Who knows the prospect of information technology development?

-It is a physical device that follows the laws of quantum mechanics, performs high-speed mathematical and logical operations, and stores and processes quantum information. When a device processes and calculates quantum information and runs quantum algorithms, it is a quantum computer. The concept of quantum computer comes from the research of reversible computer. The purpose of studying reversible computers is to solve the energy consumption problem of computers.

In the 1960s and 1970s, it was found that energy consumption would lead to the chip heating in the computer, which greatly affected the integration of the chip, thus limiting the running speed of the computer. It is found that energy consumption comes from irreversible operation in the calculation process. So, does the calculation process have to be completed by irreversible operation? The answer to the question is that all classical computers can find corresponding reversible computers without affecting their computing power. Because every operation in a computer can be converted into reversible operation, it can be expressed by unitary transformation in quantum mechanics. In fact, the early quantum computers were classical computers described in the language of quantum mechanics, and did not take advantage of the essential features of quantum mechanics, such as superposition and coherence of quantum states. In classical computers, the basic information unit is bits, and the operation objects are various bit sequences. Similarly, in a quantum computer, the basic information unit is a quantum bit, and the operation object is a sequence of quantum bits. The difference is that the quantum bit sequence can be not only in the superposition state of various orthogonal States, but also in the entangled state. These special quantum states not only provide the possibility of quantum parallel computation, but also bring many wonderful properties. Different from classical computers, quantum computers can do arbitrary unitary transformation, and after obtaining the output state, they can measure and get the calculation results. Therefore, quantum computing greatly expands the classical computing, which can be regarded as a special kind of quantum computing in mathematical form. The quantum computer transforms each superimposed component, all these transformations are completed at the same time, and they are superimposed according to a certain probability amplitude, and the results are given. This kind of calculation is called quantum parallel calculation. In addition to parallel computing, another important use of quantum computer is analog subsystem, which is beyond the power of classical computer.

Whether it is quantum parallel computing or quantum analog computing, quantum coherence is essentially used. Unfortunately, it is difficult to maintain quantum coherence in practical systems. In the quantum computer, the qubit is not an isolated system, it will interact with the external environment, leading to the attenuation of quantum coherence, that is, decoherence. Therefore, to make quantum computing a reality, a core problem is to overcome decoherence. Quantum coding is the most effective method to overcome decoherence. The main quantum coding schemes are: quantum error correction code, quantum error avoidance code and quantum error prevention code. Quantum error-correcting code is an analogy of classical error-correcting code, and it is the most studied code at present. Its advantage is wide application range, but its disadvantage is low efficiency.

So far, there is no real quantum computer in the world. However, many laboratories around the world are pursuing this dream with great enthusiasm. There are many schemes to realize quantum computing, but the problem is that it is really too difficult to manipulate micro quantum States in experiments. At present, the proposed scheme mainly uses the interaction between atoms and optical cavities, cold trap binding ions, electron or nuclear spin vibration, quantum dot manipulation, superconducting quantum interference and so on. It is hard to say which scheme is more promising, but quantum dot scheme and superconducting Josephson junction scheme are more suitable for integration and miniaturization. In the future, the existing schemes may be useless, and finally a brand-new design will emerge, which is based on a new material, just like semiconductor materials are for electronic computers. The purpose of studying quantum computer is not to replace the existing computer with it. Quantum computer makes the concept of computing completely new, which is the difference between quantum computer and other computers such as optical computer and biological computer. The function of quantum computer is far more than solving some problems that classical computers can't solve.

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biocomputer

On June 1983 1 1, the National Science Foundation of the United States held an academic meeting with nearly 40 scientists from different disciplines. The main topic of the meeting was to explore the possibility of making biological computers based on theoretical and experimental research at that time. This conference played a catalytic role and promoted the research process of biological computers. Now, the United States has set up many interdisciplinary bio-computer research groups. At the same time, Japan, Britain and other countries have also carried out similar research and development work. The parallel development of gene and protein engineering, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, polymer chemistry, artificial membrane technology and other adjacent fields provides material and method guarantee for the establishment of biological computer system.

Modern electronic computers are developing in two directions: giant and miniaturization, and the operation speed has reached more than 500 million times. But no matter which type, it is basically the same, that is, it can only handle two values: 0 and 1. Moreover, before solving a problem with a computer, it is necessary to describe the problem, establish a mathematical model or give a calculation formula, and then program it, that is to say, the mutual "understanding" between people and computers is realized through pre-programmed programs, which is very complicated and difficult for outsiders. Moreover, the volume of modern semiconductor VLSI is as small as 1 micron, which is difficult to shrink. This means that the improvement of integration, as well as the storage capacity and rapid action of the corresponding computing system will encounter great obstacles. In this case, scientists imagine that if the equipment is made from protein through genetic engineering, it will open up a new road for the development of computers. In the early 1980s, james macarthur, an American biochemist, made a molecular biochip with recombinant DNA technology for the first time, which greatly improved the integration of the circuit and made a key step for the development of a molecular bio-computer. Since then, scientists from all over the world have made many new achievements. For example, they found an organic pigment produced by halophilic bacteria-bacteriorhodopsin, which is very similar to rhodopsin in the retina of our eyes and will change its electronic optical properties when irradiated by red and green lasers. At the low temperature of liquid nitrogen, the bacteriorhodopsin molecule can switch in about 10 picosecond (1 picosecond = 10- 12 seconds), and the operation speed will be greatly improved by using this switching speed.

In addition to higher integration density, faster operation speed, smaller external volume, larger storage capacity and stronger features and functions, the bio-computer is also characterized in that the protein component on the bio-chip can be organically connected with the human brain and nervous system, so that the man-machine interface can be naturally matched, and the complicated "man-machine dialogue" which is usually indispensable is eliminated. Therefore, the molecular biological computer can be directly under the unified command of the human brain and become an extension and expansion part of the human brain.

The research team of General Electronics Company of the United States conceived a method to activate and proliferate the biological computer in the human brain. Computer design, operating instructions of structure, instructions for completing processing, etc. They are all engraved in genes according to the arrangement of nucleotides, and then computer genes are programmed into human genes. Therefore, babies who have obtained computer genes from their parents will grow up in the brain with the development of brain nerve tissue from the fetal stage, and when they are born, biological computers will be equipped as their own organs. Another way is to bring computer genes into the brain through viruses. If the biological computer can really be born in the human brain, then human intelligence will be immeasurable. No matter how complicated the calculation is, as long as the human brain thinks, the computer network connecting the brain will answer immediately. If the database in the world is connected with the brain, one can master all the data of the working computers in the world and take them as his own memory, which can be taken out at any time. Furthermore, if the brain bio-computer uses the brain nerve cell activity controller to transmit or receive signals in some way, it is not surprising that telepathy, which is still suspected by people, will become a function that people have.

Biocomputers paint a fabulous application prospect for us. The progress of science has made many myths come true, and the rise of biological computers will make human progress to a new level.

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Grid computing is a group of emerging technologies based on the Internet, which is dedicated to connecting and "integrating" high-speed Internet, high-performance computers, large-scale databases and remote devices, thus providing comprehensive connection of more resources for scientific and technical personnel and ordinary people, including computing resources, storage resources, communication resources, software resources, information resources and knowledge resources, so that people can use these resources and functions transparently.

Grid computing can usually be divided into three logical deployment levels.

As the simplest and most common grid form, department-level computing includes multiple systems interconnected through the network, providing maximum utilization and "priority-based" resource allocation. It can include distributed workstations and servers, as well as centralized resources in a data center environment. Usually owned and used by a single project or department, it can support high throughput and high performance jobs.

With the increase of capacity demand, enterprise computing can combine the grid forms of multiple departments into an enterprise grid form, so that the resources of multiple administrative domains generally occupy the same geographical position. In addition to priorities, the enterprise grid also uses "policies" to ensure that multiple groups or departments can access enterprise resources fairly and on demand.

Internet-level computing Internet-level computing represents a collection of multiple enterprise grids, all of which conform to global policies and agreements, but do not necessarily have the same implementation methods.

Grid computing environment can generally be divided into grid nodes, middleware, development environment and tool layer and application layer.

Grid nodes are composed of various resources distributed on the Internet, including various hosts, workstations and even PCs. They are heterogeneous and can run on Unix, Windows and other operating systems. Grid nodes can also be cluster systems, large storage devices, databases and other devices of the above model.

Middleware is the core of grid computing, which is responsible for providing remote process management, resource allocation, storage access, login and authentication, security and quality of service.

The development environment and tool layer provide users with secondary development environment and tools to make better use of network resources.

The application layer provides acceptable languages for the system, such as HP C++ and MPI. , and other software supporting engineering applications and database access can be configured, and a Web service interface can be provided for users to submit jobs and obtain calculation results through the Web.

Grid computing has developed rapidly in recent years with different standards, so there is no world standard for grid computing. At present, the biggest task is to formulate a set of standards, that is, the so-called open interface for grid services and open standards for grid computing. The industry believes that the first grid computing standard will appear this year, which marks the arrival of a large-scale outbreak of grid computing.

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First of all, I want to introduce the background of robot and the development of robot technology. It should be said that it is the comprehensive result of the development of science and technology, and at the same time it has had a great impact on social and economic development. Its development is attributed to the fact that during the Second World War, countries strengthened their economic investment and their own economic development.

On the other hand, it is also the demand of productivity development and the inevitable result of human development. With the development of people's society, people are increasingly discussing the process of nature, the process of transforming nature and the process of understanding nature, in order to realize people's understanding and transformation of the unreachable world, which is also the objective need of people in the process of scientific and technological development.

So what is a robot? Generally speaking, a robot is a mechanical and electronic device with some functions similar to human beings, or an automatic device. It is still a machine. It has three characteristics. One is humanoid function, such as working function, sensing function, walking function, and it can also complete various actions. Another feature is that it can work automatically according to human programming. A remarkable feature here is that it can be programmed to change its work and action. But from the complete and far-reaching definition of robot, more emphasis should be placed on the intelligence of robot, so people put forward the definition of robot, that is, a machine that can perceive the environment, learn, feel and think logically about the outside world. Then this puts forward higher requirements for robots. Looking forward to 2 1 century, robots will be deeply applied to various fields, just like the popularization of computers in the 20th century. The first 20 years of 2 1 century is an important period for the development of robots from manufacturing to non-manufacturing, and it is also a key period for the development of intelligent robots.

Just now, we spent a short time talking about the development of robots and our views on robots, and made a simple introduction. I believe everyone can study robots with us in the future.

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Digital globe

It is the earth information field reproduced by human beings in digital form, and it is an information-based earth. It includes the acquisition, processing, transmission, storage management, retrieval, decision analysis and expression of earth information. Its external performance is a super-large parallel, interconnected and intelligent computer management information system. Various sensors, computer networks, computer data processing centers, biological and abiotic information front-ends, terminals and carriers in space, underground and ground are the infrastructure of digital earth. (1) In a narrow sense, digital earth technology mainly includes geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS) and global positioning system (GPS). According to US Vice President Al Gore, the digital earth refers to a virtual earth which is based on earth coordinates, multi-resolution, composed of massive data and can be expressed in three dimensions. (second solution)

What is a smart community?

At present, there are two branches of intelligent building industry, one is intelligent building and the other is wireless city. The development of wireless cities originated from intelligent buildings, so if you want to know wireless city, you must know something about intelligent buildings. Intelligent building refers to building a building with reasonable investment, high efficiency, comfort and convenient environment by optimizing the four basic requirements of building structure, system, service and management and their internal relations. If the structure and decoration of a building are compared to a healthy and handsome person, then the intelligent system built by various modern technologies will make the building have a smart brain and keen vision, feeling and hearing. It can collect and process the information inside and outside the building, and make appropriate response through the intelligent system, providing all kinds of information for the managers and users of the building and creating a safe, comfortable, efficient and convenient environment.

Wireless city is upgraded on the basis of intelligent building. Because wireless city is a place for people to live, relax and entertain, it not only has the same requirements as the above-mentioned intelligent building, but also emphasizes the realization of more thoughtful and timely service to its residents and more humanized management of the whole community through intelligent systems, which can also greatly improve the economic benefits of developers and property management companies.

Let's be like a real wireless city, what kind of feeling it is. If you want to know about a smart community, no matter where you are, you can connect to the computer information system of the community through the network to learn about the environment, facilities and services of the community, and you can see the real-time images of the community environment and buildings, so that you can get to know the community in depth without leaving home. After you buy a property in the smart community, you can feel the convenience brought by the smart community. Every day when I go out to work, the air conditioner and electricity at home will be adjusted to an energy-saving state, and the security system will automatically start, and the home will immediately become a safety fortress. No matter who tries to break into your home, the anti-theft device will start immediately and send an alarm message to the property management center, security room and so on. , and can alarm the public security system such as 1 10, and at the same time, you can call your phone to send the alarm information to you. When you come home from work, you can wake up the air conditioning and lighting system by phone on the way, adjust the temperature and humidity of the room to your desired state, and even let the automatic kitchen utensils make coffee for you. When you open the door with your personal card, you enter a comfortable environment. At the same time, your favorite music will be played in the sound system, and TV programs or messages and schedules in your favorite channels can be played in HDTV. If you need to work at home, you can connect with the office computer through the broadband network in the community, which is convenient for consulting office materials, just as convenient as working at home. If you want to watch the TV program you want, you can choose the TV program you want to watch at will through the video-on-demand system in the community. If you want to shop but don't want to go out, you can shop online through the Internet. Someone will deliver it to your door in a minute. You just need to pay by card. And this card is also a card for entering and leaving the automated garage. If you want to have a rest, the air conditioner and lighting system will take a rest and adjust the temperature and light to the most suitable state for sleeping, while the gas alarm and fire alarm will monitor all kinds of unsafe factors at any time. If there is an emergency or an emergency, you can immediately press the emergency buttons on the bedside and bathroom, and the security office will send someone to deal with it as soon as it receives the alarm signal. Inside and outside the community, the TV monitoring system and the peripheral alarm system closely monitor the entrances, exits and fences to prevent any illegal intrusion. Security guards conduct regular fixed-point patrols under the provisions of the electronic patrol system to ensure the safety of the community.

In such a wireless city, you can also go to the online library to read books, go to the online university for education, go to online hospital for medical treatment and go to the online game room for entertainment. Moreover, these conveniences will progress with the development of technology, which will give people more time to work and rest and greatly improve the quality of life.

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1. What is virtual reality technology?

The so-called virtual reality is to push a scene or an object to the viewer from an unobstructed perspective. Virtual reality technology is a digital and networked technology developed under such a concept. With the continuous development of digital image technology and Internet technology, you can play panoramic images or show a product on the Internet with special playing software, and you can also imagine a person looking around the three-dimensional space of real life in natural environment or occasions. Users can use the mouse and keyboard to control the direction of observing the scenery, which can be left or right, near or far, making you feel that you are browsing the great scenery in the real environment.

2. What are the main applications of virtual reality technology?

At present, the application of virtual reality technology can be roughly divided into three categories, namely, virtual scenes, virtual roaming and virtual objects.

3. What is a virtual scene?

Virtual scene is that people look around the surrounding environment at a fixed point. By moving the mouse back and forth, left and right, the visual angle of human eyes can be simulated, so you can get a panoramic view of many details in the virtual environment without leaving home.

4. What is virtual roaming?

Virtual roaming is the organic combination of several virtual scenes through electronic maps or architectural orientation maps. Users can jump from one space or perspective to another, just like roaming in a large geographical area, which is widely used in large shopping malls, hotels, property markets or residential units, tourism industry and so on.

5. What is a virtual object

Virtual object is a 360-degree three-dimensional display and observation of a product, from teacups to cars, as long as it is easy to rotate, it can be displayed in a virtual environment.

6. Industrial application of virtual reality technology

Technology only has application services. Similarly,