How to distinguish energy and resources?

Energy is a substance that provides energy conversion to nature (mineral energy, nuclear physical energy, atmospheric circulation energy, geological energy). Energy is the material basis of human activities. In a sense, the development of human society is inseparable from the emergence of high-quality energy and the use of advanced energy technology.

The phonetic symbols of the headword resources Z and yuá n ㄗㄧㄧㄨㄢˊ are translated into English resources; Natural resources basically explain the available natural substances. Such as coal, iron, oil, etc.

Edit this paragraph to explain in detail.

Sources of means of production or means of subsistence, etc. Ye Jianying's "Climbing Daxing 'anling with Huanxisha" said: "After cutting, it will be regenerated for a hundred years, and the trees left by our ancestors will last for a thousand years. It is difficult to use resources carefully. "Bing Xin's" For a Young Reader "IV:" I don't know how many new resources have been discovered and how many inventions have been added in these ten days. "

Open classification:

Words, Chinese

2. Edit the original meaning of economic terms; Ask for help editing encyclopedia business cards.

Resource "resource" refers to the general name of various material elements such as material resources, financial resources and manpower owned by a country or a certain region. Divided into natural resources and social resources. The former includes sunshine, air, water, land, forests, grasslands, animals, minerals and so on. The latter includes human resources, information resources and all kinds of material wealth created through labor.

catalogue

brief introduction

Overview of human understanding of resources

Labor economic stage

Natural economic stage

Knowledge economy stage

New definition of resource view

Resource system view

Dialectical view of resources

Resource hierarchy view

Open resource view

Dynamic balance view of resources

Resource system and its classification are classified according to the nature of resources.

Classification by resource use

Classification by resource availability

Characteristics of natural resource system

Characteristics of social resource system

Resource situation in China

China's resource problems.

Resource application

Economic resources

Resources in project management

Edit the introduction of this paragraph.

Marx said in Das Kapital: "Labor and land are two primitive elements of wealth." Engels' definition is: "In fact, when labor and nature are together, it is the source of all wealth. Nature provides material for labor, and labor turns material into wealth. " (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Volume IV, Page 373, 2nd Edition, June 1995). The definitions of Marx and Engels not only point out the objective existence of natural resources, but also regard human factors (including labor and technology) as another indispensable source of wealth. It can be seen that the source and composition of resources are not only natural resources, but also social, economic and technical factors of human labor, as well as human resources, talents and intelligence (information and knowledge). Accordingly, the so-called resources refer to all substances, energy and information that can be exploited and utilized by human beings. They widely exist in nature and human society, and they are a kind of natural existence or wealth that can bring wealth to mankind. In other words, resources refer to an objective existence form that can be used to create material wealth and spiritual wealth in nature and human society, such as land resources, mineral resources, forest resources, marine resources, petroleum resources, human resources and information resources.

Resources are all objective existence that can be exploited and utilized by human beings. Resources can generally be divided into two categories: economic resources and non-economic resources. The resources of economic research are economic resources different from geographical resources (non-economic resources). They are of use value and can be developed and utilized for human beings. Interpretation of Economics (Economic Science Press, 2000) defines "resources" as "inputs used in the production process", which well embodies the economic connotation of the word "resources", and resources are essentially synonymous with production factors. "According to the usual classification method, resources are divided into natural resources, human resources and processing resources." (Interpretation of Economics, Economic Science Press, 2000)

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abstract

The view of natural resources has always been based on the understanding of the relationship between man and nature. From the perspective of technological progress and productivity development, economic development can be divided into three stages: labor economy stage, natural economy stage and knowledge economy stage.

Labor economic stage

Labor economy means that economic development mainly depends on the possession and allocation of labor resources. Due to the underdevelopment of science and technology, the ability of human beings to develop natural resources is very low. For most resources, the shortage problem is not prominent. The distribution of production is mainly carried out according to the possession of labor resources, and labor productivity mainly depends on the physical strength of workers. Compared with the period of agricultural economy.

Natural economic stage

Traditional economics often refers to agricultural economy as natural economy. From the perspective of resource science, the so-called natural economy refers to industrial economy, that is, economic development mainly depends on the possession and allocation of natural resources. Due to the continuous development of science and technology, the ability of human beings to develop natural resources has been continuously enhanced, making most identifiable resources scarce. Although the completion of the industrial revolution since19th century has greatly improved the production efficiency, iron ore, coal, oil and other major resources for the development of machine production have quickly become scarce resources, which have begun to restrict economic development. Therefore, the economic development at this stage mainly depends on the possession of natural resources, and the distribution of production is mainly based on the possession of natural resources.

Knowledge economy stage

Knowledge economy is an economy based on knowledge industry, and its economic development mainly depends on the possession and allocation of intellectual resources. With the rapid development of science and technology, the speed of transforming scientific achievements into products has been greatly accelerated, forming the materialization of knowledge-based productive forces, and the ability of human beings to recognize resources and develop rich resources to replace scarce resources has been greatly enhanced. Therefore, the role of natural resources has been relegated to a secondary position, and science and technology have become a decisive factor in economic development. In these three stages of economic and social development, the relationship between man and nature has gone through many stages of understanding and corresponding treatment, such as fate theory, determinism theory, possibility theory and conquest theory, before entering the modernization of coordination theory, that is, the large system of man, nature and technology should be in a dynamic balance state. In the industrial age, human beings occupy and use resources in a exhausted way, which constantly makes the big system of man and nature have a strong vibration. The harmonious development between man and nature makes the economy unsustainable, and the energy crisis keeps appearing, which leads to the steady improvement of human life and frequent huge fluctuations. In modern times, people gradually realize that human beings are only one element in the big system of man and nature, and must develop in harmony with other elements, and strive to be in a dynamic balance all the time in the process of development. The key to realize sustainable development lies in coordinating the relationship between man and nature and the relationship between nature and economy.

Edit this new resource view.

definition

Under the condition of knowledge economy, when using a certain resource, we must make full use of scientific and technological knowledge to consider the level of resource utilization, and when using different kinds of resources at different levels, we must also consider regional allocation and comprehensive utilization. This is the "new resource view", which is the cognitive basis for solving resource problems under the condition of knowledge economy.

Resource system view

The resource system view is the core view in the resource view. Only when human beings fully realize that they are part of the big system of man and nature can they truly realize the coordinated development with nature. Moreover, only when human beings regard all kinds of resources as a subsystem of the big system of man and nature and correctly handle the relationship between this resource subsystem and other subsystems can we make efficient use of this resource.

Dialectical view of resources

When we look at the problem of treating resources with new resources, we should correctly handle several important resource contradictions: 1. Limited and infinite resources. Natural resources are limited in terms of their materiality, but the potential ability of human beings to know and use resources is infinite. One-sided pessimism and blind optimism are both incorrect. 2. To analyze the resource situation of a resource-rich country and a resource-poor country, we should not only see the factors with great comprehensive economic potential on the macro level, but also clearly realize the practical problem of limited per capita available resources on the micro level. 3. The usefulness and harmfulness of resources. 4. Quantity and quality of resources.

Resource hierarchy view

Resources are classified according to the level of human understanding and utilization. Material-energy-information are three valuable resources available in the real world, and the whole human civilization can be classified according to their development and utilization. The development of human society is determined by the development of the contradictory movement between productive forces and production relations. At first, human beings first learned to make simple production tools with materials to improve labor productivity, but tools made with materials only are "dead tools", driven and operated by manpower, which is roughly the state of productivity in the era of agriculture-handicraft industry; Later, mankind further learned to make use of energy resources and combine matter and energy to make new production tools, which turned the original "dead tools" into "living tools". However, this tool still depends on people to control and manipulate, and the improvement of labor productivity is still limited by people's physical factors, which is the general situation of social productivity in the industrial age. In modern times, human beings gradually learn to develop and utilize information resources, organically combine material, energy and information, and create an advanced tool system with both power expulsion and intelligent control, which opens up unlimited prospects for the development of social productive forces. In the traditional economy, people's competition for resources is mainly manifested in the possession of land, minerals and oil. Nowadays, information resources are increasingly becoming the focus of people's struggle. This is roughly the situation of productive forces in the information age. In short, from learning to use material resources to energy resources and then to information resources, human society has been advancing from the agricultural era to the industrial era and then to the information age. The trinity of matter, energy and information has become an indispensable and valuable resource in modern society. Only by comprehensively developing and utilizing these three resources can we continuously promote social progress and development.

Open resource view

Knowledge-based economy is a globally integrated economy, and an open view of resources is a basic view that should be established at different levels, such as from regional to global, from micro to macro, and from local to whole. There are great differences in China, and the resource combination is misplaced. Regional resources are highly complementary, and dynamic exchange is inevitable. Guided by the open concept of resources, we should break the regional economic blockade and realize the dynamic optimization of industrial structure and the rational allocation of resources.

Dynamic balance view of resources

The view of dynamic balance of resources is the theoretical basis of sustainable development. In the big system of man and nature, the development and change of man depends on the development and utilization of natural resources, and the natural resource system also develops and changes because of its own power and the role of man. In the process of development, man and nature should achieve dynamic balance, and at the same time, resources should be complemented and exchanged dynamically between regions to prevent the gap of resource combination dislocation. Today, we must consider the influence of high-tech factors when estimating the natural resources security. Knowledge-based economy, which mainly relies on intellectual resources, is an inevitable trend of world economic development, and it does not depend on people's subjective consciousness. High-tech with information technology, biotechnology, new energy technology and new material technology as the core will greatly change the world and human life. Blind pessimism about resources is unfounded, but if we do not make great efforts to grasp basic research, applied research and high-tech industrialization from now on, it may restrict people's development in the future. Therefore, under the condition of the development of knowledge economy, the so-called resource guarantee lies in the scientific application of these high technologies, which can reach the stage of commercialization and replace the scarce resources in economic life with rich resources. At present, the latest research and actual development results show that the application period of most high technologies is predicted in advance, which also confirms the trend of accelerated development of science and technology. Therefore, we have reason to be cautiously optimistic about the prospects.

Edit this resource system and its classification.

In human economic activities, various resources are interrelated and mutually restricted, forming a complex resource system. Each resource has its own subsystem. Resource systems can be classified from different angles such as nature and use.

Classification by nature of resources

1. Natural resources Natural resources generally refer to all material resources and natural processes, and usually refer to resources that are beneficial to human beings under certain technical and economic conditions. Natural resources can be classified from different angles. From the perspective of renewable resources, it can be divided into renewable resources and non-renewable resources: renewable resources: that is, renewable resources with human participation, such as farmland. If planted properly, soil fertility can be constantly updated and new agricultural products can be continuously provided for human beings. There are two kinds of renewable resources: one is recyclable resources, such as solar energy, air, rain, wind energy, water energy and tidal energy; One is biological resources. Non-renewable resources: (or exhaustible resources), the reserves and volume of such resources can be calculated, and their quality can also be reflected by the percentage of chemical composition, such as mineral resources. The difference between renewable resources and non-renewable resources is relative. For example, oil and coal are non-renewable resources, but they are the result of long-term physical and chemical changes of paleontology (ancient animals and plants) in the stratum, which shows that they can be transformed, which is the expression of the law of material immortality and energy conservation transformation. According to the controllability of resource utilization, it can be divided into proprietary resources and * * * enjoyment resources. Proprietary resources: such as those under the control and jurisdiction of the state. * * * Enjoy resources: such as high seas, space, information resources, etc. 2. Socio-economic resources and technical resources Natural resources, socio-economic resources and technical resources are usually called the three major types of resources of human society. Social and economic resources, also known as social and humanistic resources, are social and economic factors that directly or indirectly affect production. Among them, population and labor force are the main conditions for social and economic development. Broadly speaking, technical resources also belong to social and humanistic resources, and play an increasingly important role in economic development. Technology is the application of natural science knowledge in the production process, a direct productive force and a method and means to transform the objective world. The most direct expression of technology to social and economic development is the improvement of production tools. The scale of productivity in different times is different production tools, which is mainly determined by science and technology. At present, the great impetus of science and technology to the development of productive forces is embodied in Deng Xiaoping's assertion that science and technology are the primary productive forces.

Classification by resource use

1. Agricultural resources. Industrial resources. Information resources (including service resources)

Classification by resource availability

A. Realistic resources: resources that have been recognized and developed. B. Potential resources: resources that have not been recognized, or resources that have been recognized but cannot be developed and utilized due to technical constraints. C, abandoned resources: that is, traditionally considered as waste, but due to the application of science and technology, it has been transformed into resources that can be developed and utilized.

Edit the characteristics of this resource system.

Characteristics of natural resource system

According to human cognition of natural resources, its main characteristics are: the imbalance and regularity of natural resources distribution; The finiteness and infinity of natural resources (the actual resources are limited, but the development, utilization and transformation are infinite); Multifunctional natural resources; Systematic nature of natural resources; Wait a minute.

Characteristics of social resource system

Compared with natural resources, social resources have the following outstanding characteristics: 1. Sociality. The survival, labor and development of human beings are all realized in certain social forms, social contacts and social activities. Social resources such as labor resources, technical resources, economic resources and information resources are all without exception. The sociality of social resources mainly lies in: (1) Different modes of social production produce different kinds, quantities and qualities of social resources. (2) Social resources can transcend national boundaries and ethnic relations, and anyone can master and use them to create social wealth. 2. Legacy. The inheritance characteristics of social resources make social resources accumulate, expand and develop continuously. The era of knowledge economy is the product of the accumulation of knowledge in human society to a certain stage and degree, that is, the "knowledge explosion", which makes the social and economic development based on knowledge. This accumulation has caused a qualitative change in the human economic era, that is, from the traditional economic era (including agricultural economy, industrial economy, agricultural economy to industrial economy with some qualitative changes) to the knowledge economy era, which is the inevitable result of the information revolution and knowledge enjoyment. The inheritance of social resources is mainly realized through the following ways; (1) Human resources are inherited, continued and developed through human genetic code. (2) Long-term preservation and inheritance through information-bearing carriers. Human society inherits human spiritual wealth through books, audio-visual, tapes and educational means. (3) Labor creates people themselves, and people materialize the knowledge and skills they have learned in productive labor on the fruits of labor-material wealth, and inherit them. The inheritance of social resources makes every generation of human society not start their social life from scratch, but from the foundation created by their predecessors. In social and economic activities, on the one hand, human beings inherit the wealth created by predecessors, on the other hand, they create new wealth. It is precisely because of this that scientific and technological knowledge is constantly developing, better and better from generation to generation, and permeates into production factors, so that the quality of workers is constantly improved, production equipment is constantly updated, scientific research equipment is constantly improved, and management level is constantly improved. The accumulation of social wealth in turn accelerated the development of science and technology. 3. Dominance of dominant social resources is mainly manifested in the following two aspects: (1) Social resources determine the direction of resource utilization and development. (2) In the process of transforming social resources into social wealth, it shows and realizes the subject of social resources-people's will, will and purpose. This is what Marx said, "The worst architect is better than a bee who is smart from the beginning." (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 23, People's Publishing House, page 202, 1972). ) 4. liquidity. The main manifestations of social resource flow are: (1) labor can flow from place a to place b (2) technology can spread to all places. (3) Information can be exchanged, academics can be exchanged, and commodities can be traded. By making use of the mobility of social resources, underdeveloped countries can introduce technology, talents and capital from other countries into their own countries through corresponding policies and means. The theoretical basis of China's reform and opening up and the development of the special zone also includes this aspect. 5. imbalance. This imbalance of social resources is caused by the following reasons: (1) the imbalance of natural resources distribution. (2) the imbalance between economic and political development. (3) Differences in management system and operation mode. (4) Social system has different influences on the development of talents, intelligence and science and technology. Both natural resources and social resources are important inputs to human social and economic activities. Network resources are information provided by interconnected computers on the network for users to share. This information is put on your own computer (www server, ftp server, bbs server, vod server, etc. ), because the internet is interconnected, everyone can access it through the internet.

In this section, edit the resource situation of China.

China's total water resources account for 7% of the world's total water resources, ranking sixth. However, the per capita consumption is only 2400 cubic meters, accounting for 25% of the world's per capita water consumption, ranking 1 19 in the world, and it is one of the 13 water-poor countries in the world. China's forest area is 15894. 1 10,000 hectares, the national forest coverage rate is 16.55%, and the forest stock is 1 127 billion cubic meters. Except Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, China has 46.667 million hectares of artificial forests, ranking first in the world. China's oil resources are about 654.38+004 billion tons, and its natural gas resources are about 47 trillion cubic meters. Through the analysis of oil and gas exploration, new reserves and various methods in different types of basins, it is estimated that the recoverable oil resources in China are 654.38+0.5 billion ~ 654.38+0.6 billion tons, and the recoverable natural gas resources are 654.38+0.4 million ~ 654.38+0.4 million cubic meters. According to the usual international classification standard (degree of oil and gas enrichment), China is "relatively rich" in oil and gas resources among the world 103 oil-producing countries. The total amount of coal resources ranks first in the world. If the world only burns coal, China's coal reserves can be burned by people all over the world 100 years.

Edit this paragraph about China's resources.

China is rich in total resources, but the per capita possession is small, the overall quality is not high, and the distribution is uneven (summarized as: the total amount is large, the per capita is small, and the degree of development and utilization is low). Manifestations: ① Resource crisis and water crisis ② Waste and environmental pollution caused by improper use. Solution: "open source" and "throttling"-replacing non-renewable resources with renewable resources to solve the problem of less use of mineral resources; Strive to explore new resources and develop new materials; Vigorously develop "waste recycling"; Cross-regional allocation-South-to-North Water Transfer and West-to-East Gas Transmission; Legislative protection-land management law, grassland law, forest law, etc.

Edit this resource application.

Many resources cannot be consumed or used in their original form. In order to turn them into more convenient and useful commodities, they must be processed. This is the so-called resource development. For example, changing crude oil into gasoline. With the increase of global population, the demand for resources is also increasing. However, the allocation of resources varies from country to country or region. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The increase in demand related to excessive consumption of resources has caused many problems: exhausted resources are accumulated in the hands of a few people, environmental degradation, tragedy of the commons and resource curse.

Edit the resources in the economics section.

Generally speaking, economic resources refer to things that can directly benefit enterprises and society through the use of economic resources. Such as land, people, equipment, factories and so on.

Edit the resources in this section of project management.

Many modern enterprises organize production and management in the form of project management. Resource management is an important part of project management. Resources in project management are usually called "people", that is, available project team members. In addition, it is also used to refer to the project equipment needed in project management.

Open classification:

Project management, project management software

3. The concept of resources in computer programming has a long history, and I am afraid it can be traced back to the constants used in the program. For example, we define it in C language: const float pi = 3.14; The constant pi here is actually the simplest resource. In future programs, when pi is encountered, pi can be used instead: float r =1.2; Float d = 2 * pi floating area = pi * r * r The advantage of this method is that when the value of parameter pi needs to be modified (in order to improve the calculation accuracy), it is only necessary to modify the value of pi in one place, instead of modifying it in all places where pi is used. This is the earliest form of resources. Later, when developing OS2 and Window programs, the concept of resources was formally introduced. For example, Borland's C++, Delphi divides the dialog box into two parts: one part is the logic of the program, and the other part is the size, position, font and other information of the dialog box and its controls. This information is a resource and a constant in the program. Early resource files are generally embedded in programs, and we can use some tools to read these resources in dll or exe. With the rapid development of computer technology, there are more and more kinds of resources, such as pictures, audio and video. From the perspective of software globalization/localization, resources can be divided into two categories: one is resources that need to change with the language used by users, such as Chinese and English versions of software; The other is resources that do not need to change with the language used by users, such as audio, images, etc. From the way resources appear, resources can be divided into three categories: the first category is embedded in the assembly; The second type appears on the local storage medium (usually hard disk) as a separate file; The third category exists as a separate file on storage media in different places, such as network hard disk.

4. Original meaning of Guangxi place name editing