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Content of college psychology examination

1. The research object of psychology is psychological phenomena and laws.

2. Psychological phenomena can be divided into ① psychological process ② personality psychology ③ psychological state.

3. Psychological process includes: cognitive process, emotional process and will process.

Psychological process: refers to the reaction process of the human brain to different aspects of objective things and their relationships.

Cognitive process: it is the most basic psychological process of human beings. Feeling, perception, memory, thinking and imagination belong to human cognitive process.

4. The psychological characteristics of personality mainly include: ability, temperament and personality, with personality as the core.

Personality psychological characteristics: the essential and stable psychological characteristics that individuals often show.

5. Personality tendency (the most active part) is an important part, which plays a leading and controlling role in related psychological activities.

6. Needs, motivations, interests, ideals, beliefs, and personality tendencies of the world outlook make everyone's psychological activities purposeful.

The so-called cognition refers to various psychological activities carried out by people in the process of understanding things, mainly including perception, attention, memory, speech, thinking and so on.

The significance of learning psychology: ① it is helpful to improve the teaching quality; ② Improve the effect of ideological education.

③ Carry out education and scientific research ④ Promote self-development.

Research methods of psychology: observation, investigation, case study and experiment.

7. Scientific psychology believes that psychology is the function of the human brain and the subjective response of objective reality in the human brain.

8. Types of reflection: unconditional reflection and conditional reflection.

9. For human beings, the main reflex is conditioned reflex.

10. Two signal systems: the first signal system and the second signal system.

Sense: It is the human brain's response to the individual attributes of objective things that directly act on sensory organs.

1 1. Any feeling needs two objective conditions:

(1) an objective stimulus that directly acts on our human body and has certain energy.

② The corresponding sensory organs receiving stimulation.

The development law of receptivity: (1) empathy interaction.

① Sensory adaptation

② Sensory contrast

⑵ Interaction between different senses.

⑶ Visual afterimage

(4) the development of sensitivity

12. perception: the overall response of the human brain to objective things that directly act on the sensory organs.

The basic characteristics of perception: ① the selectivity of perception

③ the integrity of perception

④ Perceptual understanding

⑤ constancy of perception

Social perception: the individual's perception of others, groups and himself in the process of life practice.

1. Perception of others: first impression, halo effect, stereotype, recency effect.

2. Self-awareness

3. Interpersonal perception

Illusion: a distorted perception of objective things is inevitable under certain conditions and has a certain tendency.

1. Optical illusion 2. Weight illusion 3. Motion illusion 4. Time illusion 5. Azimuth illusion

Classification of memory: from the content: 1. An image memory 2. Logical memory 3. Emotional memory 4. Motor memory.

The length of time left in my mind can be divided into: 1. Sensory memory II. Short-term memory (the capacity of short-term memory is limited, usually (7 2) chunk 3. Long-term memory (more than one minute or even lifelong memory).

Law of memory:

Memory: The beginning of the memory process is the premise of keeping and recalling.

Law of memory: 1. The purpose of memory II. Understanding of materials. The number of memory materials. Different characteristics of memory materials.

5. The emotional state of the subjects. The material position is different 7. Attitude towards matter.

The law of keeping and forgetting: 1. Forgetting law: fast first, then slow.

2. Forgetting factors: (A time factor, the importance of B memory materials, the nature of C memory materials, the quantity and learning level of D memory materials, and the sequential position of E memory materials).

Recognition or recall law

Thinking: The indirect and generalized response of human brain to objective things, reflecting the same and essential characteristics and internal relations of objective things. People's thinking process has the characteristics of indirectness and generality.

Thinking type: 1. Action thinking, image thinking and abstract thinking.

2. Formal logical thinking and informal logical thinking

3. Concentrated thinking and divergent thinking

The process of thinking: analysis and synthesis (the most basic), comparison and classification, abstraction and generalization, concretization.

Factors affecting problem solving: 1. The influence of perceptual situation II. The influence of functional fixation. The influence of problem solving strategies. Prototype inspiration 5. The role of stereotype 6. Emotion and motivation. Transfer.

Imagination can be divided into intentional imagination and unintentional imagination.

Intentional imagination is divided into: 1, recreating imagination 2, creating imagination 3 and fantasy.

Fantasy: 1. Science fiction II. Ideal (positive) 3. Fantasy (negative)

Chapter 6: Emotion and Emotion

Emotion and emotion refer to people's attitudes and experiences about whether objective things meet their own needs.

The difference between emotion and emotion:

Emotion and emotion are two different and related subjective experiences.

Usually those inner experiences related to physiological needs (such as safety, diet, sex life, etc.). ) are called emotions.

Those inner experiences related to social needs (such as communication, entertainment, education, morality, labor, etc.). ) are called emotions.

Characteristics and functions of emotions;

Emotion is the most active and researched aspect in the field of emotion.

First, the characteristics of emotions

(1) Physiological characteristics of emotions (for polygraph) (2) Explicit characteristics of emotions (3) Bipolarity of emotions.

(4) the situational nature of emotions

Emotion and emotional function:

Power function 2. Adjustment function 3. Signal function 4. Health care function. Infection function 6. Migration function

Emotional types: joy, anger, sadness, joy, love, evil and fear.

1. Emotion (also called mood) is a relatively weak and lasting emotional state.

2. Passion: It is an emotional state that erupts quickly, violently and for a short time. (ecstasy, despair, anger)

3. Stress: It is a highly nervous emotional state caused by unexpected events. When people encounter a fire, they will be nervous or stressed.

Second, the types of emotions (moral sense, rational sex appeal, aesthetic feeling)

Chapter 7 will

Psychological activity is will. Will is a unique psychological phenomenon of human beings and the most prominent manifestation of human subjective initiative.

Action characteristics of will: (always closely linked with action, so it is usually called will action. )

1. Consciously determine the purpose of the action. 2. Contact with overcoming difficulties. 3. Based on random action.

Encourage struggle:

Formally divided into: 1. Proximity-Proximity Motivational Struggle (for example, you can't have both)

2. Avoidance-Avoidance Motivation Struggle (dilemma, I don't know which to choose)

3. Approach-avoidance motivational struggle, also known as avoidance conflict (when encountering difficulties, I want to ask others for help but I am afraid of being rejected).

4. Multiple approach-avoidance motivation struggle (a person has two or more goals, and each goal has attraction and repulsion at the same time. Avoid the inner conflict caused by one choosing another)

From the content, it is divided into: unprincipled motivation struggle (whether to do math kicking or English first)

The process of will action is divided into decision-making stage and non-decision-making stage.

Decision stage: 1. Determine the purpose of Action 2. Choose an action method and make an action plan.

Decision implementation stage: 1. Timely implementation of decision 2. Overcome difficulties.

Setback self-regulation: 1. Correctly understand setbacks and objectively analyze their causes.

2. Learn to use psychological defense methods to reduce psychological pressure.

Adjust the level of ambition

Step 4 improve the depressed situation

5. Strengthen the exercise of willpower and constantly motivate yourself.

The quality of will and its opposite;

Will quality is divided into: self-consciousness, decisiveness, self-control and persistence.

The opposite qualities are: arbitrariness, indecision, willfulness and fickle.

These qualities are interrelated and interpenetrating.

External manifestations of concern: 1. Adaptive exercise II. Irrelevant action stops 3. Breathing becomes slight and slow.

Classification of ability (a developed; The second is the potential):

1. General ability and special ability: General ability is also called general ability, commonly known as intelligence.

Intelligence is divided into: observation, memory, imagination and thinking ability.

2. Cognitive ability, operational ability and social skills

3. exemplary ability and innovative ability

Ability test: 19.5 years French psychologist, Binet.Alfred and Simon.

The difference between IQ and biased IQ;

Wexler intelligence test-intelligence test scale

Raven: The characteristics of abstract thinking reasoning ability in standard reasoning test: taking graphics as the test content.

Factors affecting the formation and development of ability:

1. Hereditary 2. Environment and education. Practical activities. People's subjective initiative

Second, the talent and stability of temperament: (A leopard cannot change his spots "refers to temperament)

Variability (plasticity) of temperament: it will change more or less under certain conditions and has plasticity.

Environmental factors, educational factors, personal subjective efforts, age and so on will all affect the change of temperament.

Temperament type:

Temperament is a dynamic feature of individual psychological activities. Dynamic characteristics include six psychological components: sensitivity, tolerance, agility of reaction, plasticity of behavior, excitement and tendency of emotion.

Structure of personality: 1. Attitude characteristics of personality II. The will characteristics of personality.

3. Emotional characteristics of personality: intensity characteristics \ stability, persistence and dominant emotions.

4. Rational characteristics of personality

Influencing factors of personality formation: 1. Biological factor II. Environmental factors: family environment, school environment, social culture.

3. Subjective factors