Why did Britain first complete the first industrial revolution and become an industrial power? Why can the British dominate the ocean?

Among the countries in the world at that time, only Britain had all the conditions and factors for the industrial revolution. After the bourgeois revolution, Britain established bourgeois rule and capitalism developed further. Won the battle of colonial hegemony and became the largest capitalist colonial country. The production of workshop handicraft industry can no longer meet the expanding demand of domestic and foreign markets, and it needs to be revolutionized in the field of industrial production. The British bourgeois regime expanded capital accumulation and increased the number of employed labor through colonial plunder and enclosure movement; During the handicraft industry period, a lot of production technology and scientific knowledge were accumulated, which created the necessary conditions for the industrial revolution. The first industrial revolution in Britain was the inevitable result of the country's long-term economic, social and political development. Compared with France, Germany, Russia and other mainland countries, Britain's feudal separatist forces are relatively weak, and it established a centralized state power earlier, realized political unity, formed a unified national market, and created good social conditions for the development of capitalist industry and commerce. Although France achieved reunification and established a centralized country later than Britain, its territory was larger than Britain, and the remnants of feudal separatism were stronger, and the isolation between regions continued to exist for a long time. Germany achieved political unification in 187 1 year, and there were many barriers in various places, which seriously hindered the free development of industry and commerce. Britain carried out the bourgeois revolution in the middle of17th century, which eliminated the autocratic rule that was not conducive to the free development of commodity economy, and made the economy have more free development space than other countries. The safety of property and private enterprises has been more guaranteed; The legal restrictions of chivalry and enclosure were abolished, which promoted the development of rural capitalism; Social, political, religious and economic concepts formed after the revolution are more conducive to economic change. Various revolutionary measures taken during the revolution broke the shackles of feudalism and cleared the main obstacles to industrial and commercial development. In this respect, Britain is one or two hundred years ahead of other major European countries. British society is relatively stable and less damaged by war. /kloc-after the civil war in the middle of the 0/7th century, there was no major war in Britain. Although Britain has been involved in international wars many times, because it is separated from the mainland by the strait, wars are basically carried out abroad, unlike mainland countries, which are often destroyed by wars and social unrest. Britain has good natural conditions, rich coal and iron resources, mild climate and fertile land, which is suitable for the development of planting and animal husbandry. There are many rivers and ports, which have good conditions for developing inland river shipping and maritime transportation; After the opening of the new air route to the United States, Britain has a very favorable geographical position and is convenient for overseas development. /kloc-From the end of 0/6th century to the middle of 0/8th century, Britain defeated the main competitors of colonial plunder and shipping through commercial and colonial wars against Spain, the Netherlands, France and other countries, gained the right to control the sea, plundered a lot of wealth and overseas colonies, became the largest colonial empire, maritime overlord and slave trading country in the world, and gained rich sources of raw materials and a broad overseas market. British society is relatively open, and British people are good at absorbing advanced technology from other countries in the process of communicating with foreigners. Britain's more tolerant religious policy has enabled non-believers to give full play to their talents in scientific and technological innovation and industrial development. According to the religious beliefs of a group of inventors and entrepreneurs randomly selected during the industrial revolution, 49% of them are non-Christians, and non-Christians account for less than 5% of the total population. Britain also opened its doors to persecuted Protestants in the mainland, and a large number of Protestants moved to the British Isles, bringing capital and technology and making important contributions to the development of British industry, especially the textile industry. Britain has long been a leader in basic coal mining and ironmaking. As Britain's protected forests are drying up, coal has long been used as fuel and pulverized coal has been used to make iron. During the French Revolution, Britain produced about100000 tons of coal every year. At that time, some people realized the significance of this endless source of strength to British industry. Britain also took the lead in developing blast furnaces; This kind of blast furnace is very different from the old melting furnace, and it can produce iron in batches. 1780, Britain's iron output was one-third that of France, and by 1840, it was more than three times that of France. All this means that Britain is producing goods with large consumption, large demand and stability. Britain also has more working capital, which can be used as the capital of the industrial revolution. More business profits flow into Britain than into any other country. The court expenditure and military expenditure in Britain are lower than those in France, and the tax revenue in Britain is less, so the government's financial situation is better. In addition, the banking industry developed earlier and more effectively in Britain, providing mutual funds for individual enterprises and corporate enterprises. By the end of 17, London was already competing with Amsterdam, the world lending center; The London Stock Exchange was established in 1698, while there was no official stock exchange in Paris until 1724. Britain has acquired a rich floating labor force. Due to the disintegration of the early guild and the disappearance of various restrictions, it is easier to adopt the system of decentralized family processing and establish a factory with power machinery. Enclosure began in16th century and lasted for three centuries, reaching its climax in the late18th century and early19th century. Farmers often have to sell their labor. Between 17 14 and 1820, more than 6 million acres of land in Britain are occupied. This means serious confusion and pain. Poor farmers lost part or even all of their land and were forced to become tenant farmers or temporary workers, otherwise they had to go to cities to find jobs. British farmers were driven out of their homes in large numbers, which frightened individuals who cared about society. They openly expressed their opposition. Although the process of occupying land is disturbing and unpleasant, as far as the industrial revolution is concerned, it has accomplished two indispensable duties-it provided labor for factories and food for cities. Therefore, enclosure can be regarded as a prerequisite for British industry to rank first in19th century. Enclosure has also happened in some other European countries, but to a much lesser extent. For example, in France, the French Revolution provided farmers with more land, increased their attachment to their hometown, and made them unwilling to pack their bags and go elsewhere. Bacon and Newton initiated modern experimental science, which made Britain in a leading position in modern science and prepared the necessary intellectual conditions for the technological revolution. Although France also has many scientific discoveries and technological inventions, it lags behind Britain in transforming scientific and technological achievements into productive forces because of poor social conditions. Due to the above advantages, Britain's industrial revolution started and completed earlier than other countries and became the largest industrial power in the world. From 65438 to 0820, Britain accounted for 50% of the world's industrial production, followed by France, accounting for 15 ~ 20%. The industrial revolution is not only a technological revolution, but also a profound social change, which has had a profound impact on all aspects of human society. The industrial revolution promoted the formation of the world market. The first industrial revolution "created world history for the first time", and the machine industry it brought provided the necessary conditions for promoting international exchanges towards globalization, and laid a preliminary foundation for the exchanges among regions, countries and nationalities in the world and the future global integration. The invention of the steam engine and the smooth flow of steamboats and railways are indispensable basic technical conditions for communication between countries and nations. More importantly, it provides an economic premise for international exchanges. With the replacement of manual labor by large-scale machine production, the capitalist commodity economy has developed rapidly, and cheap, novel and high-quality goods have become cannons to open the doors of other countries in exchange for industrial raw materials, thus initially forming the world market and laying the foundation for the final formation of the world economy. Britain achieved maritime hegemony earlier than the first industrial revolution. It was the trade and colonial resources obtained by British maritime hegemony that laid the foundation for the first industrial revolution. /kloc-In the 6th century, in order to further expand and grab more benefits and wealth, Britain began to March into the sea, organized a powerful navy, and fought a decisive battle with Spain, which was also the maritime hegemon, thus establishing its own maritime hegemony. 1588 A large-scale naval battle between the British Navy and the Spanish Armada ended in the complete failure of the Armada. This victory of Britain has stabilized its position as the world's number one naval power, and its position as a maritime hegemon has remained until the 20th century. & lt/SPAN>。