Basic knowledge of flood control and drought relief engineering?

(1) four defenses; Four defenses refer to flood control, flood control, drought prevention and waterlogging prevention.

(2) water level; Water level generally means that the water surface of rivers, rivers and reservoirs is several meters above sea level.

(3) fortification water level; Fortification water level: In flood season, the water level when the river overflows the floodplain or reaches the toe of the dike is called fortification water level. At this water level, flood control professionals should check dangerous areas such as ports, gates and dikes to ensure safety. All major sections along the Yangtze River have their own fortification levels.

(4) Warning water level; In the event of flood or storm surge, when the water level along the local rivers, lakes and reservoirs reaches a certain elevation, it may pose a threat to flood control projects or local people's lives, property and important facilities, so it is necessary to start vigilance to prevent the established water level value.

(5) dangerous water level; When the water level exceeds the warning level and continues to rise to a certain height, it may pose a disastrous threat to flood control projects, main buildings along the river (sea) and concentrated residential areas. This water level value is called dangerous water level.

(6) ensure the water level; According to the present situation of flood control projects, the highest flood level that can be defended can be the designed flood level of dikes designed by flood control standards or the highest flood level that has been defended in history.

(7) Dam-break flood; Dam-break flood refers to the instantaneous failure of dams or other water retaining structures, and the water body suddenly gushes out, causing disasters to downstream areas. Although the dam-break flood is not too large, it is very destructive. In addition, in mountainous rivers, when earthquakes occur, sometimes mountains collapse and landslides, blocking rivers and forming dammed lakes. Once the dammed lake breaks, it will also form a similar flood. The loss caused by the earthquake secondary flood caused by the dam break is often greater than the loss caused by the earthquake itself.

(8) Drought: The phenomenon that water balance and coordination of plants are destroyed due to insufficient water absorption by plant roots is called drought. According to the different causes of drought, it can be divided into atmospheric drought and soil drought.

(IX) Pre-flood safety inspection content Pre-flood safety inspection refers to the comprehensive inspection and supervision of flood control organization, project operation and flood control project construction, flood control emergency materials, flood control funds, communication early warning system and flood control plan implementation before flood season. In order to standardize flood control inspection, according to the relevant regulations formulated by the National Defense General Office, the main contents of pre-flood safety inspection include: organization: whether to establish and improve various flood control rules and regulations with the chief executive responsibility system as the core and the division of responsibilities of various departments and industries, and whether the flood control organization and flood control team are implemented; Institutional aspects: whether the flood control headquarters and its internal departments and industrial institutions are sound, whether the flood control chief executive and his related responsible persons are implemented and how to put them in place; Flood control scheme: The project management unit shall comprehensively formulate and improve the flood control scheme according to the water conditions, rain conditions and hidden dangers of the project in the current year, and report it to the higher flood control headquarters for approval according to the principle of hierarchical management. It should be noted that the following measures must be taken for the above inspection: fill in the safety check card carefully, point out the existing problems, and put forward technical suggestions for handling within a time limit. The inspectors shall sign and seal, and the person in charge of each project management unit and the person in charge of administration shall sign the rectification opinions within a time limit on behalf of the management organ. Problems found in the inspection shall be reported to the chief executive of the people's government at the same level and the flood control headquarters at a higher level in a timely manner.

(10) Precautions for construction in flood season 1) Site drainage? The construction site should be hardened according to the standard. ? According to the general construction plan, plan and design the drainage scheme and facilities, determine the drainage direction by using the natural terrain, and dig the drainage ditch according to the specified slope. ? Set up continuous and unobstructed drainage facilities and other emergency facilities to prevent mud, sewage and waste water from flowing out or blocking sewers and drains. ? If the construction site is close to the highland, ditches should be dug at the edge of the highland (the upper side of the site) to prevent floods from rushing into the site. ? Before the flood season, handle the dangerous stones on the edge of the mountain site to prevent landslides and landslides from threatening the site. ? Designate a person to be responsible for the timely dredging of the drainage system in the rain period to ensure smooth drainage on the construction site.

2) Transportation roads on the construction site? 5% of the temporary roads are arched, and drains with a width of 300mm and a depth of 200 mm are made on both sides. ? For the parts where the subgrade is easy to be eroded, the seepage and anti-skid materials such as stones, slag, gravel, etc. shall be laid, or culverts shall be set for drainage to ensure the stability of the subgrade. ? Designate a person to be responsible for the maintenance of the road surface in the rain period, and timely repair and remove the uneven road surface or accumulated water. 3) Slope foundation pit support? Before the flood season comes, excess soil along the ditch should be removed to reduce the pressure on the top of the slope. ? After the rain, the slopes of pits, grooves and ditches and the supporting structure of solid walls should be inspected in time, and special personnel should be assigned to measure the deep foundation pit and observe the slope situation. If there are signs of danger such as cracks, looseness, broken supporting structure and walking on slopes, measures should be taken immediately to solve them. ? When the ramp slips due to rain, the earth-moving machinery operation should be stopped. ? Electric explosion earthwork operation shall not be carried out in the open air in thunderstorm weather. In case of lightning during blasting, the detonator crural line and both ends of the main line should be quickly connected into a short circuit. The above are collected and sorted by Zhong Da Consulting Company.

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