How to develop Chinese medicine?

Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history. As early as ancient times, our ancestors created primitive medicine in the struggle with nature. In the process of searching for food, people find that certain foods can alleviate or eliminate certain diseases, which is the origin of the discovery and application of traditional Chinese medicine; On the basis of heating by fire, it is found that some diseases can be eliminated by wrapping hides and barks with hot stones or sand for local heating. Through repeated practice and improvement, hot ironing and moxibustion gradually appeared. In the process of using stone tools as production tools, it is found that one part of the human body can relieve the pain of another part after being stabbed, thus creating a method of treatment with stone needles and bone needles, and gradually developing into acupuncture therapy on this basis, thus forming the meridian theory. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from the summary of practice and is constantly enriched and developed in practice. As early as more than two thousand years ago, Huangdi Neijing, the earliest extant monograph of TCM theory in China, came out. This book systematically summarizes the previous treatment experience and medical theory, combined with other natural science achievements at that time, using simple materialism and dialectical thinking, comprehensively expounds the anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases, and initially lays the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Difficult Classics is a medical classic written by Qin Yueren before the Han Dynasty, which is comparable to Huangdi Neijing. Its contents also include physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and so on, which supplements the shortcomings of Huangdi Neijing. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, internal and external communications have become increasingly developed, and rhinoceros horn, amber, antelope horn and musk in ethnic minority areas, as well as longan and litchi seed in the South China Sea, have been gradually adopted by mainland doctors. Medicinal materials from Southeast Asia and other places have also continuously entered China, enriching people's understanding of medicinal materials. Shennong Ben Cao Jing is the earliest existing pharmacological monograph in China. It summarizes people's understanding of drugs before the Han Dynasty, includes 365 kinds of drugs, and describes pharmaceutical theories such as monarch, minister, assistant, envoy, harmony of seven emotions, four qi and five flavors. Long-term clinical practice and modern scientific research have proved that most of the functions contained in this book are correct, such as ephedra for asthma, coptis for dysentery and seaweed for gall disease. In the 3rd century A.D., Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases on the basis of in-depth study of classic medical books such as Su Wen, Zhen Jing and Nan Jing, and widely collected effective prescriptions from many people, combined with his own clinical experience. The book distinguishes typhoid fever by six meridians and miscellaneous diseases by viscera, establishes the theoretical system and treatment principles of TCM syndrome differentiation, and lays the foundation for the development of clinical medicine. Later generations divided this book into Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. Among them, Treatise on Febrile Diseases received 1 13 (actually, it was 1 12, because there was no medicine in Yuliang Pill), and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber received 262 prescriptions, with 269 prescriptions collected from two books, which basically summarized the commonly used prescriptions in clinical departments. Huangfu Mi (AD 2 15 ~ 282), a physician in the Western Jin Dynasty, reclassified the basic contents of acupuncture treatment in Su Wen, Zhen Jing and Tang Ming, and compiled Acupuncture A&B Classic 12, 128. This book is the earliest extant professional book on acupuncture in China, including viscera, meridians, acupoints, pathogenesis, diagnosis, acupuncture techniques, acupuncture contraindications, acupoint indications and so on. The book determines the total number of acupoints, including 349 acupoints (including 49 single acupoints and 300 double acupoints), discusses the indications and contraindications of various acupoints, and summarizes the operation methods, which has had a great influence on acupuncture medicine in the world. In 70 1 year, the Japanese government stipulated that this book was a compulsory book for doctors. In 6 10, Chao et al. co-edited Treatise on Diseases and Syndrome, which is the earliest existing monograph on diseases and syndromes in China. The book ***50 volumes, divided into 67 chapters, contains more than 1700 syndromes, and discusses the etiology, pathology and symptoms of internal diseases, external diseases, gynecology, children and five senses respectively. Among them, the etiology and pathogenesis of some diseases are described in detail and scientifically. For example, some parasitic infections have been clearly pointed out to be related to diet; It is believed that taeniasis is caused by eating undercooked meat. Intestinal anastomosis, induced abortion, tooth extraction and other operations are also recorded in the book, which shows that the surgical operation at that time has reached a high level. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to political unity, economic and cultural prosperity, developed internal and external transportation, increasing foreign drugs and rich experience in drug use, it became an objective need to further summarize the achievements of pharmacology at that time. In 657 AD, the Tang government organized more than 20 people to compile Materia Medica collectively, and completed the manuscript in 659 AD, and named it Tang Xin Xiu Materia Medica (also known as Tang Herbal Medicine). This is the first pharmacopoeia issued by the government in ancient China and the earliest national pharmacopoeia in the world. It was 883 years earlier than the Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia issued by the European Nuremberg government in A.D. 1542. The book has 54 volumes, including three parts: materia medica, drug map and classics, and contains 850 kinds of drugs, which has a great influence abroad. In 7 13 AD, the Japanese government took a copy of this book as a compulsory teaching material for studying medicine. Sun Simiao, a doctor in the Tang Dynasty (AD 58 1 ~ 682), concentrated his whole life and wrote the Prescription of Preparing a Thousand Daughters for Emergency and the Prescription of a Thousand Daughters. Among them, Forward Fang Yao is divided into 30 volumes and 5,300 theories. There are also 30 volumes of Thousand Girls and Wings, 257 1 song. These two books also discuss clinical subjects, acupuncture, dietotherapy, prevention and health preservation. Especially in the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases, outstanding achievements have been made. If scabies (goiter disease) is thought to be caused by people living in mountainous areas for a long time and drinking a bad water for a long time, it is suggested that people should not live in these places for a long time; For patients with night blindness, animal liver is used for treatment. In 752 AD, Wang Dao wrote The Secret Stories of Foreign Taiwan Province, with 40 volumes and 65,438+0,65,438+004 doors (according to today's research, it is 65,438+0,048 doors) and more than 6,000 volumes, which can be described as a collection before the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty paid more attention to TCM education. The government of Song Dynasty established Taiyi Bureau as the highest institution for training talents of Chinese medicine. The courses that students study include Su Wen, Difficult Classics, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and Staging of Pathogens. Teaching methods have also been greatly improved. For example, Wang, an acupuncturist, designed and cast two bronze statues (A.D. 1026), and carved the twelve meridians and 354 acupoints with great care for acupuncture teaching and examination doctors. During the examination, the inspector injected water into the acupuncture points of colleagues, sealed them with wax and used them for external use. If subjects choose the right acupoints, they can use needles to enter and exit water. This is a pioneering work of medical education in China. In A.D. 1057, the Song government set up the "Medical Books Correction Bureau" to systematically collect, sort out, verify and collate important medical books in past dynasties, which lasted for more than ten years, about 1068 ~ 1077. What we can read at present, such as Su Wen, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Staging of Diseases and Syndrome, Thousands of Flowers, Thousands of Flowers in Fang Yi, Yao Yao Outside Taiwan, etc., have been handed down after this revision and publication. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties from 12 to 14 century, many distinctive medical schools appeared in Chinese medicine. Among them, Liu (A.D. 1 120 ~ 1200), as the representative, thought that the symptoms of typhoid fever (generally referred to as fever) were mostly related to "fiery heat", so he used cold medicine in treatment, which was later called "cold school": (about A.D. 65438), (A.D. Zhu Zhenheng (AD 65438) Li Shizhen (AD 15 18 ~ 1593), a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, personally went up the mountain to collect herbs, made extensive investigations in various places, found out the growth forms of many medicinal plants, dissected or tracked some animal medicines, and compared and refined medicinal minerals. It took 27 years to write Materia Medica. Around 1 1 century, Chinese medicine began to use "human pox vaccine" to prevent smallpox and became a pioneer in medical immunology in the world. From17th century to19th century, due to the constant prevalence of infectious diseases, people formed and developed the theory of febrile diseases in the process of fighting infectious diseases. For example, Wu Youxing in the Ming Dynasty thought that the occurrence of infectious diseases was "neither windy nor cold, nor wet in summer, but there was a different feeling between heaven and earth", which he called "hostility". He pointed out that "rage" spreads through the nose and mouth, and no matter how strong or weak the body is, it is all sick when touched. This broke through the traditional theory that diseases and pathogens enter the human body from the body surface, and it was undoubtedly a great pioneering work in the middle of the seventeenth century before bacteriology appeared. The representative works of TCM in treating epidemic febrile diseases (including infectious and non-infectious epidemic febrile diseases) in Qing Dynasty include Ye Gui's Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases, Xue Xue's Distinguishing Damp-heat, Wu Tang's Distinguishing Epidemic Febrile Diseases and Wang Shixiong's Treatise on Warming Classics. According to autopsy and clinical experience, Wang Qingren (1968 ~ 183 1), a physician in Qing dynasty, wrote Yi Lin Nuan, which corrected some mistakes about human anatomy in ancient medical books, emphasized the importance of anatomical knowledge to doctors, and developed the theory and treatment of blood stasis. In the past hundred years, with the wide spread of western medicine in China, a pattern of coexistence of traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine and combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine has been formed. Some doctors gradually realized that Chinese and western medicine have their own strengths, so they tried to integrate the two kinds of academics and gradually formed the school of integrated Chinese and western medicine. His representative figures and works are: Five Books of Chinese and Western Medicine by Tang Zonghai (1862-1918); Zhu Peiwen's Collection of Tibetan Symbol Images in Hua Yang (about1mid-9th century); Zhang Xichun's (1860- 1933) medical enthusiasm and learning from the west' and so on. Traditional Chinese medicine is an important part of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. With its remarkable curative effect, rich national characteristics, unique diagnosis and treatment methods, systematic theoretical system and vast literature and historical materials, it has stood in the forest of world medicine and become a treasure house of human medicine. Chinese medicine education has been enduring for thousands of years, showing its strong vitality. It is the characteristic and advantage of China's medical and health undertakings to form China's health undertakings with modern medicine.