The development stage of the new village movement

In the process of organizing and implementing the new village movement, the Korean government has set phased goals, which have been going on for 30 years, and achieved results beyond the expected goals, realizing the leap-forward and unconventional development model of developing countries. 1. The goal of the capital construction stage (197 1- 1973) is to improve the living conditions of farmers, such as improving kitchens, roofs and toilets, building fences, highways and public laundry yards, and improving the varieties of crops, fruits and vegetables and poultry. /kloc-since the winter of 0/970, the government has provided cement, steel bars and other materials free of charge to stimulate farmers' enthusiasm, creativity, diligence, self-help and coordination in building new countryside independently. Directly led, organized and implemented by the Central Ministry of Internal Affairs, a national central agreement meeting was established to organize the new village movement, forming a top-down national network. At the same time, the Central Training College of the New Village Movement was established to train a large number of new village instructors. After the capital construction stage, the new village movement initially changed the living conditions in rural areas, mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers, mobilized their enthusiasm for establishing and building their hometowns, and women began to participate in various social activities. 2. Diffusion stage (1974- 1976) At this stage, the new village movement quickly expanded to towns and became a national modernization activity. The original self-supporting village was changed into a welfare village according to the income of the villagers. The focus of new rural construction has changed from improving the living conditions of farmers in the basic stage to improving the living environment and quality of life. Villagers' halls, running water facilities and public facilities were built, new houses were built and diversified businesses were developed. The government has conducted rural education in batches for rural instructors, civil servants at all levels and responsible persons from all walks of life. Provide loans to outstanding rural areas and provide preferential policies in all aspects; Mobilize teachers and technicians from universities and research institutes of science and engineering to take turns to tour the countryside to teach, and popularize scientific and cultural knowledge and technology. At this stage, farmers' income has increased substantially, and agriculture has been harvested year after year. 3. Enrichment and perfection stage (1977- 1980) During this period, with the gradual narrowing of the gap between urban and rural areas and the vigorous development of community economy, the government's focus in promoting the new village movement is to encourage the development of animal husbandry, agricultural product processing industry and characteristic agriculture, and actively promote the development of rural insurance industry. At the same time, in order to promote the construction and development of rural culture, provide all kinds of building materials for the vast rural areas and support the construction of rural cultural homes and agricultural and industrial development zones. At this stage, domestic politics is constantly turbulent, and the new village movement has been criticized and accused. After adjustment, the new village movement has changed from a government-led "village movement" to a spontaneous mass activity, paying more attention to the connotation, development law and social utility of the activity. 4. Transition to the stage of national spontaneous movement (198 1- 1988). At this stage, the government greatly adjusted the policies and measures related to the new village movement, and established and improved the national non-governmental organizations of the new village movement, and the training, information and publicity were undertaken by non-governmental organizations. The government only focuses on adjusting agricultural structure, further developing diversified economy, vigorously developing rural financial industry and circulation industry, further improving rural living environment and cultural environment, and continuing to increase farmers' income by making plans, coordinating and providing services, and providing some financial, material and technical support and services. At that time, rural residents generally thought that their economic income and living standards were close to those of urban residents. 5. Self-development stage (after 1988) With the rapid development of Korean economy, a prosperous atmosphere gradually spread from the city to the surrounding rural areas, and the new village movement also has the distinctive characteristics of community civilization construction and economic development. The government advocates that all citizens consciously resist all kinds of social undesirable phenomena, and devote themselves to national moral construction, identity consciousness education and democracy and legal education. At the same time, actively promote the healthy development of urban and rural circulation industry. After the new village movement turned into the stage of national self-development, the government institutions and activities established at the beginning of the movement to start rural economic and cultural activities gradually weakened, while those organizations with objective survival and development laws, such as agricultural science and technology, extension and training institutions, rural education institutions, agricultural cooperatives, circulation, rural comprehensive development, rural economic research and so on, came into being and were constantly optimized. (III) Main Contents, Forms and Social Benefits of the New Village Movement In the early days of the New Village Movement, the government focused on improving the living environment for the following reasons: (1) At that time, the most urgent need of farmers was to improve their living conditions; (2) Improving farmers' basic living conditions is easier to motivate farmers and get their positive response. The new village movement was initiated under this rural social background. Through a series of real project development and construction projects, it increased farmers' income and changed the rural landscape, which was supported and praised by the majority of farmers. 1. Improve rural roads At that time, the roads from local roads to village-level roads in rural Korea were narrow and curved, and there were no bridges, so vehicles and agricultural machinery could not pass, and the traffic was very inconvenient. In the early days of the New Village Movement, most rural areas in China organized and implemented projects to build bridges and improve highways. During the period of 197 1- 1975, more than 65,000 new bridges were built in rural areas of China, with access roads 3.5 meters wide and 2-4 kilometers long in every village. By the end of 1970s, except for a few remote rural areas, every village in China had been opened to traffic. The villagers spontaneously rose again and built many large and small riverbanks that the government did not take into account. Many farmers gave up their land to build roads. After the new village movement was launched, many rural women actively participated, and 1 men and women in the village were elected as village instructors. Women's activities played an important role in the new village movement. 2. Improve housing conditions 197 1 year. Of the more than 2.5 million farmers in China, about 80% lived in thatched cottages paved with straw, but by 1977, all farmers in China had lived in houses with tiles or iron roofs, and the rural area took on a new look. Due to the improvement of roads around the countryside, the freight of cement and steel bars has also been greatly reduced. Many farmers have brought cement and sand from other places, and the roof improvement project has gradually turned into a new rural construction project starting with the construction of new houses. The government has also actively issued loans to support farmers to improve their living conditions and environment. 3. Rural Electrification In the late 1960s, only 20% of rural households in South Korea turned on electric lights, and the rest still lived under traditional kerosene lamps. By 1978, 98% of farmers in the country had installed electric lights, and the whole country had been electrified in the 1990s. At the beginning of the new village movement, the government encouraged competition and gave priority to actively participating in rural power supply. With the deepening of the new village movement, rural electrification has developed rapidly, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas. During this period, part of it was subsidized by the government, and farmers used low-interest loans to accelerate rural electrification. Farmers' lives have changed accordingly, and household appliances have become popular. Farmers had to save money to buy color TV sets, refrigerators and washing machines, which promoted the rapid development of rural savings industry. 4. Farmers use tap water. Korean farmers have been drinking well water since ancient times, but the traditional well water is unsanitary and inconvenient, which requires a lot of labor and time. At that time, drinking tap water was a long-cherished wish of farmers. At the beginning of the new village movement, the villagers consciously mobilized to lead the water from the mountain to the reservoir in the village and connect it to every household with water pipes. Because of the high terrain, villages that are not suitable for water diversion should dig deep wells, then connect them to various kitchens with water pipes and use pumps to get water. In the 1980s, well pipe excavators were widely used to extract groundwater, and the drinking water conditions in rural areas were further improved, and the environmental sanitation conditions in rural areas were also significantly improved.

5. At the beginning of the New Village Movement to promote high-yield rice varieties, the government began to promote "unified" high-yield rice varieties, which made Korean rice production enter an epoch-making development stage. From 1970 to 1977, the rice yield per hectare increased from 3.5 tons to 4.9 tons. In rice production, farmers have learned the cooperative mode of "group planting". There are 10-30 households with similar water and soil conditions. This kind of "group cultivation" makes high-yield rice varieties spread to farmers all over the country in a short time, and improves the rice cultivation level of farmers all over the country.

6. Increasing farmers' income In South Korea, farmers' income consists of two parts: agricultural income based on planting and non-agricultural income. With the gradual spread of industrialization and urbanization to rural areas, the proportion of non-agricultural income in farmers' income has gradually increased. It is estimated that by 2004, the proportion of non-agricultural income will increase from 35% in 1994 to 50%. The obvious increase of farmers' income in South Korea began in 1970s. 1970, the average annual income of farmers was 256,000 won (at that time, it could be converted into US$ 824), and the per capita income was US$ 137 if there were 6 people in each household; From 65438 to 0978, the average annual income of farmers was $3,893, and the per capita income was $649. Even taking inflation into account, the real income of farmers has been greatly improved. The substantial increase of farmers' income in Korea is due to the following factors: (1) Since 1973, new rice varieties have been popularized nationwide; (2) Since the mid-1970s, the government has given financial subsidies to protect the price of new rice varieties. (3) Some farmers switch to cash crops and adjust and optimize the agricultural structure; (4) In the name of the New Village Movement, the government has invested heavily to support the sustainable development of rural economy.

7. The New Village Movement organized by the Agricultural Association developed rapidly in 1970s, which made great contributions to the development of the Korean Agricultural Association, especially the grass-roots agricultural association. Since ancient times, Korean farmers have not had much habit of saving because of poverty, but since the 1970s, more and more farmers have started to save in financial institutions of agricultural cooperatives, and the amount of savings has been increasing. 197 1 year, the savings of each farmer was only 4,300 won (current price 12 USD), but in 1978, it increased to 245,000 won (more than 500 USD). With the increasing savings of farmers, the agricultural production funds provided by agricultural cooperatives are also increasing. In the mid-1960s, 70% of the production funds provided by agricultural cooperatives came from government financial funds or financial funds, but by the mid-1970s, this proportion had dropped to 25%. The credit funds of agricultural cooperatives mainly come from farmers' savings, and the financial organizations of agricultural cooperatives play an important role in the rural financial industry. Women's organizations have played an active role in developing rural savings industry and injected new vitality into the new village movement. In addition to the financial industry, the Agricultural Association has also played an active role in the circulation field. In the process of planting new rice varieties with high yield, farmers applied a lot of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and agricultural materials, building materials, household appliances and other materials were also provided by the Agricultural Association. With the rapid development of rural economy, the scale of agricultural cooperatives has also expanded rapidly. In 1970s, there were10.5 million grass-roots agricultural cooperatives in China, which was roughly equivalent to the number of administrative districts in cities. A grass-roots agricultural association has developed business for more than 65,438+0,000 farmers. The staff of a grass-roots agricultural association increased from 6 in 1972 to 8 in 180; The funds received by a grass-roots agricultural association increased from 43 million won in 1977 to 2.34 billion won (US$ 3.3 million) in 1980, of which US$ 654.38+800,000 came from credit business, US$ 0.0 million from economic activities and US$ 500,000 from public insurance business. It can be seen that grass-roots agricultural cooperatives played an important role in social and economic activities at that time. 8. The movement to build a new village of villagers' guild hall is generally carried out during the slack season in winter, but it was difficult to find a place where villagers could concentrate on discussing activities at that time. In order to save labor and improve labor efficiency during the busy farming season, a public canteen was set up in the villagers' hall. The Women's Federation also held a market in the villagers' hall, which reduced the circulation cost of products and saved the villagers' shopping time. The villagers' hall collected various statistical data including agricultural production statistics and agricultural income statistics. Farmers not only learned the true meaning of democratic decision-making and management through books, but also learned the practical ability to work together with governments at all levels to change the backward face of rural areas and accelerate the realization of rural modernization.

The Functions and Functions of the Korean Government in the New Era In the 1990s, the Korean government thought that it had completed some missions that needed government support, coordination and promotion in the early stage of the movement, and that citizens and non-governmental organizations had the ability to carry out some activities independently, so it promoted the new village movement to develop in depth and breadth through planning, coordination and service, and the training, information and publicity work was implemented and completed by non-governmental organizations. However, due to the low comparative benefit of agriculture itself, it still needs some protection and support from the government and corresponding capital investment. In this regard, successive Korean governments have always attached great importance to it and made efforts to implement it. In the 1990s, the Korean government formulated a series of policies and measures to support agriculture and comprehensively develop rural economy, society, culture and education, so as to promote the organic connection, mutual promotion and coordinated development of rural areas and new village movements in South Korea in the new era.

1In June, 1994, the "Conference on Promoting Agricultural Fishing Villages and Agricultural Policy Reform" chaired by then President Jin Yongsan studied and formulated 14 and 40 policies and measures to promote the development of agricultural fishing villages, striving to make the average annual income of farmers exceed the income level of urban residents at the end of the 20th century and realize rural modernization at the beginning of the 20th century, which laid a good foundation for the Korean New Village Movement and achieved new development in the new era. Its specific contents are as follows: (1) Education 1. Universities divide enrollment quotas by region; 2. Give priority to agricultural high school graduates and provide registration funds for 1 10,000 agricultural fishing village freshmen; 3. Give priority to the establishment of specialized universities in agriculture and fishing villages; 4. By the end of 1997, improve the conditions for running primary schools in farming and fishing villages; 5. In the personnel system, give preferential treatment to teachers in agriculture and fishing villages; 6. The tuition fee remission rate of high school students in agricultural fishing villages has been increased from the current 15% to 30%. (ii) Medical care. The proportion of medical insurance for agricultural and fishing villages undertaken by the state finance has increased from 40% to 50%-60%; 8, regular physical examination of farmers and fishermen, so that farmers and fishermen enjoy the same treatment as employees in other industries; 9. According to the geographical location, merge the farmers' associations in neighboring cities and counties to share the medical expenses of seriously ill patients and the elderly.

(3) Annuity system for farmers and fishermen: 10. From the second half of 1995, the annuity system for farmers and fishermen will be implemented, and 1/3 of the lowest grade amount will be paid by the government from the agricultural specialty tax; 1 1. In order to take care of elderly farmers and fishermen, the age limit for applying for membership is relaxed from below 60 to below 65.

(4) Reduce the burden on farmers and fishermen 12, and exempt the value-added tax on the means of production of animal husbandry; 13, farmers who operate less cultivated land and farmers who have difficulty watching TV are free; 14. Expand the route to large and small islands. (5) Expand non-agricultural income 15, simplify the procedures for land use by agricultural and industrial groups, promote the development of tourism and solve the employment channels for 300,000 people; 16, by 2004, increase the proportion of non-agricultural income of farmers and fishermen from 30% to 50%; 17. Designate small towns as agricultural and fishing village industrial zones for free use. (six) the construction of modern agricultural and fishing villages 18 households, forming 790 modern agricultural and fishing villages 100-300 households; 19. Improve 500,000 existing houses in agriculture and fishing villages. (vii) roads for expanding agricultural and fishing villages. Re-repair 27,000 kilometers of the existing 34,000 kilometers, and the repair rate has increased from 26% to 85%; 2 1, build roads for agriculture and fishing villages, and increase the proportion of local road maintenance fees.

(8) Digging underground drinking water 22. Digging and providing underground drinking water for 5000 villages with difficulty in getting water; 23. Provide sewage treatment facilities for small-scale villages.

(9) Encourage agricultural management. For those who return to their hometowns because of inheriting agriculture or operating agriculture, the transfer fee for urban housing shall be exempted. (10) Increase the credit guarantee fund. Improve the credit guarantee fund for farmers and fishermen, and increase the credit guarantee fund by 70 billion won every year, from the current 1 7.5 million won to1trillion won.

(eleven) enliven the trading of agricultural cultivated land. Cancel the upper limit and distance limit of all agricultural arable land; 27, 660 square meters of dry land to allow farmers to use; 28. Expand the disposal right of non-owned cultivated land above 3 hectares to 1 hectare, and increase taxes on people who own cultivated land outside the local area to prevent speculation. (12) Improve the food processing system. Amend the existing laws and regulations so that farmers or agricultural producers' groups can operate only by applying in cities, counties and districts; 30. Cancel the production license system for items.

(13) Establish a competition system of 3 1, and cultivate 1.5 million professional farmers (including 1 10,000 rice households and 50,000 animal husbandry and fruit industry); 32. By 1998, the cultivated land in the agricultural revitalization area will be reclaimed136,000 hectares; 33. By 2004, in 2000, the town will cultivate agricultural legal person organizations with limited investment; 34. Providing loans of 654.38+000 billion won for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools; 35. By 1998, 34 public wholesale markets for agricultural products have been established; 36. Develop the method of consumers' cooperative combination and establish the connection between mountainous areas and towns; 37. Establish 400 comprehensive treatment facilities, 10 comprehensive treatment facilities for livestock products and 60 special export bases for fruits, flowers and pork.

(14) Establish and improve agricultural support institutions 38. 1994 In the second half of the year, in order to realize the internationalization and regionalization of agriculture, we will speed up the reorganization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Ministry of Rural Revitalization, the Ministry of Mountain Forests and the Ministry of Fisheries; 39. Separate the credit industry and business operation of agricultural and fishery cooperatives and merge the grass-roots agricultural cooperative organizations; 40. Reform the grass-roots organizations and functions of the revitalization commune of agricultural and fishing villages and the circulation commune of agricultural and aquatic products. During the reign of President Kim Dae-jung (1March 1998-February 2003), he overcame the national financial crisis, resumed economic growth, further improved the process of political democratization, and paid more attention to the balanced development of urban and rural areas, thus achieving the first summit meeting between the North and the South. Since being elected president in March 2003, Roh Moo-hyun has put forward 20 basic national policies and advocated building a competitive and beautiful agricultural fishing village. There are eight specific policies: (65,438+0) ensure that the budget of agricultural and fishing villages reaches 65,438+00% to further improve the competitiveness of agriculture and fisheries; (2) Developing environment-friendly agriculture; (3) increase farmers' income by 20% and subsidize the part of farmers' income that is reduced due to the reduction of agricultural product prices; (4) Ensure the stable operation of agriculture and fishery; (5) Establishing a welfare system for agriculture and fisheries; (6) Stabilizing farmers' income; (7) Enhance the vitality of rural economy; (8) Lay the foundation of agriculture and fishery tourism.