Anhui Teachers’ Comprehensive Educational Knowledge Test Points (3)

Anhui Teachers’ Comprehensive Educational Knowledge Test Points (3)

Main Schools of Psychology

1. Advocating Research Awareness

(1) Structural psychology school—Wundt and Titchener. Basic viewpoints: ① Psychology should study human direct experience, that is, consciousness, and divide human experience into three elements: feeling, imagery and passionate state; ② Use introspection to find out the basic elements that constitute human psychology and their composition Laws of complex psychological processes. In short, this school advocates the study of consciousness and advocates the decomposition of consciousness to study its structure.

(2) Functionalist school of psychology - James, Dewey and Angel. Basic viewpoints: ① advocates the study of consciousness, but does not regard consciousness as a collection of individual psychological elements, but a continuous process (stream of consciousness;) ② emphasizes that the role of consciousness is to adapt the organism to the environment. Therefore, this school still emphasizes the study of consciousness and focuses more on the study of the functions of consciousness.

(3) Gestalt Psychology School (Gestalt Psychology) - Wertheimer, Koller, Koffka. This school advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole and opposes the decomposition of consciousness.

(4) School of Psychoanalysis-Freud. Freud proposed the subconscious; advocated the three levels of personality structure; advocated the theory of sexual desire.

2. Oppose the study of consciousness and advocate the study of behavior

Behaviorism school - Watson. Basic viewpoints: ① The book "Psychology from a Behaviorist's Perspective" announced the birth of behaviorism (known as the "first revolution"); ② Opposes the study of consciousness and directly studies behavior; ③ Opposes introspection, Advocates the use of experimental methods for objective research.

3. Oppose behaviorism and emphasize the active role of consciousness

The modern cognitive school is also called information processing psychology - Neisser and Piaget. Basic viewpoints: ① The publication of the book "Cognitive Psychology" by the American psychologist Neisser marks that cognitive psychology has become an independent school; (the rise of cognitive psychology is called "the first step in the history of the development of psychology". "The Second Revolution") ② emphasizes the initiative of consciousness and human subjective initiative; ③ advocates taking the information processing perspective as the core.

4. Independent from psychoanalysis and cognitive behaviorism theory

Humanistic psychology - Rogers and Maslow. Humanism attaches great importance to people's own value and advocates giving full play to people's potential.

To sum up, the relationship between these major schools of psychology mostly appears in the form of objective questions. Candidates need to correspond one-to-one with the theoretical names, representative figures and basic viewpoints. Let us do a few questions to consolidate this knowledge point.

1. ( ) believes that what learners learn is the relative relationship of the entire stimulus situation rather than the characteristics of a single stimulus.

A. Gestalt learning theory B. Behaviorism-stimulus C. Thorndike's trial-and-error learning theory D. Simon's narrow psychological theory

1. Answer A . Analysis: Gestalt psychology (Gestalt psychology) advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole and opposes the decomposition of consciousness.

2. Different schools of psychology focus on different things. Constructivist psychology mainly studies the elements of human psychology, Gestalt psychology advocates studying psychological phenomena as a whole, and behaviorism mainly studies ().

A. The function of psychology in adapting to the environment B. The basic elements that constitute consciousness C. The relationship between stimulation and response D. The relationship between environment and people

2. Answer C . Analysis: The psychological function of option A in adapting to the environment is functionalism; the basic elements of consciousness in option B are studied by constructivism; the relationship between environment and people in option D is studied by environmental psychology and ecological psychology; behaviorism The school of thought mainly studies the relationship between stimulation and response, so choose C for this question.

3. (True or False Question) Functionalist psychology opposes the analysis of consciousness as elements, and emphasizes the significance of psychology as a whole and an organization. ( )

3. Answer×. Analysis: Functionalist psychology opposes the analysis of consciousness as elements and emphasizes psychology as an ongoing process.

The social attributes of education

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1. Education is eternal

Education is a social phenomenon unique to human beings. As long as human beings As long as society exists, education exists. This is mainly reflected in the fact that education perishes and emerges with the demise of "human society", and is not a country or a nation. This is also determined by the social nature of education. The eternity of education is determined by the functions of education itself. The functions of education are manifested in two aspects:

(1) To enable the younger generation to adapt to the existing productive forces, and education serves as a tool for production struggle;

(2) To enable the younger generation to adapt to the existing production relations. In a class society, education functions as a tool for class struggle. And these two functions will be reflected in any society.

2. Education is historical

In different societies or different historical stages of the same society, the nature, purpose, content, etc. of education are different. This is because education is not only restricted by the productivity of the time, but also by the production relations.

3. Education is relatively independent

The relative independence of education means that education has its own operating rules and development characteristics, which are specifically reflected in the following aspects:

(1) Education is qualitatively prescriptive

The qualitative prescriptiveness of education is that education is a social practice that consciously transmits social experience to the educated to cultivate people.

(2) Education has historical inheritance

The historical inheritance of education means that education in different historical periods follows one after another. Education in the latter period is the inheritance and development of education in the previous period. Specifically, the historical inheritance of education is mainly reflected in: first, the inheritance of educational content; second, the inheritance of educational methods.

(3) The imbalance between education and the development of social productivity and political and economic systems

The development of education and productivity and the changes in political and economic systems are not completely synchronized: education is relatively independent of productivity level of development; education is relatively independent of the political and economic system.

Points of confusion

Historicity: different points in different periods

The so-called historicity refers to different historical stages, and the purpose and content of education are different. Same. For example, in feudal society, the main content of school education was the Four Books and Five Classics. However, in our current country, the main content of primary and secondary education is the comprehensive development of morality, intelligence, physical education, and art. Therefore, historical emphasis is on the differences in different stages.

Historical inheritance: similarities in different periods

Historical inheritance, in connotation, emphasizes inheritance more. For example, benevolence, justice, propriety, wisdom, and trust have been passed down from ancient society to the present. Therefore, historical inheritance talks about the similarities in different stages.

Exercise questions:

1. The country perishes and education disappears. (Wrong); Analysis: Education has eternity. Human society will still exist even if the country perishes, so this statement is wrong.

2. The relationship between education and economic development in Japan and South Korea: education is ahead of economic development, which reflects the (relative independence) of education. Analysis: The development of education and productivity and the changes in the political and economic system are not completely synchronized: education is relatively independent of the development level of productivity; education is relatively independent of the political and economic system.

Note: The above content has been expanded and extended on the basis of the comprehensive knowledge content of teacher-taught textbooks. Everyone should use the textbooks as the basis, prepare carefully for the exam, consolidate knowledge points, master question-answering skills, and compete in the 2019 teacher recruitment exam. !

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Relying on a complete training system, curriculum development capabilities and sense of responsibility, candidates can learn something within a limited time, and are widely praised by candidates and trusted by parents.