynasty?

Beijing has nine inner gates, seven outer gates, and four imperial gates. The outer nine gates are Zhengyangmen, Chongwenmen, Andingmen, Xuanwumen, Deshengmen, Dongzhimen, Xizhimen, Chaoyangmen and Fuchengmen. Chaoyang Gate: It was called Qihua Gate in the Yuan Dynasty. All the grains from the nine warehouses inside the gate were transported from this gate. Therefore, there is a bunch of grains engraved in the Wengcheng Gate. During the festival of filling warehouses in Kyoto, there is an endless stream of grain trucks coming and going. "Chaoyang Sui" is the first welcoming god for the transportation of grain from the south to the north. Grain truck. In those days, there was no rail transportation. Grain produced in the south must be transported to Beijing through the Tonghui River and transported by water to Tongzhou (now Tong County) east of Beijing. By the way, Tongzhou is divided into Nantong Prefecture and Beitong Prefecture. There is a famous pair "Nantong Prefecture, Beitong Prefecture, South Tongzhou, North Tongzhou and North Tong Prefecture," which is what it means. After the grain arrives in Tongzhou, it is loaded into trucks and sent to the city. The way into the city is through Chaoyang Gate. Therefore, on the top of the city gate of Chaoyang Gate, there is a grain ear carved on it. After the grain enters Chaoyang Gate, it is stored in a nearby granary. Nowadays, the place names in Chaoyangmen include "Lumi Cang", "Haiyun Cang", "New Taicang", etc., which were all warehouses where grain was stored.

Chongwenmen: It was called Wenmingmen in the Yuan Dynasty, and is commonly known as "Hadaimen" and "Haidaimen". Chongwenmen is famous for the iron turtle that holds the sea inside Zhenhai Temple at the left end of Wengcheng. In addition, the harsh tax customs at Chongwenmen also made foreign merchants intimidated. The name "Chongwen Iron Turtle" is known throughout Kyoto. Take the wine cart, and there is a wine road outside the city. Most of the fine wines in those days were transported from Zhuozhou, Hebei and other places. Naturally, you have to take the south road to enter Beijing. The truck transporting wine first entered Zuo'anmen in the outer city, and then went to Chongwenmen to pay taxes. In the Qing Dynasty, the signboards selling liquor in the capital had to read "Nanlu Shaojiu", which meant that I had paid taxes and my liquor was not pirated. Of course, there was no property rights at that time, haha. One of the Yangliuqing paintings of the late Qing Dynasty is called "Evening Crossing on the Autumn River". It has a picture of a wine shop with the words "South Road" and "Yu Jiu" written on it, which reflects the good custom of paying taxes to all people. In the past, outside Chongwen Gate, there was an iron turtle in the northeast, with a very simple shape. It is said that there was an eye of the sea under the bridge of this section of the moat, so people used a turtle to calm the eye of the sea and protect the safety of Beijing.

Zhengyangmen: It was called Li Zhengmen in the Yuan Dynasty, and commonly known as "Qianmen" by people in Beijing. It echoes Di'anmen (commonly known as the back door) from the north to the south. The Guandi Temple in Wengcheng is the first of the nine gates, so it is called "Zhengyang Guandi". Zhengyangmen is also known as the "Guomen" because the emperor's dragon carriage enters and exits through this gate. Take the "dragon carriage". Zhengyang Gate is located in the middle of the south wall of the inner city. It is exclusively used by the emperor. The emperor goes out of Zhengyang Gate twice a year. Once in winter, he goes to the Temple of Heaven to worship heaven, and the other time during the Waking of Insects, he goes to Xiannong Altar to plow the fields. For both trips, I had to go through Zhengyangmen. Zhengyangmen is also called Qianmen. It was here that the People's Liberation Army held its city entry ceremony when Peiping was liberated on February 3, 1949. "Daqianmen" cigarettes are also named after this. Do you still remember the pattern on the cigarette box? Yes, that is the majestic Zhengyang Gate. The picture on the reverse is the arrow tower built in the 4th year of Ming Zhengtong (1439).

Xuanwumen: It was called Shunchengmen in the Yuan Dynasty (rumored to be Shunzhimen). Outside Xuanwumen was the Caishikou execution ground. Prison cars often came in and out of this gate, and it was known as the "Death Gate". What is evocative is: the gate on the barbican The noon cannon is fired every day, and the sound shakes Beijing. People in Beijing use this to mark the time, and it is known as "Xuanwu noon cannon". Take the prison car. Because the execution ground was located at Caishikou outside Xuanwumen. After being reviewed and confirmed by the Ministry of Punishment, the prisoner was sent out from Xuanwu Gate and interrogated and executed at Caishikou. Three big characters are engraved on the top of the city gate of Xuanwumen: "It's too late to regret." It doesn't mean it's too late to regret. It's too late to regret if you have to ask and behead it. Caishikou is a downtown area in Beijing. Most people from the southern provinces must pass through here when they cross the Marco Polo Bridge, enter Guang'anmen, and then enter the inner city of Beijing. This place has been a famous place for killing people for a long time. There is no fixed place in Caishikou as the execution ground. Usually, the execution site is set up at the entrance of merchants or pharmacies on the north side of Caishikou Road. At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, the Prime Minister of the Song Dynasty, who had been imprisoned by the Yuan Dynasty rulers for four years, was finally killed in Caishikou because he refused to surrender. On the execution ground, he solemnly said to the executioner: "What I could do for the Song Dynasty has finally been done." Then he died generously. Tan Sitong, one of the Six Gentlemen of 1898, once shouted out his heroic last words here: "If you are determined to kill the thief, you will be unable to save yourself. You will die well and be happy." This added a chilling atmosphere to the execution ground.

Fucheng Gate: It was Pingze Gate in the Yuan Dynasty. It is far away from the Chaoyang Gate on the east and west sides. It is located in Mentougou in the west of Beijing. Most of the coal trucks in the Zhaitang enter and leave through this gate. Therefore, the Wengcheng Gate was engraved with donations from coal inn merchants. A bouquet of plum blossoms is recorded. "Plum" and "coal" are homophonic. Whenever the north wind whistles, the sky becomes white, and everyone around the oven praises: "Fucheng plum blossoms herald a warm spring." Take the coal car. Because the Mentougou area to the west of Beijing is a coal-producing area, all the coal used in Beijing is transported there. If coal from Mentougou wants to enter Beijing, the nearest gate is Fucheng Gate.

Xizhimen: Known as Heyimen in the Yuan Dynasty, it is the sister gate of Dongzhimen. Everyone knows the legend of "Gao Liang rushing water", and the water chariots from Yuquan Mountain to the Imperial City all use this gate. Therefore, there is a white marble stone carving with water patterns carved in the entrance of Weng City. Everyone in Beijing knows "Xizhi Water Pattern". Waterwheel. The gate opening of Xizhimen is carved with water ripples. The emperors in the past did not drink the water in the city because they thought the water in the city was bitter, so they drank the water from Yuquan Mountain. Listen, Yuquan Mountain, this water makes people feel sweet. Emperor Qianlong once praised the spring in Yuquan Mountain in Beijing as the best spring in the world. This is not a legend. Now that science has advanced, people specially sent this water for identification. It is true that there are few impurities and the taste is pure.

Desheng Gate: In the Yuan Dynasty, it was Jiande Gate, which was the gate for sending troops to fight, with the word "Desheng" as its message. In the forty-three years of Qianlong's reign, there was a severe drought and no harvest. At the end of the year, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty went to Mingling Mausoleum. When he arrived at Deshengmen, there was heavy snowfall. After a year of summer heat, Emperor Gaozong Longyan Dayue wrote an imperial poem and set up a stele "Praying for Snow". The stele tower with a yellow roof is so tall that it is difficult to compare with the stone carvings of other gates. Therefore, it is called: "Desheng prays for snow". Troop vehicle. According to the constellations in the north, it belongs to Xuanwu. Xuanwu is in charge of weapons, so when sending troops to fight, they usually leave the city from the north gate. The reason why it is named Deshengmen. There is a cannon placed on the city wall east of Deshengmen. However, this cannon is not used for fighting, but for telling the time. Every day at noon, artillery blasts were fired at Deshengmen and Xuanwumen at the same time, and the people in the city listened to the cannons and kept track of the time. However, people in Beijing call it "Xuanwu Wu Pao" but not "Desheng Wu Pao". It may be because Xuanwumen always kills people at noon, and the heads fall to the ground when the cannon fires, which is more famous than Deshengmen. The treasures in Deshengmen Urn City should be the stele pavilion standing in the middle. In the pavilion stands a tall stone tablet, engraved with an imperial poem written by Emperor Qianlong when he was sixty-two years old (1797). The then Supreme Emperor recalled the turbulent years of the past and expressed his pride in the word "Desheng".

Andingmen: It was called Anzhenmen in the Yuan Dynasty. This gate is the gate for returning troops after victory in the war. Eight of the nine gates in Kyoto have Guandi temples built inside the urn city. Only the Anding gate has the Zhenwu temple built inside it. It is unique among the gates. From the photo taken in 1924, it can be seen , the building is clean and the layout is concise. "Anding Zhenwu" has a unique style among various sects. Which bus takes you to Andingmen? The saying in Beijing is that the military chariots returned to the city through Andingmen - if you send out troops to win, if you withdraw your troops, peace will naturally prevail. What if we lose the battle? Look, you are making excuses again. Even if you lose the battle, you have to go back to Andingmen. I didn’t win this time, and it won’t be too late to settle down next time. There is also a saying that all the elite soldiers of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty were camped at Andingmen, so they returned here. In fact, that's not the case at all. The Qing Dynasty implemented a city system divided into banners and civilians in Beijing. The Eight Banners are divided into Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Eight Banners. The eight colors are yellow, white, red, blue and bordered with yellow, bordered with white, bordered with red and bordered with blue. After the Eight Banners officers and soldiers and their families entered Beijing, the Qing government ordered that the houses in the inner city be enclosed for the bannermen to live in. Han people and Hui people who used to live in the inner city all moved to the outer city. The inner city is centered on the Imperial City, and is divided into four corners by eight flags - the two yellow flags are located in the north: the Xianghuang Banner is stationed in Anding Gate, and the Zhenghuang Banner is stationed in Desheng Gate; the two white flags are located in the east: the Xiangbai Banner is stationed in Chaoyang Gate, and the Zhengbai Banner is stationed in Inside the Dongzhi Gate; two red flags are located in the west: the Bordered Red Flag is stationed in Fucheng Gate, and the Zhenghong Flag is stationed in Xizhi Gate; the two blue flags are located in the south: the Bordered Blue Flag is stationed in Xuanwu Gate, and the Zhenglan Banner is stationed in Chongwen Gate. There is no need to withdraw all the troops and go through the Anding Gate. In fact, Andingmen uses dung trucks because the area near the Temple of Ditan used to be the main dung dump in Beijing. The reason why it is said that it is a military vehicle returning to the city is actually a kind of elegance of the name, just like Shoupi Hutong was changed to Shoubi Hutong, Shoupi Factory was changed to Shoubi Hutong, Niuti Hutong was changed to Liuti Hutong, and Dung Factory Courtyard Changing it to Fenzhang Courtyard has the same meaning.

Dongzhimen: Yuan Chongren Gate, this gate is the poorest of the nine gates in Beijing. It is mainly occupied by pot kiln vendors in the suburbs and daily necessities. However, the statue of the King of Medicine in the Wengcheng Temple is extremely detailed. , the city people call it "Dongzhi Statue". Take brick and lumber carts. In the past, brick kilns were all located outside Dongzhimen, and wood shipped from the south also entered the city through Dongzhimen.

In fact, Dongzhimen not only carries brick and lumber carts, it also carries all kinds of trucks. If I had to give it a name, it would be Dongzhimen carries ordinary people’s cars. The earliest Dongzhimen Street is actually the current Dongzhimen Street. The whole street is about three miles long. The ground is paved with stone pavement. There are more than 150 buying and selling shops in one street. After passing the ice cellar entrance, Chami Oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea, as long as they are necessary for ordinary people's daily life, whether for food or use, you can find them on this street.