Problems needing attention in hydropower construction

Immediately after entering the site, accurately play the horizontal line (elevation 100- 120cm). Power sockets and various junction boxes shall be constructed according to uniform high and low standards. Water-based gypsum powder is prohibited for all junction boxes, and high-grade cement mortar must be used for repair. The gaps on the four sides of all cassettes must be more than 2cm, so that cement mortar can be embedded in batches. It is forbidden to leave holes with the same size on the wall and the box, and the wire tube and the box must use locking interfaces. All kinds of conduits and water tanks should be grooved by cutting machine, so as to be horizontal and vertical. Wires must be connected in series with high-quality brand single-core wires. Catheters should be managed by ppc6 as far as possible. The number of wires in the catheter should be based on the square of the diameter of several wires, and should not exceed two-thirds of the square of the diameter of the catheter, and should be drawn freely. The elbow of pvc pipe should be bent as a whole, and only 900 elbows can be used if necessary. Electrical shunt must be carried out in strict accordance with the owner's requirements and construction drawings. During construction, the connector of the thread end must be placed in the electric box, and the connector must be tightened with the back thread end and the crimping cap. In addition, the wires must be 2.5m2 for the socket, 2.5m2 for the air conditioner and 4 m2 for the closet air conditioner, all of which need one-way wiring, with lighting 1.5m2 and incoming wires of more than 4 m2. Special circumstances shall be formulated according to customer's requirements, but the construction quality must be the most important, and the pay-off must be strictly color-separated (red, blue, yellow, flower line, etc. ). In the construction of water pipes (generally installed by factories), water pipes should not be laid under the floor, and construction cannot be carried out under special circumstances. Ppr hot melt operation method must be advocated. The brand advocates Pirsha, a world brand, a butterfly and an excellent national brand. It is forbidden to use bayonet fittings in copper pipe construction, and welding technology must be adopted. For example, the construction requires that the water pipe be discharged from the top surface, and it is forbidden to pass through the back of the gypsum line. It must be hung in the ceiling and fixed on the top surface. The inlet and outlet of water and gas in the shower room should be 26 14 (that is, 6 points for water, 6 points for gas and 4 points for water and hot water), and the gas pipeline must adopt Shanghai Labor brand hot-dip galvanized pipe. Suggestions on the construction of power distribution project 1. To allocate the line direction according to the engineering requirements, we must first mark the line direction on the wall and the ground, determine the installation position of the card holder in the future, and make preparations for the opening of the trunking. 2. On the wall surface, according to the pre-made mark of trunking direction, a trunking with appropriate depth (determined according to the diameter and number of ducts) is opened, and the buried slot of the cassette is opened. Trough must be horizontal, flat and vertical, with the same depth; The position of the embedding box requires the same height of similar embedding boxes. 3. Laying pipelines. It should be noted here that the conduit laid on the wall should use rigid pvc pipe; The pipelines laid on the ground shall be water, gas and iron pipes; Pipe joints should be used for the connection between pipes; 90-degree elbow should be used; Catheter must be fixed; The coaxial cable and telephone line of TV antenna should be threaded separately, and the distance between adjacent tubes should be not less than 30 cm; The diameter of the catheter should ensure that it can be pulled out freely after threading. 4. Fix the cassette and adjust the position of the cassette. 5, put the wire into the tube, pay attention to the power supply wire to minimize the joint; The joint between TV coaxial cable and telephone line is strictly prohibited; The power cord connector needs to be insulated with insulating tape and waterproof tape for double insulation. Special note: in home decoration, there has been a phenomenon that electricians walked well and were later unintentionally damaged by other personnel. Therefore, in order to ensure that the above situation does not occur, it is best to mark the position of the line. General knowledge of indoor electrical installation (1) Capacitors, electrical switches and other flammable and explosive appliances are not allowed to be installed in the ceiling of flammable structure. If a ballast is installed in the ceiling, a metal box device should be installed. The clear distance between the bottom of the iron box and the ceiling should be not less than 50mm, and insulated with asbestos pad. The clear distance between the iron box and the combustible frame should not be less than 100mm, and the iron box should be integrated with the electrical pipeline. (2) When wiring in the ceiling, a power switch should be set outside the ceiling, so as to cut off the power supply of all electrical circuits in the ceiling when necessary. (3) Scope of application of metal conduit-Except for those with serious corrosion to metal conduit, other indoor and outdoor places can use metal conduit for wiring. (4) For wiring of metal pipes in damp places and underground, galvanized water pipes or gas steel pipes should be used for conduits, and the wall thickness should not be less than 0.5mm. (5) For AC lines protected by metal pipes, the wires of each phase in the same circuit should be placed in the same pipe. (6) All connection points of the pipeline (including junction box, cable box, lamp holder box, switch box, etc. ) jumper wire shall be welded firmly to make the pipeline become an electrical whole. The resistance between its two ends should not be greater than Bay. The minimum cross section of jumper shall be no less than 6mm2. (7) When wiring metal pipes, the distance between their fixed points should generally not be greater than the following feet; D 13-20mm pipe diameter, with spacing of1m. D25-32mm pipe diameter and spacing of1.5m.. D40-50mm pipe diameter, spacing of 2m. (8) Application scope of flame retardant pipe: it is suitable for indoor places, especially for places with acid and alkali corrosion and humidity. (9) Junction box, cable box, switch box, etc. The wiring of flame-retardant pipes (slots) should use flame-retardant plastic boxes instead of metal boxes. (10) Insulated conductors such as plastic wires or rubber hemp wires used for pipeline wiring can be used. (1 1) The total cross section (including sheath) of the conductor passing through the pipe shall not exceed 40% of the cross section inside the pipe. (12) Several similar circuits can pass through the same pipe, but the total number of wires in the pipe shall not exceed 8 (the condition of 1 1 must be met). (13) There are no wire connectors in the pipe, and all wire connectors should be connected with junction boxes. (14) In order to ensure the convenience of threading steel pipe wiring and flame retardant pipe wiring, cable boxes should be installed or the pipe diameter should be increased under the following circumstances: 1) The total length of the pipeline is more than 30m without bending or primary bending. 2) When the total length of the pipeline exceeds 20m and there are two elbows. 3) When the total length of the pipeline exceeds 12m and there are three elbows. (15) When laying the flame retardant hose, if it exceeds the following length, a junction box should be installed in the middle or the pipe diameter should be increased: 1) When the total length of the pipeline exceeds 20m, there is no bending. 2) The total length of the pipeline exceeds 14m, and there is only one bending time. 3) The total length of the pipeline is over 8m, and there are two elbows. 4) The total length of the pipeline is more than 5m, and there are three elbows. (16) The bending radius of wiring for metal pipes and flame-retardant pipes shall not be less than 6 times of the exposed pipe diameter. When concealed, it should not be less than 10 times of the pipe diameter. (17) When the pipeline passes through expansion joints or settlement joints, compensation devices shall be added. (18) When electric pipes and water pipes are laid close to or cross-laid, the electric pipes should generally be laid under the hot water pipes, and the clear distance between them should not be less than 0.2m( 19). The connection of flame-retardant hoses and the connection into the junction box should be connected by special joints. Hoses are not allowed to be used as vertical power supply lead pipes in high-rise buildings. (20) Electrical equipment (including lamps, fans, sockets, etc.). ) Each circuit used for indoor lighting shall not exceed 25 circuits, with a total capacity of 3000w W..(2 1). The load current of each single-phase circuit shall not exceed 15a, and bipolar rubber switch or automatic switch shall be adopted for control and protection. (22) The lighting switch shall be a pull rope switch or a wall switch, and the lamp holder switch (except the table lamp that meets the safety requirements) shall not be used. The height of the drawstring switch from the ground is 2-3m, and the height of the wall switch from the ground is generally1.3-1.5m. (23) The capacity of the socket is adapted to the power load, and only one electrical appliance is allowed to be connected to each socket, and it should be protected by fuse. Electrical equipment of 1kw and above shall be controlled by installing a knife switch in front of the socket. (24) The installation height of the socket is generally 0.3-0.5m When it is less than 0.3m, a protective plate (tube) should be added when the conductor is directly laid, but in any case, the distance between the socket and the ground shall not be less than 0. 15m. (25) For the grounding device of AC electrical appliances and pipelines, firstly, all kinds of metal pipelines and equipment that are reliably connected with the earth and have no danger of combustion and explosion are used as natural grounding bodies (such as the foundation of water supply and drainage pipelines and reinforced concrete buildings), and the grounding resistance is not more than 4 ohms. (26) Artificial grounding body, round steel and flat steel can be used for horizontal laying, and angle steel, steel pipe and round steel can be used for vertical laying. Minimum specification of general grounding body: the diameter of raw steel is greater than 8mm, the section of flat steel is greater than 48mm2, its thickness is greater than 4mm, the thickness of angle steel is greater than 4mm, and the wall thickness of steel pipe is greater than 3.5 mm All grounding bodies meet the requirements of grounding resistance. (27) It is forbidden to use the aluminum skin on the surface of metal hose, insulated pipe metal mesh and low-voltage lighting network wire as grounding wire. (28) The installation height of the electric meter shall be convenient for installation, disassembly and meter reading, and safety shall be considered. The vertical distance from the bottom of the meter box to the ground is generally 1.7- 1.9m ... The precautions for electric wires in hydropower transformation are mainly divided into the following categories: lighting wires, socket wires and air conditioning wires. The quality of wires in newly-built houses is acceptable in principle, so there is generally no need to rewire them unless you clearly know that the wires in your house are not good, or you are not worried about money. So in fact, the wire part only needs to be increased and extended as needed. Generally speaking, lighting line 1.5, socket line 2.5 and air conditioning line 4. The new houses in the air-conditioning line are all arranged. So in general, there is no need to add air conditioning lines. Recommend panda line. In addition, it should be noted that Yuba's wires should also use socket wires, which is 2.5. If conditions permit, 4 is the best. In fact, in terms of electricity, in addition to the wire itself, there are PVC pipes that wear wires, which is also a place that we need to pay special attention to. Because this part of the wire is in the light, generally there will be no hands and feet. The most problematic place is the catheter. The first is the quality of the pipeline. The catheter must be of good quality. It should be placed on the ground and stepped on by feet. At the very least, you can't be trampled easily. This is the most basic requirement. Guys, TX can test it for itself. What kind of pipe is used to thread how many threads is also a place where workers like to play tricks. Now PVC pipes are generally divided into 6 points and 4 points. Use 6 points if possible. And indicate it in the budget. 4-point pipe can only pass through 1.5 lighting line, and a pipe can only pass through 3 lines at most. Six pipes can pass through 2.5 wires, and one pipe can only pass through 3 2.5 wires at most. These are valuable construction specifications, and you must not be careless or deceived by workers. Persistence is victory, or you will suffer in the future. Tell me why. There are two main reasons why wires penetrate into PVC pipes. First, because of protection and insulation; Another important reason is to ensure future maintenance. Imagine, when the concealed work is completed, one day, if something goes wrong with a wire, you can pull it out through the PVC pipe and replace it with a good one. There are too many wires in PVC pipes, so they can't be pulled, and there is no way to maintain them in the future. In addition, PVC pipes should be connected with connectors and firmly connected with glue. Moreover, the connection between PVC pipe and box must be covered with special sleeve, and PVC pipe and box must not be directly butted. These may be details, but if the details are not solved, it will be a hidden danger in the future. I hope TX must pay attention to them, and don't be careless. Don't expect workers to help you think. Therefore, the normal operation standard is to arrange the PVC pipes first, connect all the pipes well, and then put the wires in. Unfortunately, most workers are not standardized now, that is, they connect wires while threading. Hehe, it's really difficult to ensure that the wires can be replaced smoothly in the future. I just said strong electricity. There is also weak electricity, that is, telephone lines, network cables, cable TV lines, audio lines, video lines, audio lines and so on. The discharge mode of weak current is almost the same as that of strong current. Of course, you have to wear PVC pipes. The cross section of the wire should not exceed 40% of the cross section of the PVC pipe. Again, don't wear too much. Moreover, strong electricity and weak electricity must not be worn in the same tube. Try to separate them. The distance between strong current and weak current is at least 20 cm, otherwise there will be interference. Remember, remember. Conditional TX can use network cable instead of telephone cable, that is, both telephone cable and network cable are arranged with network cable. Because the network cable has eight wires and the telephone uses two wires, the risk of accidental disconnection can be effectively reduced, and the probability of telephone line failure is really high. Having said that, I have to mention the quality of the line itself. Due to the general situation, TX pays more attention to the quality of wires, which leaves workers with the opportunity to paste wires. Therefore, we also need to pay attention to the quality of network cables, telephone lines and cable TV lines. Panda is generally recommended. Everyone may know the panda's wire. In fact, the quality of panda's network cable, telephone cable and cable TV cable is good. Hehe, it's a famous brand after all. Touch it with your hands, and the texture will be different. Audio cable and video cable are recommended to buy by yourself. Because this kind of thread is more expensive, there is a big difference between good and bad, so you can buy it yourself. Precautions for water and electricity installation of new house 1. Whether the wires need to be replaced depends on the power consumption. Generally, the wires of each air conditioner and kitchen are independent, and the lights and sockets in each room are partitioned. Open the distribution box and you will know. Add up the power of electrical appliances that may be used at the same time and divide by 220. Even if the current required by the electrical appliance is calculated, the conductor current is 2.5A per square meter, and the commonly used 2.5 4mm2 conductor can take 6A current. 2.5 wire can tube 16 amp, 4.0 wire can tube 20 amp. ) the current allowed to flow through the wire is greater than the current required by the electrical appliances used at the same time; (The family had better choose copper conductor. If there are only some simple household appliances, generally choose 2.5mm copper core wire, and it is best to choose 1.5mm or 1.0mm copper core wire for lighting. If there are household appliances that use electricity, such as air conditioners, it is recommended to use 4.0mm as the main line and 2.5mm as the socket line. ) 2. The wire connector can only be disassembled for maintenance in distribution boxes, sockets, lamp holders and other places. There can be no connector in the threading pipe, for fear that the connector will come loose after a long time. If there is a joint, it is best to weld it. There are two points to pay attention to: first, how many lines should each pipe take, because the general project cost is calculated according to the pipe. At present, the commonly used pipe with a diameter of 20, if you want to take more than five kinds of computer wires, you have to take 4-5 wires; Second, the materials used should be agreed in advance, and I forgot to explain: 2.5A per square refers to the value that ensures that the wires will not heat up in the safe mode of power consumption in the computer room. According to the electrician's manual, this value should be 4A per square. In addition, the wires are also allowed to be overloaded for a short time. Generally speaking, wires should be replaced after 15-30 years, because skin aging will cause leakage, and skin aging is related to the heating degree of wires and the use environment. 3. When buying wires, pay attention to whether they are 3c certified, and pay attention to wires with the same length, which are good in weight; 4. Weak wires (220V) can pass through the pipe, as long as the cross-sectional area of the wires does not exceed 40% of the cross-sectional area of the pipe. The same is true of strong wires. Strong current (220V) and weak current (TV, telephone, network, etc. ) cannot pass through the same pipe. Telephone lines and network cables cost about the same. It is suggested to use a network cable instead of a telephone line, which will give you more flexibility in the future. Add an elbow at the bend of the line; It is forbidden to disconnect and add joints (no joints) in the middle of the pipeline. Circuit transformation must have a circuit diagram (no matter who drew it) and must be permanently preserved (easy to maintain); 5. The switch of the whole house should be basically in the same horizontal position, with the socket 30 cm from the ground and the switch 140 cm from the ground, except for special sockets such as air conditioners and refrigerators and special requirements. 6. The colors of live wire, zero wire and ground wire of the house in the circuit transformation must be unified; 7. It is best to use 3 wires with more than 4.0 strands for socket wires (including air-conditioned refrigerators) and 2 wires with more than 2.5 strands for lighting wires. And the air conditioning line is dedicated. No matter how many air conditioners are used, it is best to use 4.0 lines. Lighting and air conditioning sockets can be without leakage switch; Socket right hole connecting wire; 8. Socket wires and lighting wires should be tapped under different switches (loops), not in the same tube, that is, different switches should take different tubes: lighting should take a loop, and sockets should take a loop. I suggest that this part of the electricity used for air conditioning should also be recycled. With these three loops, a room of 100 square meter is basically enough. If it is a villa, the lighting and socket may be divided into two loops. At present, the electricity consumption of air conditioners is relatively large, so a loop needs to be set for the electricity consumption of air conditioners. What's the good of this? When you trip, you won't jump all the sockets. Sometimes you may be watching TV, sometimes you may be using a video recorder, and sometimes air conditioning will affect your problems, so it is best to have a separate one. This one is not enough. Set aside two more in the distribution box and two more switches. Then it is suggested to leave two switches on the socket. Once there is water and fire in the house, it can be cut off or tripped indoors, and it can also be tripped if there is leakage. Distribution boxes are generally made of iron and should be protected by ground wires. Sometimes a room may trip in a closed circuit, so it is necessary to open the distribution box and close the brake. At this time, the distribution box is an iron box, so special attention should be paid to the ground wire. When you accept it in the future, you should have a look and try it. Whether the ground connection is firm or not, home safety is the first; 9, waterway reconstruction, into the wall part must use PPR tube; 10, the location of waterway, kitchen hot and cold water interface, sewer pipe is particularly important, and the location of water pipe in life balcony is also very important; No matter the water pipe, water pipe and base, you have to check the quality one by one, otherwise it will be a lifetime to be buried on the ground or in the wall; It was agreed before the renovation that cement should not be sealed without inspection. Preparation: First of all, say hello to the property, whether the closed water test has passed the acceptance, whether it can be started, and whether it is necessary to apply for a construction permit, otherwise the decoration will be more dangerous! ! 1. Design the positions of water outlets such as shower, washbasin, bathtub, mop basin and vegetable basin by yourself or let designers design them. The kitchen hasn't changed much. A vegetable basin has a water outlet, and some need to add a water purifier. It is suggested that you can install a small kitchen treasure or an instant water heater, which is mainly used for washing vegetables. , convenient, can quickly generate hot water. You'd better measure the size of the special sanitary ware in advance, including the faucet, and pay attention to the height from the ground or the height of the brick. If the bathroom needs to be heightened, it should not be sloppy, so as not to look awkward after installation! It is not good to have regrets. 2. If you have installed a gas water heater (and you use a bathroom), and the bathroom is close to the kitchen, then you can draw water from the kitchen to the bathroom (this may use more pipes, and cold water should be put first for hot water in winter), but it is more convenient to use. If you want to solve the above problems, it is to install an electric water heater in the bathroom, but the bathroom will be too crowded and unsightly if it is small. But how to choose is still up to the owner to decide according to his own hobbies. 3. The construction specification of "PP-R" water reform is "up without down, down without up, up without down". Because digging the property is not allowed, and digging will destroy the waterproof, and once the water leaks, it is not easy to find it. Because the water flows downwards, the leaking place does not necessarily flow out first, and it will only be found when the water leaks downstairs or the water overflows Jinshan, but because it is a concealed pipe, it is impossible to find the leaking place immediately, so the loss will be considerable; If you go above, the kitchen and bathroom can be hung with aluminum gusset plates. When we go through the wall and the entrance, we can walk along the corner and wrap it with plaster thread without affecting the appearance. When the water pipe leads from the top to the bathroom, when you meet a place where water is needed, we will open the vertical groove down to a suitable height and reserve a water outlet for you. The advantage of this is that once there is water leakage, because the water is flowing downwards, you can immediately find the leaking place and facilitate maintenance. 4. After you communicate with our constructors, the construction will start with improving the water quality. Draw a line with ink lines first, and outline the route that needs to be taken (it can be seen from the route map that it is horizontal and vertical. If there are different opinions or changes at this time, you can also discuss with the master). These preliminary preparations will take about an hour. 5. After threading, the dark groove is opened. Use a special tool cutter to cut the slotting surface according to the line cutting, and then use an electric hammer to slot. This time will take about 3-4 hours. In addition, it should be reminded that the steel bars in the load-bearing walls of some communities are too thick, and the steel bars cannot be cut off (affecting the quality of houses), so they can only be shallow (the cement needs to be thickened when sticking bricks), or take the exposed pipes or bypass other walls. If the owner wants to brush the groove for waterproofing, he needs to make an appointment in advance. As a matter of fact, our operating technical specifications leave no seams in the grooves. 6. After slotting, install the pipeline. The technology here is hot melting, that is to say, the connecting part of the pipeline is hot melted into a whole with a hot melting machine. This is the biggest difference between "PPR" pipeline and other pipeline construction. The joint of aluminum-plastic pipe and galvanized pipe is threaded or jacketed, and it is easy to leak water after a few years. When the catheter reaches the top, it will be fixed with a pipe clamp because it is an exposed pipe, and the water pipe in the tank will be fixed with fast dry powder, which will be more firm and conducive to the next process. This process takes about 3 or 4 hours. In addition, the wall of cold water pipe is thin, generally marked with blue line, which has lower price and lower water resistance; Hot water pipes are thick in wall, generally marked red, with high price and high water pressure resistance. In order to ensure the actual interests of the owners, all hot water pipes are used. 7. Reserve a water outlet, if the specifications of your bathroom and bathtub are special. Then you must make it clear to our workers, because our construction follows the routine. Some owners may consider adding something in the later stage of water reform, so we will reserve 1 and 2 more outlets according to your requirements. When you need to use them, you can install a faucet. 8. After the construction is finished, the most important step is acceptance, that is, passing the suppression test. After 30 minutes, if there are no problems, the water reform is successfully completed:) 9. After the construction is completed, our master will draw a sketch of the direction of waterway transformation, and then draw it by computer after returning to the company. We will send you this photo in about 5 days. Waterway maps must be kept well, because some waterways sometimes encounter wires or other unavoidable things, so sometimes it may be problematic to judge the direction of water pipes only by the outlet after entering the wall. So the navigation chart must be kept useful. 1. Water and electricity 1. Waterproof construction should adopt coating waterproof. 2. Waterproof works shall be carried out after concealed works are completed and accepted. 3. After the waterproof construction is completed, two water storage tests should be conducted. 4. The waterproof layer of the toilet should be no less than1.8m.5.. Floor drains, yin and yang corners, pipes and other places should be waterproof again. 6. Floor drains should be deodorized. Hot and cold water pipes are hot on the left and cold on the right. 8. Try not to walk on the ground. 9. The cold water pipe should have a protective layer of 1CM in the wall, and the hot water pipe is 1.5CM, so the groove should be opened to the depth of 10. When installing PPR pipe, the thickness of ceramic tile should be properly attached, so that the pipe will not be exposed in 1 1, and cooking will be a little bit. The bucket must be large 12, and the faucet and basin should be matched. If it's not good, don't pretend 13, bathroom installation can't use cement. Silica gel 14 should be used. Pay attention to the protection of the toilet and faucet after installation 15. When buying a toilet, you should consider the pit distance of the toilet. The washing machine should consider whether it drains upward or downward 17. It is best not to install a telephone in the bathroom, which is easy to get wet. The size of the mirror in the bathroom should be considered first. Otherwise, the mirror headlights can be easily installed in 19, and it is best to leave a manhole 20 in the bathroom pipeline. Strong current and weak current cannot pass through the same pipeline 2 1, left zero, right ground 22, and power socket 300 away from the ground. Switch 1.4m 23. Don't install the switch behind the door. 24. More sockets should be fine. 25. 16A high-power electrical appliance socket, such as electric oven. 26. The cassette should be easy to use. 27. The cassette must match the panel. Otherwise, the installation may not be possible. 28. The cross-sectional area of wires in PVC conduit shall not exceed 40% of the cross-sectional area of conduit. 29. Don't point the air conditioner in the bedroom at the bed. 30. Air conditioning holes should be tilted outward. Otherwise, the rain will come in 3 1, and the lights should be controlled as double as possible. It is best to install splash-proof sockets 33 in the bathroom and sockets 34 in the balcony, and the trunking should be horizontal and vertical for future use. 35. Check valve 36 should be installed in the public flue, and the purchased electrical appliances must be looked after by workers, and the instructions and warranty cards must be kept well.

I hope it helps you, thank you!