How to save yourself when a fire breaks out in a high-rise building

From the fire characteristics of office buildings (hereinafter referred to as high-rise buildings) and the lessons of previous accidents, it can be seen that office buildings are prone to the tragedy of group deaths and group injuries, and most of the deaths in the fire are caused by not knowing the knowledge of evacuation and escape, choosing the wrong escape method or missing the escape opportunity. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the characteristics of office property and fire, master the correct evacuation and escape methods, and improve self-rescue ability.

First, the characteristics of office buildings.

(1) Comprehensive utilization. At present, a considerable number of high-rise buildings are comprehensive places integrating commerce and residence, office buildings, hotels, entertainment halls, shopping malls and underground garages.

(2) The structure is complex. From the appearance of high-rise buildings, they can be divided into strip, square, tower and irregular overlapping. From the internal structure of high-rise buildings, stairs, elevators, water pipes, drainage pipes, fire pipes, cable shafts and air-conditioning pipes are criss-crossed.

(3) There are many combustibles. Flammable and combustible substances are widely used in office buildings. The office building has modern office supplies, office furniture and decorative materials, most of which are flammable and combustible substances.

(4) There are many people gathered. High-rise buildings are places where people are concentrated, and the mobility of people is large, ranging from several hundred to tens of thousands.

Second, the fire characteristics of the office building.

After the office building fire, there are both the general law of plane fire and the characteristics of three-dimensional fire.

(1) Burning violently. Because there are a lot of flammable substances in high-rise buildings, once a fire breaks out, it will spread rapidly, causing building components and a lot of substances to be burned.

(2) It spreads rapidly. Because there are many kinds of shafts and pipes in high-rise buildings, once a fire breaks out, it will spread around and up and down quickly through internal walls, doors, corridors, stairwells, elevator shafts and pipe shafts.

(3) It is full of smoke. The interior decoration of high-rise buildings generally uses a lot of wood, textiles, plastics, rubber and other products. In case of fire, the combustion products will produce a lot of toxic gases such as smoke and carbon monoxide, which will seriously affect life safety.

(4) There are many people trapped. When a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, the main passages such as stairwells and elevators are blocked by fireworks, and people on the burning floor will be surrounded by fireworks.

(5) It is easy to form three-dimensional combustion. After a fire broke out in a high-rise building, under the action of "stack effect", the fire quickly spread up and down two floors through the inner door and corridor, forming a three-dimensional combustion.

(6) Difficulty in evacuation. When a fire breaks out in a high-rise building, it is a very difficult task to evacuate people and materials to the ground quickly.

(7) overcome difficulties. When there is a fire in a high-rise building, ordinary elevators can't be used, even special elevators for fire fighting are unreliable. Firefighters still have to rely on the evacuation stairs in the building to put out the fire. The problem is that the higher the fire floor, the longer it takes firefighters to reach the fire floor, the greater the development of the fire, the greater the burning area, the greater the threat of the fire to firefighters, and the greater the difficulty of extinguishing the fire.

Three, the main reasons for the office fire are:

(1) Careless smoking.

This is the most common cause of office building fires. People in the office building should abide by the building regulations and don't smoke in the non-smoking area.

(2) Electrical failure.

There are many power lines and electrical equipment in the office building, which are widely used and consume a lot of electricity. Improper use, management and maintenance can easily lead to fire accidents, such as short circuit, overload operation, incomplete lightning protection and anti-static facilities, and overheating of electrical components caused by long-term continuous use of electrical items.

(3) Open flame management is lax.

The lax management of open flames is also a common cause of fire accidents in high-rise office buildings. During the maintenance of buildings and equipment, open flame operations such as electric welding, painting, baking and cutting, failure to perform corresponding safety management procedures, improper operation or violation of safety operation procedures are all likely to cause fires.

Fourth, the office building fire evacuation and self-help skills

(A) to maintain a good attitude

In the abnormal situation of sudden fire, most people will panic because of the appearance of smoke and fire, which is the most fatal weakness. It is very important to keep a cool head to prevent the tragedy from happening. In previous fires, some people fled blindly, such as jumping off a building, panicking, unable to find an evacuation passage and a safety exit, etc., and lost the opportunity to escape and died. In the event of a fire, maintaining psychological stability is an important prerequisite for escape. If you can keep calm in times of crisis, first observe the fire, then decide the way to escape, and use the common sense you have learned to minimize the disaster losses.

High-rise buildings have been listed as key parts of fire prevention by units at all levels. With the continuous expansion of the enrollment scale of colleges and universities, due to the limitation of campus area and other factors, the number of high-rise office buildings and dormitory buildings has been increasing in recent years, and the number of people in apartments is dense, so the fire situation is not optimistic. In the event of a fire, it is easy to cause a safety accident of group death and group injury. Therefore, active awareness of prevention and necessary knowledge of escape and self-help are important guarantees for our escape.

In a fire, trapped people should have good psychological quality, keep calm, don't panic, don't act blindly, and choose the correct escape method. It must be noted that the temperature at the scene of the fire is amazing, and the smoke will block your view. When you are at the scene of a fire, the visibility is very low. Even in the room where you live for a long time, you can't see the positions of windows and doors clearly. In this case, it is even more necessary to keep calm, not to panic, and make use of all available favorable conditions to choose the correct escape method. Here are some common escape methods:

(1) Make full use of the facilities in the building.

Escape Using the existing facilities in the building to escape is an important way to gain escape time and improve the escape rate.

1. Use indoor smoke-proof stairs, ordinary stairs and closed stairs to escape.

2. Use balconies, corridors, refuge floors, descending devices, life-saving bags, safety ropes, etc. Escape from the building.

3. Use the downspout on the wall to escape.

4. Use the sightseeing stairs to take refuge and escape.

5. Evacuate and escape by using the fire elevator, and never take the ordinary elevator on fire.

6. Connect with the sheets and other things in the room and escape.

(2) People's escape methods in different parts and under different conditions.

1. When a certain part of a certain floor is on fire and the fire has started to develop, you should pay attention to the broadcast notice, which will tell the burning floor, the route and method of safe evacuation, etc. When you hear the fire alarm, don't panic and act blindly.

2. When there is a fire in the room, and the door is blocked by fire, and the indoor personnel cannot be evacuated smoothly, you can find another passage. If you transfer to an adjacent room without fire through a balcony or corridor, use this room passage for evacuation.

If you hear the alarm at night, you should first touch the door with the back of your hand and try to see if the door is getting hot. If it is hot, you can't open the door, or smoke and fire will rush into the bedroom; If the door is not hot, the fire may not be big, and it is possible to escape from the room through normal channels. Be sure to close the door after leaving the room to prevent the fire from spreading. If you encounter smoke in the stairwell or corridor, stop immediately, never try to rush out of the fireworks, and don't hide in the top floor or closet. You should choose a place where others can easily find it and ask the firemen for help.

4. When a fire breaks out in a unit of a building, and the stairwell is sealed by the fire on the floor where it is located, so that people on the floor above the fire floor cannot evacuate from the stairwell downwards, the trapped people can evacuate to the roof first, and then to the ground from the adjacent unlit stairwell.

5. When the corridor and stairs on the fire floor are blocked by fireworks, the trapped person should be as close as possible to the street window or balcony and other places that are easy to be seen by people, and send a distress signal to the rescuers, such as calling, throwing some small items downstairs, shining down with a flashlight, etc. So that rescuers can find and take rescue measures in time.

6. In smoky rooms and corridors, there is relatively little smoke near the floor due to rising smoke and hot air. When fleeing, the trapped person had better bend down, keep his head as close to the floor as possible, and crawl forward if necessary.

7. If you are on a lower floor (below the third floor), when the fire is life-threatening and there is no other way to save yourself, you can throw indoor Simmons, quilts and other soft objects to the bottom of the building, and people can jump on the soft objects from the window to escape.

(3) Self-help and mutual rescue to escape.

1. It is an active escape method to put out the initial fire by using fire-fighting equipment on each floor, such as dry powder, foam extinguisher or water gun.

2, help each other, * * * cooperate to escape, to guide the old, weak, sick, disabled, pregnant, young and unfamiliar people to evacuate and help escape.

3. Help yourself escape. When a fire breaks out, you should take active action. You can't do nothing. Make full use of all kinds of things around you that are conducive to escape, such as tying sheets, curtains, blankets, etc. Make a rope, slide the rope to save yourself, or wet the walls and doors with toilet water to prevent the fire from spreading.

(4) Precautions for fire escape.

1, don't forget to call the police because of panic. After entering a high-rise building, pay attention to the location of passages, alarm bells and fire extinguishers. In case of fire, you should ring the alarm or call immediately. Delaying the alarm is extremely dangerous.

You can't run down at the first sight that the basement is on fire. After the fire on the ground floor, if everyone upstairs runs down, it will increase the difficulty of rescue. The correct way is to walk up a flight of stairs.

You can't escape from the ordinary elevator. Get out of the fire as quickly as possible, but don't take the ordinary elevator easily. High-rise buildings are prone to power failure after a fire. At this time, taking the ordinary elevator may be "stuck", which will lead to invalid evacuation, but it will be in a more dangerous situation and increase the difficulty of rescue work. In addition, the elevator entrance leads directly to all floors of the building, so the smoke generated by the fire can easily flow into the elevator shaft to form a "stack effect", and people in the elevator will be choked by smoke and toxic gases at any time.

4. The stairs may be an emergency. When you escape, you should make full use of smoke-proof stairwells, closed stairwells, corridors with external windows, refuge floors and indoor equipment, life-saving kits, safety ropes and other facilities.

Safety passages such as stairs are marked with emergency lights, so people can follow the lights to escape in case of fire. For a high-rise building with a refuge floor, if you can't escape from the building, you can temporarily stay in the refuge floor and wait for rescue.

5, do not drill the bottom floor, wardrobe, attic.

Remember never to get under the bed, in the closet or in the attic to avoid flames or smoke. Because these are the most dangerous places in the fire scene, and they are not easy to be found by firefighters, it is difficult to get timely rescue.

6. Don't jump off a building blindly.

If you are in a tall building, don't jump off the building blindly without timely rescue. You can tear the sheets, sheets, curtains and other fabrics in the room into heavy strips, connect them into ropes, tie them to the components of windows or balconies, and slide downstairs. You can also use doors and windows, balconies, drainage pipes, etc. to escape and save yourself.

7. Learn to use distress signals.

In addition to calling the mobile phone, you can also send a distress signal from the balcony or the window facing the street, such as throwing sofa cushions, pillows and clothes downstairs. At night, you can turn on flashlights and emergency lighting to send out distress signals to help rescuers find accurate targets.

(5) What about three high-rise fires?

1, how to cross the flame zone

Before you escape, it is best to soak your clothes with water, wrap your whole body with a wet blanket or hold your head with bare parts such as wet clothes. In this way, after passing through the fire area, the clothes on your body will not catch fire easily, and the exposed parts of your body will not be burned. In case the clothes catch fire, you can roll on the spot to put out the fire, and it is not advisable to run with the fire, so as not to speed up the relative flow of air.

2. If the fire is not on your own floor, where should you escape?

If the fire is located on the upper floor of your location, you should flee downstairs at this time until you reach a safe place; If the fire point is located on the lower floor where you are, and the fire and smoke block the downward escape passage, you should escape upstairs as soon as possible, and the roof platform is a safer place; If there is a water tank on the roof, you can wet your clothes with water to resist the high temperature of the flame; If you find yourself being chased by fire and smoke in the process of escaping to the roof platform and blocking the upward road, you should resolutely re-choose the horizontal escape route, escape from the corridor on another floor, or retreat to the room that is conducive to escape on this floor and seek other self-help methods.

3. What should I do if all the safe passages are cut off?

At this time, the only option is to retreat to a relatively safe bathroom for short-term refuge. After the trapped people enter the bathroom, they should close the doors and windows, block the gap tightly, and unscrew all faucets to drain water. In particular, the bathtub should be continuously drained, and the water level should always be kept at a high level. On the one hand, it is convenient to pour water on the doors and windows to cool down; On the other hand, when the fire develops to the bathroom, people can lie in the bathtub for temporary shelter.

Japanese employee "9 1 1" escape case

In September 2002, Tokyo Fire magazine published a thrilling story about how Japanese employees escaped from the World Trade Center disaster in New York. 35-year-old Mr. A's company is located on the 89th floor of the North Building of World Trade Center in New York. He was in the office with five other employees of the company when the disaster happened.

2001September 8: 54 1 1, Mr. A is discussing things in the conference room. Suddenly, the building creaked and shook like an earthquake. In order to prevent smoke from entering the room, they closed the door and walked out of the window.

At 9: 05, the smoke began to invade the office through the crack of the door and gradually became thicker. Suddenly, they heard the property manager of the building knocking at the door and saying, "Take refuge." . Hearing this, everyone began to move from the office to the escape stairs. Although the escape stairs are very narrow, everyone walks in the country in an orderly way, leaving the other half of the stairs for the bottom-up firefighters to pass through.

10: 05, when they walked between 16 and 17 floors, there was a sudden power outage and smoke billowed. Some people rushed up, causing congestion. At this moment, a fireman shouted, "Please take other escape stairs". At the prompt, Mr. A and others went through the dark corridor of 16 floor and came to another escape staircase.

10: 20, they finally came to the first floor of the mainland. It's been 1 hour 15 minutes.