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Sichuan civil service examination in the first half of 2008.

Given material

1.06.2005, a report accusing the Dental Prevention Group of "lack of necessary personnel and office conditions, and the standards are not open and transparent" attracted the attention of Li Gang, doctor of law in Tsinghua University and editor-in-chief of China Public Welfare Network. After the investigation, he complained to the Certification Supervision Committee, but got no reply. In September 2005, he filed a lawsuit, arguing that the dental prevention group did not have the qualification for oral health care products certification.

On August 22, 2006, the court rejected Li Gang's lawsuit, but then sent a letter of judicial advice to the Certification Supervision Committee and the Ministry of Health, suggesting that the certification activities of the dental group should be reviewed.

June, 2006 165438+ 10/4 Two ministries * * * stopped the certification activities of oral health care products of the dental prevention group.

On April 30, 2007, the Ministry of Health issued an announcement announcing the cancellation of the Dental Prevention Group.

2. The Dental Disease Prevention and Control Group, called the National Dental Disease Prevention and Control Guidance Group, was established in August, 1988. That year, because the World Health Organization held a training class, dental experts from all over the country gathered in Beijing. In view of the grim situation of dental diseases in China at that time, stomatologists suggested to the Ministry of Health to set up a special dental prevention and treatment institution.

The expert's suggestion has attracted great attention from the Ministry of Health. However, due to the streamlining of government agencies at that time, they changed their ways and set up a dental prevention group, which was affiliated to Beijing Stomatological Hospital and accepted the leadership of the Ministry of Health. All previous team leaders were held by the Director of the Department of Medical Administration of the Ministry of Health.

"But the Dental Prevention Group is only an advisory body. It has no administrative establishment, and naturally there is no government financial allocation. Therefore, since its birth, the issue of funds has always been a big problem. At the beginning of the establishment of the Dental Prevention Group, it was funded by the Toothpaste Industry Association. " An expert who once worked in the Dental Prevention Group told China Economic Weekly.

From 65438 to 0992, the Dental Prevention Group began to approve and recommend oral health products, and established an expert review committee for this purpose. The certified enterprise can affix the seal of dental prevention group and the certification mark on the product.

Zhang Boxue, deputy head of the Dental Prevention Group, believes that this kind of certification belongs to administrative promotion and plays the administrative function of the Ministry of Health.

However, since 200 1, the situation has changed.

3. On May 1 1 day, 2007, it was reported by the media that the Tooth Prevention Group received a donation of RMB 0.00 million from Procter & Gamble, and Procter & Gamble subsequently denied the rumor, stressing that the donation was for the Tooth Prevention Foundation, not for the Toothpaste Group, and the donation had nothing to do with toothpaste certification. As a result, the "twin brother" of the dental prevention group, the Dental Prevention Foundation, began to enter the public eye. Dental Prevention Foundation was established in April 1994, and it is a national public offering foundation. Zhang Boxue, deputy head of the Dental Prevention and Treatment Group, said: "The Dental Prevention and Treatment Foundation was established on the basis of the Dental Prevention and Treatment Group. In turn, the funds obtained by the Foundation support the Dental Prevention Group to carry out these public welfare activities. " Judging from the personnel composition of the Dental Prevention Group and the Dental Prevention Foundation, these two institutions can also be described as "regardless of you and me", and the turnover rate is as high as "more than 50%". Bian Jinyou, chairman of the Dental Prevention Foundation, is also the deputy head of the Dental Prevention Group, and Zhang Boxue, deputy head and office director of the Dental Prevention Group, is also the secretary-general of the Dental Prevention Foundation.

On August 29th, 2000/KLOC-0, the National Certification and Accreditation Administration Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Certification and Accreditation Administration Committee") was established to be responsible for the unified management, supervision and comprehensive coordination of the national certification and accreditation work. In September 2003, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation of People's Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation), in which Article 9 clearly stipulates that the establishment of certification institutions shall be approved by the certification and accreditation supervision and administration department of the State Council, and only after obtaining the legal person status according to law can they engage in certification activities within the approved scope.

The Dental Prevention Group has not obtained the certification qualification according to the certification and accreditation regulations, and is still engaged in certification activities.

5. Qiu, legal adviser of China Consumers Association and director of Beijing Jiahui Law Firm, also believes that before the implementation of the certification and accreditation regulations, certification institutions were directly managed by government departments, involving multiple departments, and there were problems of multi-head management and multi-head administration. After the implementation of the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation, certification bodies have not been completely decoupled from the original government departments, and there has been a phenomenon of poor cross-management and supervision.

6. On April 30, 2007, the National Dental Prevention and Control Group was abolished, and the Ministry of Health announced the establishment of an oral health department in the Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention to take charge of the national dental prevention and control management.

"Many diseases should be prevented and treated. According to this logic, is it necessary for the Ministry of Health to set up countless units in eye prevention and AIDS prevention? In this way, as a government agency, how many units should there be under the Ministry of Health? " An economist expressed doubts.

7. On March 22nd, 2006, it was reported that Zhang Moumou, deputy head of the National Dental Prevention and Control Team and director of the office, held a news briefing. A reporter asked at the meeting: "What organization is the dental prevention group?" Zhang replied, "The Dental Prevention Group is a professional technical guidance institution for oral health care established by experts under the leadership of the Ministry of Health". Zhang also failed to give a clear statement about the mechanical properties of the dental prevention and treatment group. However, he admits that this is a difficult problem faced by the dental prevention group and it is difficult to upgrade to a government department. It is also difficult to become a non-governmental organization. Unexpectedly, this also gave the National Dental Prevention Group an unexpected benefit. Zhang Moumou said that because it was not a legal entity, it could not accept the lawsuit filed by Li Gang, editor-in-chief of China Public Welfare Network, against Tooth Prevention Group. The lawsuit has been returned by the court.

8. June 8, 2007 People's Daily Abstract: At a time when social intermediary organizations such as Tooth Prevention Group and China Consumers Association are constantly exposing various problems, the General Office of the State Council recently issued "Several Opinions on Accelerating the Reform and Development of Trade Associations and Chambers of Commerce" (news from the Chinese government website on June 5), which attracted special attention.

The "Opinions" pointed out: promote the reform of the system and mechanism of trade associations, truly separate government from enterprises, and coordinate the reform of trade associations with the transformation of government functions. Trade associations should carry out activities independently in strict accordance with laws, regulations and articles of association to solve the problem of serious administrative tendency and dependence on the government. On-the-job civil servants shall not hold leading positions in trade associations, and if they really need to hold concurrent positions, they shall be examined and approved in strict accordance with relevant regulations.

The content of the opinion points directly to the disadvantages behind such incidents as "illegal certification of dental prevention groups" and "false propaganda of Oudian floor". For example, it is difficult to distinguish the political meeting between China Consumers Association and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and there is an obvious administrative tendency, relying on the functions of the Dental Prevention Group of the Ministry of Health. The root of the malpractice lies in the inextricable relationship between social intermediary organizations and government departments, thus forming a gray area that is difficult to supervise and providing the possibility for breeding corruption.

During the period of highly planned economy, the government is an "all-round government" and the power of society is weak. With the economic and social development after the reform and opening up, especially the reform of state-owned enterprises and the rise of private economy, social forces are growing and diversified, and the need to coordinate their own behavior has led to the emergence of social intermediary organizations such as trade associations and chambers of commerce, which have grown to nearly 300 thousand so far.

At the same time, the government has also begun to change to "limited government" and "public service government", and some functions have been transferred to social intermediary organizations. At this time, as a link between the government and the people, market enterprises, intermediary organizations can play a very good role in reflecting interest demands, providing social services, coordinating interest conflicts, and realizing social benign communication.

9. Combing our community organizations, we will find that many community organizations similar to the Dental Prevention Group are affiliated to a certain department to operate. It's not the road itself that has a problem. The key point is that once the mass organizations are linked with the power department, it is easy to form a tacit relationship with the power department, or simply alienate them into the "second department" or become the "small treasury" of the power department to seek personal gain for the department. Corruption in power organs is easy to investigate, but it is quite difficult to investigate the hidden corruption in quasi-organs.

From this point of view, the punishment of the Department of Health for the illegal certification of the Dental Prevention Group has certain demonstration significance. On the one hand, the government should supervise the normal operation of community organizations, on the other hand, it should prevent them from evolving into the "second sector". 10. Regarding the "certification" of Dental Prevention Group, CNCA has a clear attitude: "It must be an approved legal entity with relevant certification standards before it can be certified. The Dental Prevention Group is not a legal entity, and there is no relevant certification standard for oral health products. Without these elements, it is illegal certification. "

Then, what kind of regulatory responsibility should CNCA bear for the national dental prevention group that has been certified for more than ten years? This person said frankly: "There was a problem when the Ministry of Health set up a dental prevention and treatment group. This is an internal matter. This is' beating your own children behind closed doors', and how to fight is someone else's business. If there is corruption and irregularities, it is also a matter for the regulatory authorities. The dental prevention group is very special and we are not convenient to manage. "

1 1. As an unincorporated organization, the Dental Prevention Group cannot open its own account. So how did it achieve so many capital exchanges? It is this problem that brings the "twin sister" of the dental prevention group-China Dental Prevention Foundation into public view. What is the relationship between dental prevention group and abutment society? Dr. Li Gang, who complained about the illegal certification of the Dental Prevention Group, told the reporter: "The Dental Prevention Group used the account of the Foundation to collect money. After the Dental Prevention Group signs an agreement with the sponsor, the unit will remit the sponsorship money and other funds to the Foundation account, and then transfer them from the Foundation account to the Dental Prevention Group account. " In his view, the foundation account that should have been opened independently has become a platform for the dental prevention group to borrow money. The tacit cooperation between the two forms a situation of "no money for authentication, no money for authentication".

According to the Audit Report on Financial Revenue and Expenditure of National Dental Prevention Group (Draft for Comment), the dental prevention group uses the foundation account to collect money. After the Dental Prevention Group signed an agreement with the sponsor, the unit remitted funds such as sponsorship money to the foundation account, and then transferred them from the foundation account to the Dental Prevention Group account.

In this regard, Ma Xin, deputy director of the Foundation Management Office of the Civil Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, pointed out that although the civil affairs departments have been exploring and strengthening the supervision of foundations, the operation of dental foundations has indeed exposed outstanding problems in the use and management of foundation funds. The reporter's investigation found that the staff salaries and administrative office expenses of the Dental Foundation were seriously overspent, and a large number of funds for public welfare activities were squeezed out. The 2005 annual work report sent to the Ministry of Civil Affairs shows that the Foundation spent 73.42% on staff salaries, welfare and administrative office expenses, and public welfare expenditure accounted for 17.32% of the total income last year. Serious violation of China's "Regulations on the Management of Foundations": the expenditure on public welfare undertakings shall not be less than 70% of the total income of the previous year; Staff salaries and benefits and administrative office expenses shall not exceed 10% of the total expenditure of the current year.

Ma Xin said: "The annual inspection report does not reflect all the problems existing in the foundation." She admits that due to the limitations of manpower and various aspects, the financial and public welfare activities of the foundation cannot be monitored in real time, and can only be audited and inspected afterwards. Moreover, the annual report only contains direct total income and total expenditure, which can't clearly reflect the question of "where did the money come from and where did the money go?", which also leaves room for the Foundation to "scratch the ball".

12. The Ministry of Health announced that according to the relevant provisions of the Audit Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Internal Audit Regulations of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Health recently audited the financial revenue and expenditure of the National Dental Disease Prevention Group 1997 to 2006. The audit results show that there are three violations in the dental prevention group.

First, illegally collecting "certification" income of 2.085 million yuan. After the promulgation of "People's Republic of China (PRC) Certification and Accreditation Regulations" in 2003, the Dental Prevention Group continued to carry out technical evaluation activities of toothpaste efficacy without obtaining certification permission, and collected related expenses of 2.085 million yuan. The second is to receive subsidies in violation of regulations. The main person in charge of the dental prevention group received a post subsidy of 46,000 yuan for two years, and a one-time subsidy of 74 174.4 yuan for the housing area that was not up to standard. Up to now, all the above subsidies have been returned.

Third, financial management. One is to open an account without approval. 1997 the dental prevention group opened a bank in basic account without approval, which was cancelled in June 2006. The second is the problem of foreign loans. 1994, the Dental Prevention Group lent 500,000 yuan to Heimei Health Products Factory in Chenghai County, Guangdong Province, but failed to recover it in time, resulting in direct losses of154,000 yuan. The third is to make up the account. 1994 to 2006, the dental prevention group received a sponsorship of184,000 yuan, and directly spent 76,000 yuan, which was not recorded in time until July 2006. Fourth, bonuses, subsidies and labor fees are distributed in various names, and expenditures are arbitrary. Fifth, asset management is not standardized. The propaganda books on dental disease prevention and control, and the books and materials printed by the dental disease prevention and control group are not strictly accounted for and managed in accordance with the accounting system. Sixth, the Dental Prevention Group uses the bills of the Dental Prevention Foundation to collect sponsorship and other funds, and uses the foreign exchange account of the Foundation to withdraw foreign exchange for the dental prevention group personnel to go abroad to attend international academic conferences.

13. An expert from Tsinghua University Gonggong School of Management believes that after the promulgation of the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation in People's Republic of China (PRC), the Dental Prevention Group still carried out illegal activities, exposing the problem that the regulations on certification and accreditation are not strict enough. For example, the regulations stipulate that it is illegal to carry out certification without the approval of the Certification Supervision Committee, but there is no clear stipulation on how to investigate and who will investigate after the violation. At the same time, some powers and responsibilities of government departments are not clear. Third, the answer requirements

1. Summarizes the main contents of the given data. Within 200 words. (20 points)

2. According to the content of the given data, briefly analyze the root cause and harm of the incidents in the dental prevention group. Within 300 words. (30 points)

3, combined with the main problems reflected by the given information, choose the angle, draw up the topic, and write an argumentative paper. 800- 1000 words. (50 points)

65438+25 2008 10 Sichuan Civil Service Examination

Application paper

I. Matters needing attention

1. The essay examination is a test of candidates' reading comprehension, comprehensive analysis, problem solving and writing expression.

2. The reference time limit for answering questions is 150 minutes, including 30 minutes for reading materials and 120 minutes for answering questions.

3. Answer all the questions on the application form in the position specified on the signature card. The admission ticket number must be filled in with 2B pencil, and the answer must be answered with blue and black ink pen (ballpoint pen). My name is not allowed to be used when answering questions, and anyone who appears my name in the answer will be punished according to discipline.

Second, read the information given carefully and answer in turn on the answer sheet according to the following "requirements for entering the exam"

1. Please summarize the main contents of the materials given. Requirements: accurate, comprehensive, clear and concise, with a total of 200 words (about).

2. Please briefly talk about the constructive suggestions to fundamentally solve the problem of "zipper road" based on the information content. The requirements are clear, clear, concise and fluent, with a total of about 300 words (30 points).

3. Please write an argumentative essay around the problems of urban road construction reflected by the given information, and draw up your own topic and choose your own angle. Requirements: clear point of view, in-depth analysis, clear organization, fluent language and neat writing. The total number of words is 1000 words (50 points)

Third, given the information

(1) Shaanxi Daily reported on June, 2006 10 that with the acceleration of urbanization in China, urban construction and renovation projects are gradually increasing. In recent years, Xi 'an's infrastructure and appearance have undergone earth-shaking changes, which is obvious to all. However, it is puzzling that the "zipper road" phenomenon of digging, filling and digging on the road is often seen. According to the masses, in recent years, many streets in Xi 'an have been repeatedly excavated. There are many streets in the south-central part of Xi 'an where sewage and rainwater pipes are being built. Generally, streets have been dug several meters deep, and most of them are difficult and have just been repaired. Because the excavated street is closed to traffic, it is not only difficult for motor vehicles to pass, but also difficult for people to walk, and it also causes serious traffic congestion in a nearby excavated street. The reporter recently saw that the traffic jam was very serious around noon 12 and after 6 pm, and the whole road was blocked by various motor vehicles. The non-motor vehicle lanes and sidewalks on the east, west, south and north streets of Taiyi Road intersection are crowded with motor vehicles, making it difficult for bicycles and pedestrians to pass. Many people at the scene commented: "A road has just been repaired and dug. Can it not be blocked? The reason is that the more it is repaired, the more blocked it is. " Teacher Fu said: "These roads are usually dug a few years ago. Water pipes, cables, natural gas pipes, optical cables, etc. Was dug up once. They have just been built and excavated. I don't seem to have time to finish it! The road is like a zipper, which can be pulled back at any time. Why can't we do all these things at once? Why doesn't the government coordinate and manage these things? I don't know when the road excavation will end. "

On the surface, the road is constantly being torn. On the surface, the planning and construction did not take into account the new needs in the future, which led to the addition of new functions or the discovery of new problems in the future. In fact, this is the most serious crisis in the development and construction of our city. It is understood that this situation is widespread in several cities in Daxin. It is understood that "zipper road" not only affects the appearance of the city and people's lives, but also causes huge waste of resources. The damaged facilities caused by road re-excavation are estimated to be: asphalt road per square meter above 300 yuan, cement road per square meter 170 yuan to 200 yuan, ordinary sidewalk per square meter 100 yuan, kerb per meter 100 yuan, and sewer pipe per meter 100 yuan. The drainage pipe network is connected to the urban pipe network by more than 8,000 each, plus the wages of construction workers. And the average cost of urban roads per square meter is tens of thousands of yuan. What a waste.

It is said that as early as 10 years ago, China introduced "trenchless pipe laying technology", and it seems that Xi 'an adopted this technology two years ago. However, the use cost of this technology is much higher than trend mining, so some units would rather have major surgery on the street than use it.

Then, roads are often dug and filled, which becomes the crux of what the masses call "zipper road". Relevant experts believe that: First, the municipal government lacks unified planning and management. Municipal engineering management departments such as water supply, gas supply, power supply, telecommunications, sewage discharge and road widening have their own methods, and excavation projects also have their own methods. Often you just pave and I dig, which means "I will appear when you sing". Second, the excavation and construction units are not subordinate to each other. With the rapid development of urban construction, various new public and civil pipelines are continuously extended, and the old pipelines also need to be constantly maintained and updated. The result is that each unit does its own thing, and there is no end to digging and filling. Third, the construction of urban underground pipelines lacks systematicness. In some cities, the laying of underground pipelines itself lacks systematic planning, and even the contradiction between the acceleration of urban development and the serious lag of planning is becoming more and more prominent. Fourth, there is a lack of unified and strict management and regulations on road excavation. Lack of supervision and punishment for unauthorized excavation of industries and departments leads to excessive and frequent excavation.

The "zipper road" not only blocks traffic and brings potential safety hazards, but also pollutes the environment and causes great waste. In this regard, the masses complained. So, how can we really change this situation?

First of all, the relevant government departments should strengthen the management of road excavation and introduce specific measures to control it. For example, Beijing, Chongqing and other cities stipulate that urban roads that have been newly built, rebuilt or expanded for less than 5 years or overhauled for less than 3 years shall not be excavated. However, to fundamentally control the phenomenon of "zipper road", it is important to coordinate the relationship between relevant departments and units. The government has the power, ability and responsibility to conduct unified management of road excavation. It is necessary to reform the current management system of multi-head management and compartmentalization, and comprehensively improve the systematic and scientific nature of urban master planning, construction and management.

Secondly, a unified department or association should manage road construction separately. Departments and units with mining needs should report the mining plan to them in advance, so as to make overall plans and completely change the current disorderly state. That is, a unified department coordinates a reasonable excavation time and method to reduce continuous excavation. In addition, various pipeline locations and exits should be reserved in urban construction. It is understood that when new important roads are built in Beijing, municipal pipelines are reserved when the project starts. This forward-looking planning and design practice embodies the scientific concept of urban construction and development, which is worth learning.

Turkish poet Na Qiao m? Sigmay has a famous saying: "There are two important things in a person's life that can never be forgotten. These are the faces of his mother and the face of the city. " And what kind of city appearance will we remember from the constantly excavated urban road now presented to the citizens?

(2) On August 3, 2005, China Youth Daily wrote that the Measures for the Administration of Urban Roads in Beijing had been deliberated and adopted by the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress and came into effect on August 1 day. The "Measures" stipulate that urban roads that have been delivered for less than five years after construction shall not be excavated. If it is really necessary to excavate due to special circumstances, the municipal pipeline routing municipal road management department shall report it to the municipal government for approval, and the district pipeline routing district traffic road management department shall report it to the people's government at the same level for approval.

The phenomenon of "zipper" in urban roads is criticized by people. Beijing stipulates that no new roads can be dug within five years, which undoubtedly has a positive effect on curbing the spread of the "zipper road" phenomenon. However, as far as the specific provision of "no excavation within five years" is concerned, it can be seen from two aspects-on the one hand, it enhances the operability of laws and regulations, on the other hand, it is inevitable to encounter such embarrassment in practice by standardizing complex urban road management in a simple and uniform way. For a simple example, because there are few residents along the newly-built roads in Beijing's urban-rural fringe, underground cables such as network broadband and digital TV may not be laid. However, with the rapid increase of residents along the roads, these cables need to be laid urgently. If digging roads is not allowed, will residents have to wait five years to use broadband and watch digital TV? If mining is allowed as a "special case", what kind of situation is "special"? How to identify? I'm afraid this is another question.

In fact, the crux of the "zipper road" problem lies in many policies and different ways. For example, the gas company is in charge of gas pipeline laying, the water company is in charge of water pipeline laying, and the power department is in charge of cable laying. They all paved their own roads and dug their own roads, lacking unified coordination and management. Therefore, to solve the problem of "zipper road", it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between various departments and units and conduct unified management of road excavation. In addition, the fundamental solution is to reform the current administrative management system of multi-head management and compartmentalization. It can certainly play a very positive role to make it mandatory not to dig new roads within five years, but it obviously misses the point, and it is impossible to fundamentally solve the problem simply by managing roads through formal means.

(3) According to relevant professional media reports, underground facilities in municipal construction in developed countries account for more than half of the total investment, and the biggest project is to build "the same ditch" under the street to solve the problem of laying new pipelines and maintaining pipelines in the future. The so-called "* * * in the same ditch" refers to the tunnel structure that integrates all kinds of public pipelines on the ground, underground or overhead, and leaves maintenance passages. This kind of "same ditch" is mainly suitable for the construction and use of important sections with large traffic flow and many underground pipelines, especially highways and main roads. In some foreign cities, the underground "sharing the same ditch" can not only provide people with sincere standing posture, but also pick up cars. Municipal personnel can usually go to work underground by car directly from the entrance without digging roads at all. The traditional way of directly burying municipal pipelines not only leads to repeated excavation of urban roads, but also wastes urban underground space resources. Building "* * * the same ditch" along urban roads is not only beneficial to the increase and decrease of various pipelines, but also beneficial to the maintenance of pipelines, which is a more scientific and reasonable pipeline construction mode. At present, the developed countries in the world generally adopt the intensive municipal infrastructure construction scheme of "underground pipelines in the same ditch" to solve the road excavation problem in the process of urban development; At the same time, it is also a powerful measure to solve the problem of intensive above-ground space facilities, realize the functional agglomeration of urban infrastructure and create a harmonious urban ecological environment. Therefore, it can be said that the construction of "* * * in the same ditch" has become one of the important symbols to measure the modernization level of urban infrastructure.

The construction of "* * * the same ditch" in Japan began with the important planning of Tokyo after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. At that time, as one of the contents of post-disaster urban reconstruction, Tokyo carried out the pilot construction of "* * * with the same ditch" in Jiuduanban, Dianmachi and Yaeki. 1963, Japan promulgated the same ditch law, which solved some key problems in the same ditch construction, such as capital sharing and construction technology. "* * * the same ditch" has been built and developed on a large scale in Japan. Japan has now become one of the most advanced countries in the world.

Japan's "the same ditch" is mainly built in Tokyo, Osaka and other big cities with high population density and complicated traffic conditions. In recent years, it has been popularized in local central cities such as Sendai and Hiroshima. The overall development goal of "* * * in the same ditch" in Japan is to build "* * * in the same ditch" with a length of about 1 100 km under the main roads of 80 cities including county governments and local central cities in the early 20th century. Tokyo, the most densely populated city, put forward the idea of using deep underground space resources (50 meters underground) to build a larger trunk network system in the same ditch; At the same time, the civil engineering construction technology and related legal issues involved in this idea have been initially solved, which reflects the construction trend and future development direction of "the same ditch" in Japan.

Although the construction industry in China has been exposed to the concept of "the same ditch" for a long time, the real construction started late due to the three major problems of capital, technology and materials. Because of the large investment in the construction of "the same ditch", the construction management is different from the traditional way of directly burying pipelines. Therefore, the experimental construction of "sharing the same ditch" has only been tried in some economically developed cities and some modern high-tech industrial parks in China, but it has not been popularized.

Specific application materials can be downloaded from the following websites:

Zhongzheng Shenlun. com (Shenlun Correction Center):/

Yipin Civil Service Network (Application Data Download Center):/forum.php.