Can CET6 be translated?

Personally, I think grading is not necessarily related to translation, and translation needs more people.

Types of translation and characteristics of foreign affairs translation;

1. Types of translation and characteristics of foreign affairs translation; Translation activities cover a wide range. As far as its translation methods are concerned, there are two kinds: Chinese-English translation (referred to as "Chinese-English translation") and foreign-language Chinese-English translation (referred to as "foreign-language Chinese-English translation"). As far as its working methods are concerned, it can be divided into interpretation and translation. Interpretation includes consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. As far as its degree is concerned, it can be divided into complete translation and partial translation, such as abstract translation. The above translations have similarities and characteristics.

The content of foreign affairs translation is mainly oral, situational speeches and documents in various diplomatic and foreign affairs occasions. In foreign affairs, interpretation and translation are often used simultaneously. For example, negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations and negotiations on international conventions require interpreters to translate the contents and results into words, and words will become bulletins, conventions, articles, memoranda and agreements. Sometimes it is translated first, and then the document is published. Sometimes, the manuscript will be translated before the speech, and then translated on the spot.

The content of foreign affairs translation determines that it is different from translation in other fields: first, foreign affairs translation is political and policy-oriented. Whether interpreting or translating, the content of foreign affairs translation is mostly the position and policy of the country. A little carelessness may affect a country's political and economic interests, image, reputation, status and its international relations, and may cause irreparable losses to the country and people. Secondly, foreign affairs translation has a strong timeliness. The biggest feature of interpretation is the tight time, which requires the interpreter to complete the translation process on the spot. Translation also has a time limit. Sometimes when the front desk is negotiating the establishment of diplomatic relations with a certain country, the backstage is translating the communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations at the same time, and then it is revised according to the negotiation situation at the front desk, and the proof is printed at any time and submitted to the front desk for use. In many cases, the speeches to be used by leaders during their overseas visits are handed over to interpreters shortly before their overseas visits, and many procedures such as translation, typing and proofreading need to be completed in a short time. Sometimes when Chinese leaders attend international summits, they will personally write impromptu speeches or modify pre-drafted speeches at the venue according to the progress and situation. After writing, it came from the meeting place immediately and was translated into a foreign language by the translation comrades outside the meeting place. In order to ensure translation, they often have to translate unpublished speeches and other documents, and they must never disclose the contents of the documents to the outside world.

Second, foreign affairs translation refers to written translation. The contents of foreign affairs translation are mainly speeches in various diplomatic occasions, such as speeches at international conferences, toasts at banquets and receptions, official diplomatic documents such as stickers and statements used in diplomatic negotiations, and notes, letters, bulletins, agreements and treaties between countries. Manual and electric typewriters were used as translation tools before, and later word processors were used. Now, computers are used as "guns for guns". The result of translation is written translation. It is externally supplied, published and preserved for a long time, and must stand up to inspection, scrutiny and scrutiny. Government or foreign Ministry statements, leaders' speeches, toasts and other policies are very strong. Communiques, agreements, treaties, protocols and documents of international conferences have international legal nature. Therefore, the requirements for translation are very high, not only correct, accurate, complete and rigorous, but also fluent and elegant. The translated Chinese is real Chinese, not Europeanized Chinese; The translated foreign language should be a real foreign language, not a "China foreign language". This requires translators to have high language literacy. The time limit of foreign affairs translation requires translators to master not only translation skills, but also computer skills and fast typing. Translation is an unknown hero, unlike interpreters who "show their faces" and "travel around the world". Therefore, they need to be enterprising, responsible and diligent. The shortage or low quality of diplomatic translators will definitely affect diplomatic work. This cannot but attract enough attention.

Third, foreign affairs interpretation, also known as interpretation, is on-site translation. The main task of foreign affairs interpretation is to act as an on-site interpreter in the negotiations, talks and conversations of Chinese or foreign leaders, and as an impromptu interpreter in speeches, speeches or introductions on various occasions. In bilateral talks, this kind of translation usually adopts consecutive interpretation. Simultaneous interpretation is usually used in international seminars, conferences, annual meetings of international organizations and other meetings. To be a qualified interpreter, you must have some special qualities besides the general qualities of translation. For comrades who are engaged in interpretation, whether it is consecutive interpretation or simultaneous interpretation, the first link of translation is listening. Only when you understand the original words can you translate. Therefore, it is extremely important for an interpreter to have a keen hearing. Interpreters have good listening skills and need good listening conditions. Comrades who do consecutive interpretation often sit or stand behind or beside the leader, while those who do simultaneous interpretation mostly sit in the simultaneous interpretation booth above the venue. This position helps the interpreter to hear more clearly. But translators sometimes have to translate in various environments. At a large press conference, interpreters need to understand the questions raised by reporters from a distance. When leaders visit, interpreters sometimes have to translate in places where machines roar or are noisy. People who do simultaneous interpretation do not always have sound-proof simultaneous interpretation boxes, and sometimes they have to do simultaneous interpretation in the corner of the venue directly facing the participants. These conditions will affect the listening effect. For these factors that affect listening, translators are powerless in most cases. In order to ensure the better completion of interpretation tasks, interpreters should be present in advance and be prepared. If possible, choose a better location. For simultaneous interpretation, it is necessary to make preparations in advance, and check whether the headphones are inserted correctly and the buttons are in the right position. But it is more important to take subjective and targeted measures to improve their listening comprehension. For example, listen to tapes of people with various accents speaking English, sum up the rules and get familiar with accents. Expanding our knowledge, getting familiar with the situation and talking about problems will help us make "intelligent guesses" according to the approximate sounds we hear, so as to correctly understand the original words.

1. In consecutive interpretation of foreign affairs, the speaker will stop every few words or a paragraph and let the interpreter translate. In foreign affairs, this translation method is mainly used in meetings, talks, dialogues, consultations, negotiations and visits between Chinese and foreign leaders. On-the-spot translation is short of time, and the translator is not given time to consider, which requires fast translation response, high language level and strong language conversion ability. In most diplomatic talks, especially talks, dialogues, consultations, negotiations and representations, Chinese and foreign leaders mainly discuss bilateral relations and exchange views on the international situation and international issues. Their conversations are often policy-oriented and sometimes sensitive. In this case, translation must be accurate, complete, without loopholes, and measured from a policy perspective. Sometimes you can be more flexible when chatting casually in private, such as visiting, watching performances, eating by car, etc.

2. Simultaneous interpretation in foreign affairs means that when an international conference is held, the interpreter translates while the speaker speaks. The speaker kept talking, while the interpreter translated while listening. Simultaneous interpretation began at the Paris Peace Conference in 19 19. For the first time, official simultaneous interpreters were employed at that meeting. 19 19 Until the end of World War II, simultaneous interpretation was conducted in English and French at international conferences. 1945, when the United Nations was founded, it was stipulated that Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish were the official and working languages, and later Arabic was added. Due to the obstruction of the United States and some western countries, China's legitimate seat in the United Nations was stolen by the Kuomintang clique in Taiwan Province Province. At that time, the United States rallied some countries to implement the policy of isolation and blockade against China, and New China did not attend many international conferences in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, during that period, New China basically did not have its own simultaneous interpretation. 197 1 year, the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 2758 by an overwhelming majority, which "restored all the legitimate rights of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the United Nations, and immediately expelled all the legitimate rights of the Kuomintang regiment to represent the United Nations, and immediately expelled it to all United Nations agencies". Since then, China has actively participated in the activities of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and various international conferences, so there is an urgent need for simultaneous interpreters. From 65438 to 0979, Beijing Foreign Studies University was entrusted by the government of China and United Nations Headquarters to hold a training course for United Nations interpreters. This is the first time in China's history that interpreters and translators have been formally trained for international organizations and conferences. At present, China has a group of simultaneous interpreters who have worked in the United Nations and other international organizations for a long time. Many ministries and commissions in the State Council have their own simultaneous interpreters.

Fourth, the different characteristics of translation and interpretation, consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. Translation can refer to the dictionary, find reference materials, discuss with colleagues, repeatedly study and understand the original text, and ponder, scrutinize and consider the text. However, in interpretation, whether it is consecutive interpretation or simultaneous interpretation, the speaker should listen clearly, lean over the content of the speech at the same time, remember the original words and sentences of the speech, and express them clearly and accurately in another language immediately. They have no time to think, look up dictionaries, look up information and discuss with others. Moreover, people often have accents and different speaking styles. Some like to use simple and clear short sentences, while others like to use complex sentences together; Some are articulate and articulate, while others are inarticulate and inarticulate. Some speak slowly and methodically, while others speak like machine guns at a high speed, with no pause between sentences. But in any case, people expect translators to translate quickly, completely and accurately. Interpreters must keep a high degree of concentration when working, and can't relax and be distracted for a moment. Otherwise, translation will inevitably be omitted. They must also learn to take notes while listening and begin to translate what they hear into another language in their minds. In other words, the translator must learn to do three things at the same time-listen carefully, take notes and think about translation. This is indeed a highly stressful mental work, which requires translators not only to have good listening and understanding skills, but also to have good memory and good reaction ability. Similarly, interpretation, consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation also have their own characteristics. When communicating, listening and expressing can be carried out in stages. When someone speaks, the most important thing for an interpreter is to concentrate on listening and try to understand and master the main contents and points of the speech. At the same time, take some notes as appropriate. If you don't hear clearly, you can ask the speaker to say it again. Or repeat it yourself and ask the speaker to confirm. Speak at a moderate speed, don't procrastinate, don't drag your feet, don't make things up and pretend to understand. When you really don't understand or can't think of the corresponding words, you can ask the Chinese and foreign people present. Simultaneous interpretation requires listening, speaking and translating. They can't wait for the speaker to finish a sentence, because then it will be too late to keep up. There is only a gap of one or two phrases and at most half a sentence between the interpreter and the speaker. After the publishing house has translated a sentence, the translator should also translate it as soon as possible. Moreover, no matter how the first half of the sentence starts to be translated, we should try our best to connect the second half of the sentence, so that the translated sentence will be basically smooth, and there will be no sentence breaks and no chaotic piles of phrases and phrases. Although simultaneous interpretation can also throw away some repetitive things and some irrelevant content, it can't help but grasp the central meaning. The speed of simultaneous interpretation is determined by the speaker, and the interpreter can only adapt. In short, translation must be accurate, complete and fluent. Simultaneous interpretation is difficult to achieve accuracy and fluency. So as long as you don't lose the main idea and can translate 70% to 80%, you can accept it, you can accept it. Language doesn't have to be completely faithful to the speaker's speaking style. You should learn to cut a long sentence into several short sentences for translation, but it must not be a sentence.

Compared with simultaneous interpretation, consecutive interpretation has more advantages. When the interpreter doesn't understand, he can politely ask the speaker to repeat it or explain it properly. The interpreter of simultaneous interpretation can't ask the speaker to repeat some words when he doesn't understand or miss them. Compared with simultaneous interpretation and translation, another advantage of consecutive interpretation is that the interpreter can also use tones and gestures to explain the meaning, thus achieving the purpose of vivid expression. Neither the simultaneous interpreter sitting in the simultaneous interpretation booth nor the comrades engaged in translation behind the scenes can use gestures. When doing translation, if the interpreter doesn't know a word or word, he can explain it a little and only translate the meaning. Simultaneous interpreters who ask to speak in sync with the speaker will never have time to explain. It can be said that consecutive interpretation can be more flexible and richer than simultaneous interpretation and translation. Compared with the three, translation requires the highest translation quality, followed by consecutive interpretation and simultaneous interpretation. But from the perspective of translation time, this order has to be reversed. Simultaneous interpreters have the least time to think and think. Interpreters can also take notes and think while listening. Although translation is often limited by time, there is relatively ample time for thinking. You can also look it up in the dictionary and ask others. Consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and translation not only have many similarities and requirements, but also have many differences, which have different requirements for people engaged in different translation work. Because of this, interpreters and translators are separated in the United Nations system, the European Union and some other countries. They belong to different departments. For example, in the European Union, those engaged in conference translation belong to the General Administration of Conference Translation, and those engaged in translation belong to the General Administration of Translation. The vast majority of comrades in the translation room of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China have always been generalists. They also do consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and translation. Of course, due to many factors such as age, translation level, work needs, etc., different people may have different priorities at different times. Generally speaking, young comrades do more interpretation and old comrades do more translation. There are also some comrades who have good conditions in all aspects and profound language skills, and can communicate, interpret and translate hand in hand. But no matter what you focus on, every comrade must be engaged in translation, because translation is the foundation. With the accumulation of translation experience, we can practice fast translation and skilled language conversion skills needed for export translation. On the other hand, only by constantly engaging in interpretation, constantly contacting the living language and keeping up with the development of the situation can we continuously enrich the language and improve the translation level. The two complement each other. Therefore, translators should strive to be "all-rounders" and "three translators" who can communicate, interpret and translate.

5. Translating from Chinese to foreign languages and from foreign languages to Chinese are two different translation procedures. In addition to Chinese translation, we must first understand the meaning of the original text and the original words, and then express them in a foreign language. However, translating Chinese into a foreign language is just the opposite. First of all, we should understand the meaning of the original text and the original words, and then express them in Chinese. For most people, no matter how well they learn a foreign language, they can't speak it as well as their mother tongue. Generally speaking, it is more difficult to express than to understand. Therefore, there is a stipulation in the employment of language professionals in the United Nations that translation and revision should always take the mother tongue as the target language (in United Nations institutions, China people only do foreign translation, while foreigners are employed to do foreign translation). Cheng Zhenqiu, an expert who has been engaged in the translation of Selected Works of Chairman Mao and diplomatic documents for many years, said in a speech at the National Chinese-English Translation Seminar held in February 1990: "Generally speaking, translators at home and abroad believe that translation should be based on the translation of their own (national) languages." He also quoted me? f？ Finley's words: "... for professional translators in this country, there is a general consensus that unless they are bilingual (remember what this means), translators should only translate into their mother tongue, or, the Chinese meaning of this sentence is:" In our country, professional translators agree that unless they are bilingual (including all the meanings of bilingualism), translators should only translate foreign languages into their mother tongue, or ... "British translation theorist Stuart? Bates (e? Stuart Bates) also thinks that people who are truly proficient in bilingualism are not common. Therefore, in the field of international translation, most people engaged in translation work translate foreign languages into their own languages. However, because there are not many foreigners who know Chinese and can do translation in the world, translation in China must be in two directions in most cases. It is difficult to translate Chinese into a foreign language, and so is it. Compared with the two, it is more difficult for most translators in China to translate them into Chinese.