Sweden's Property Management Model and Its Reference to China? Ask good people for help. Thank you.

First, various stages of Swedish housing industrialization development

The level of housing industrialization in European and American countries is gradually improving with the market demand. From solving the housing shortage and improving the housing performance to developing sustainable buildings, it keeps pace with the times in meeting the needs of construction and development at all stages.

1. The starting point of housing development in Sweden is not high. Swedish housing constitutes an important part of the beautiful urban environment, but until the 1960s, the quality and standards of Swedish housing were far lower than those of other European countries, and many houses lacked basic sanitary facilities and were overcrowded.

2.20 years of large-scale housing construction. After World War II, Sweden, like other European countries, fell into a housing shortage, and the baby boom prompted the Swedish government to implement the "one million houses" plan and enter a period of large-scale housing construction. In order to solve the housing shortage as soon as possible, industrialization is the primary stage of industrialization, and the key point is to establish an industrialized production (construction) system and improve production efficiency. The Swedish government promptly guides and devotes itself to improving housing performance and providing housing subsidies for low-income groups and the elderly. The government supports non-profit organizations to provide low-interest loans and interest subsidies for housing. As shown in figure 1, 62,225 new houses were built in 1958. In the 1950s and 1960s, large-scale construction was maintained, reaching its peak from 1.967 to 1.972, and it remained above1.0 million sets in the previous six years. From 1973 to 1976, the number of new houses dropped by about half, from 1976 to 558 12. During the period of large-scale housing construction, Swedish housing industry seized the opportunity to vigorously develop high-performance prefabricated industrial housing, making its housing industrialization technology at the world's leading level.

3. 13 The trough stage of new housing is also the mature stage of housing industrialization. Around the 1970s, the housing shortage was eased, and the focus of industrialization gradually shifted to improving the quality and performance of products (houses). After most residents' houses were satisfied, the number of new houses in Sweden decreased significantly. From 1976, the trend of sharp decline continued, from 558 12 of 1976 to 2879 1 of 1986, which was the lowest point, and then rebounded sharply in the next three years, with 30,884 sets, 40,574 sets and 40,574 sets respectively. Continuous 13 years, the total number of newly-built houses is below 558 12 sets.

4. The stable development stage of low-quantity high-performance housing. The third stage (after 1990s) is the advanced stage of industrialization. Since the early 1990s, in order to alleviate global warming, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions, the European Union has taken the lead in proposing the sustainable development of cities and buildings, and the focus of housing industrialization has shifted to energy conservation, reducing the consumption of housing materials, environmental load and recycling of resources, and advocating sustainable development. After getting out of the previous trough stage, the development of new houses in Sweden experienced a peak stage from 1990 to 1992, with 58,426 sets, 66,886 sets and 573 19 sets respectively. The economic crisis in the 1990s and the weakening of welfare state weakened Sweden's housing subsidy policy, as shown in figure 1, 1993. From 2006 to 2006, Sweden's housing development entered a low period of 13. Except for the peak of 1993 in the previous three years, the number of housing subsidies in other years was 30008. From 1995 to 2003, the development volume for seven consecutive years was below 20,000 sets, with the lowest years being 1998 and 1999, and only 1 1459 and17/kloc.

Although the development of new residential buildings is very low, the Swedish central government encourages private builders and local municipalities to build high-performance residential buildings in harmony with the environment. The Swedish Housing Construction and Planning Committee predicts that 250,000 new houses will be built in 2000 ~ 2065,438+00, with less than 30,000 houses per year.

The second is the sustainable development model of residential areas formed by housing industrialization.

Sweden's housing industry actively promotes and studies the industrialization of housing with the help of the favorable conditions of the large-scale development stage of housing for more than 20 years (50-70 s), making Sweden the most developed country in industrialized housing in the world. Although the number of new houses in Sweden is small, it continues to be in the leading position in the housing industry. Now, more than 80% of new houses in Sweden use ordinary components. Sweden's housing industry adopts a common housing system based on common components, and actively occupies the international market, exporting industrialized housing and advanced technologies and products to all parts of the world.

1. Develop common components on the basis of perfecting the standard system. Sweden began to study the coordination of building modules in the 1940s. In 1950s, under the influence of France, it began to implement the policy of building industrialization, developed the industrialized system of large-scale concrete precast slabs, and vigorously developed the industrialized universal system based on common components. During the large-scale housing construction from 1950s to 1970s, the standardization of building components was gradually incorporated into the Swedish Industrial Standard (SIS). 1960 promulgated the piping standard for bathroom equipment, 1962 promulgated the door leaf frame standard, 1967 promulgated the plane size standard for the main structure and stairs, and 1968 promulgated the rigid size standard for assembled houses and partition walls. 1970 promulgated the basic principle of modular coordination, 197 1 promulgated the kitchen sink standard, etc. , basically formed a general system of specifications and dimensions of various parts of modular housing, and realized modular coordination. The standardization and serialization of parts size and connection create conditions for improving the interchangeability of parts, which not only makes the general system develop rapidly, but also saves materials and energy, and makes the Swedish housing industry gradually embark on a sustainable housing model.

2. Sweden expands the global market with its advanced housing technology. Sweden's housing construction not only solved the housing problem of its own residents, but also entered the international market with its advanced nature, which played a huge role in Sweden's economic take-off in the 1960s and 1970s and continues to this day. Sweden's detached houses such as reddish huts are famous all over the world, and the construction industry of detached houses is very developed. Like other western countries, Sweden has been dominated by one or two detached houses for a long time. More than 90% detached houses are built by industrialized methods. Sweden's industrialized housing rate is the highest in the world. It not only produces houses for its own country, but also orders Swedish houses all over Europe. The production line of its factory has high technology content, high degree of industrialization, advanced production technology, good quality, high performance, exquisite materials and high processing precision. There are about 50 industrialized housing enterprises in Sweden, including large housing enterprises 12. Swedish housing manufacturers export industrialized housing to West Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the Middle East and North Africa.

3. The government's means to promote housing industrialization are mainly standardization and loan system. The Swedish government attaches importance to standardization, modularization and other work to promote the sustainable development of housing. As early as the 1940s, it entrusted Byggstandardiseringen to study the coordination of modularity, and then the Building Standards Association (BSI) started the work of building standardization. In order to promote the industrialization of housing and the development of the general system, the Swedish government promulgated the "Housing Standards Act" in 1967, stipulating that if building materials and components that meet Swedish national standards and other building standards can be used to realize the standardization and modularization of housing and meet the requirements of sustainable development, housing can be built with government loans.

4. The advanced level of Swedish housing industrialization has laid the foundation for Sweden to form a mature sustainable development residential area model. Although in the past 65,438+05 years, less than 30,000 housing units were built in Sweden every year, about half of which were small detached houses manufactured by factories and assembled on site, and there were not many large-scale projects to build modular houses, the Swedish government took the lead in ensuring that newly-built residential areas became models of ecological and energy-saving houses, attracting people from all over the world to visit and show their sustainable development concepts and technologies to countries, which also promoted the Swedish housing industry to enter the international market.

Third, the case of Sweden's sustainable development of residential areas

The delegation visited the Har Marby residential area in Stockholm and the North Hegang New Town in Gothenburg (V? Stra ERIKSBERG) residential area.

1. Ma Bei residential area in Stockholm. The site of the Han residential area is an industrial area outside Stockholm. In the 1990s, it was decided to build this area into a demonstration residential area with a capacity of 25,000 people, and it is still under construction. So far, 7500 people have lived in this residential area. On the one hand, in the planning and design of the residential area, natural resources, good ventilation and lighting, and passive application of solar energy have been fully utilized, creating a natural, harmonious and beautiful living environment. On the other hand, a large number of new sustainable technologies have been applied, such as rainwater collection and treatment technology, solar photovoltaic cell technology, intelligent pneumatic garbage collection system and so on.

2. North Hegang New Town Residential Area in Gothenburg. Gothenburg is the second largest city in Sweden and an industrial city. Even in downtown, there are some factories. The residential area of Beihegang New Town visited by the delegation (V? Stra ERIKSBERG, literally means "River? Beach New Town ") is located in the suburb of Gothenburg, partly used and partly under construction. It integrates work, study and residence, and the office building of the company that receives the delegation is also in the new city.

The residential area of North Hegang New Town is about 5km long, wide 1km and covers an area of about 5km2. It is close to the industrial zone and will be built into a beautiful residential area in line with the sustainable development model, providing residential services for managers and employees of Ericsson and other enterprises.

For example, one of the proposed groups has 65,438+060 houses. Although the average outdoor temperature in Gothenburg is MINUS 20 degrees in winter, the indoor temperature of this 160 building can reach 2 1 degree Celsius due to the good thermal insulation performance of the wall and the high water tightness and air tightness of the doors and windows, which can meet the living standards without special heating. Its energy mainly comes from the waste heat generated by indoor human activities, televisions, refrigerators and other electrical appliances. Use these waste heat to heat indoor air. When dirty indoor air is discharged, it must be exchanged with fresh air first, so that the heat can be continuously recycled indoors.

Fourth, other aspects of the situation.

1. Swedish residents spend about a quarter of their household income on housing. Generally speaking, 40% of families own houses, nearly 50% rent houses, and 10% is owned by cooperatives.

2. The indoor construction area of flat and apartment is generally 70-80 square meters, and there are three living spaces, one of which is used as a living room with auxiliary spaces such as kitchen, bathroom and storage room.

3. The indoor construction area of detached houses is generally around125m2, and there are generally four living spaces, one of which is used as a living room, with a kitchen, a bathroom, a storage room and a garage.

4. The profit of the developer is generally 10% ~ 15%.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The Enlightenment of Swedish Housing Sustainable Development Model to China

1. Low housing renewal rate is the biggest "sustainable development". The biggest "sustainable development" is not taking material and energy from nature, and the biggest energy saving and emission reduction is not using biochemical energy. Demolition of old houses to build new ones will inevitably consume a lot of energy, such as cement, sand, stones and so on. Sweden has entered the mature stage of housing industry development, and tries to avoid demolition and construction in both concept and practice. Therefore, the housing renewal rate in recent years is very low. From 1995 to 2003, the number of new houses in Sweden was less than 20,000 for nine consecutive years. Even in 2006, the number of newly-built houses reached 29,832, which was only 0.67% compared with the existing 4,435,903 houses in China.

In 2006, there were 7,366.42 million houses in Gothenburg, including 3425 1.7 million single-family houses and 394 1.25 million multi-family houses. In recent years, about 5000 ~ 7000 new houses have been built every year, so the renewal rate of houses is about 0.68% ~ 0.95%. But the house in Gothenburg is not shabby, but fresh and elegant, with a sense of history and modernity. Although it is not a tourist city, it has its own style, unified and coordinated residential buildings, which makes this city very attractive and worth savoring.

2. Government departments not only pay attention to the construction of new residential sustainable development mode, but also pay attention to the demolition and transformation of existing residential sustainable development mode. The low renewal rate of houses means that it is necessary to carry out continuous repair and transformation to improve the performance of houses. Since the 1980s, Sweden has carried out large-scale renovation and reconstruction of existing houses to adapt to modern life, and 70,000 houses are built and reconstructed every year. Therefore, the number of rebuilt houses exceeds the number of newly built houses every year, so as to avoid destroying the mechanism of urban development, maintain the style and history of urban housing development, and avoid consuming too much energy and materials.

Sweden not only conducts statistics and research on newly-built and rebuilt houses, but also conducts statistics and research on demolished houses every year.