After the flood in Ningbo, more than 70 people were bitten by snakes and centipedes. How to avoid being bitten by snakes?

Due to the lack of knowledge of snake injury prevention, a large number of snake injury patients appeared in Ningbo after the disaster, so how to prevent them? How to prevent and cure poisonous snakes, scorpions, centipedes, leeches and bee stings that are common in post-disaster life?

How to prevent being bitten by a snake

Prevention and treatment of poisonous snake bite

There are 2500 kinds of snakes in the world, including about 650 kinds of poisonous snakes. It is estimated that more than 300,000 people are bitten by poisonous snakes every year, and the mortality rate is about 10%. The snake damage is serious in Guangdong and Guangxi, and the annual incidence of snake bite is about 25/ 10000. At present, there are 0/65 species of snakes/kloc-in China, including about 50 species of poisonous snakes, and 0/0 species of poisonous snakes/kloc-such as golden ring snake, silver ring snake, cobra, king cobra, viper, Agkistrodon, bamboo leaf green, hydralisk and sea snake. Being bitten can lead to death.

Preventing snakes from biting poisonous snakes generally do not take the initiative to bite, and often bite when they are trampled or touched. Personal protection must be done in places where snakes often haunt, such as mountains and grasslands, especially at night.

1, watch your step. Snakes eat once a week on average. After peeling, they move slowly and are easily trampled.

Be careful before crossing bushes and grass. Some snakes often inhabit trees.

Don't tease or mention snakes or push them into trouble. Some people are more aggressive when cornered or defending their nests, such as mirror snakes and cobras.

4. Wear thick pants, leather boots and stockings where poisonous snakes haunt. It is best to connect the trouser legs with boots, put on a hat and hold lighting appliances; Don't go barefoot or just wear slippers. When you see a poisonous snake, go around.

5. Don't reach into hollow logs or dense weeds empty-handed, and don't turn stones at will without detailed inspection; When crossing a stone or wood, you should pay attention to the possibility of poisonous snakes perching on the other side.

6. When living outdoors after the disaster, sheets, clothes and parcels should be carefully checked before use. The snake is likely to hide below.

7. According to modern research, poisonous snakes are substances that dare not approach pungent odor and toxic substances, such as realgar, sulfur, bhc powder, DDT, dichlorvos, ash powder, etc. Therefore, if you camp in an area where there are many poisonous snakes, you can sprinkle the above substances around your residence to avoid the invasion of poisonous snakes. When entering places where there are snakes, such as mountains, forests and wilderness, you can take some sulfur, realgar or realgar powder with you to prevent poisonous snakes from biting people.

8. Try not to wade or swim in areas frequented by poisonous snakes, because most poisonous snakes are good swimmers, and there may be poisonous snakes in the water.

9. If you meet a poisonous snake unexpectedly, keep calm and quiet, don't move suddenly, and don't attack it. Many times, poisonous snakes only think about how to escape. If you have to kill a poisonous snake, you can take a long stick with good elasticity and quickly cut it off at the back of its head. It's better to fight successfully, otherwise the injured poisonous snake will be more dangerous.

Treatment of poisonous snake bite

In case of being bitten by a poisonous snake, the most important thing is to save yourself on the spot or the other side, as soon as possible. The principle is to quickly detoxify and prevent the venom from absorbing and spreading. Secondly, send the wounded to qualified medical institutions as soon as possible, and continue to take comprehensive measures, such as thorough debridement, oral and external application of effective snake tablets, application of antivenom, and systemic support therapy.

1, to prevent venom absorption.

After being bitten, snake venom quickly enters the body within 3 ~ 5 minutes, and effective measures should be taken as soon as possible to prevent the venom from being absorbed.

(1) Ligation: It is a simple and effective method, and it is also an easy-to-do self-help and mutual rescue method on site. After being bitten by a poisonous snake, immediately tie the injured limb 5 ~ 10 cm or the root of the injured finger (toe) with cloth, towel or bandage to reduce venous and lymphatic reflux, thus temporarily preventing the absorption of snake venom. On the way to the hospital, relax every 15 ~ 20 minutes and every 1 ~ 2 minutes to prevent blood stasis and tissue necrosis of the injured limb. The wound is thoroughly debrided, and the belt can be untied after taking snake pills for 3-4 hours.

(2) Rinse: After ligation, rinse the wound with clear water quickly, and clean the residual venom on the skin surface around the wound to prevent it from being absorbed continuously. If there is no clean water source on site, fresh urine and saliva can be used instead.

(3) Ice compress: When conditions permit, ice cubes should be applied to the injured limb at the same time of dressing, so as to contract blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and slow down the absorption of snake venom. You can also immerse the injured limb or finger in cold water, and then use an ice pack for cold compress for 24-36 hours after 3-4 hours, but at the same time of local cooling, you should pay attention to keeping the whole body warm.

(4) Limb immobilization: After the injury, the patient should keep quiet, walk slowly, and don't run, so as to reduce the absorption of toxins. It is best to temporarily fix the injured limb and send it to a medical institution.

2. Promote the discharge and destruction of snake venom.

Measures should be taken to promote the discharge or destruction of residual snake venom in wounds. The easiest way is to suck with your mouth. The last layer before smoking is a plastic bag or fresh-keeping bag that is not easy to break. Thinner bags suck out toxins every two layers. You can also use snake venom aspirator, breast pump, cupping and other methods to suck snake venom out of the wound, with satisfactory results.

At the same time, it can be supplemented by extrusion, that is, external pressure is used to promote the discharge of venom. Pay attention to the direction of extrusion, from the proximal end to the distal end, that is, along the direction of arterial blood, not in the opposite direction. If the wound is deep and contaminated, it should be thoroughly debrided. After the knife is disinfected (a sharp knife can be cauterized and disinfected with fire in the field), the wound is cut into a "+"or "++"shape with the tooth marks as the center, so that the remaining snake venom can easily flow out, but the incision should not be too deep to avoid hurting blood vessels. When you bite your hand or foot, you can also use a triangular needle or a knife tip to pierce one centimeter under the skin near Baxie point or Feng Ba point? Then gently massage from near to far to accelerate the discharge of snake venom. After the wound is enlarged, various drugs can also be used for local wet compress or washing to achieve the purpose of destroying or neutralizing snake venom.

Commonly used drugs for external use are 30% normal saline or alum water, and 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution and 5% ~ 10% normal saline for wound irrigation. Local injection of trypsin has a certain effect, which can decompose and destroy snake venom, thus alleviating or inhibiting the poisoning symptoms of patients. The usage is to dissolve trypsin in 2 ~ 4 ml of normal saline and inject it around the wound basal layer. The injection can be repeated after 12 ~ 24 hours. Injection of furosemide, diuretic sodium or mannitol can accelerate the excretion of snake venom from urine.

3. Snake venom inhibition

Oral administration and external application are mainly effective Chinese herbal medicines and snake tablets, which can achieve the functions of detoxification, anti-inflammation, hemostasis, heart strengthening and diuresis. Anti-venom serum has been widely used in clinic and has good curative effect on similar snake bites.

(1) Various snake slices: At present, there are more than ten kinds of snake slices used in clinic. When using, we should first find out which kind of poisonous snake the tablets are effective for, and then take them early, with a large dose and a long course of treatment. Finally, it is necessary to adopt other auxiliary treatments of traditional Chinese and western medicine. Nantong Snake Pill (also known as Ji Desheng Snake Pill) is the most widely used in clinical practice, and 20 tablets should be taken immediately after injury, and then 10 tablets should be taken every 6 hours until the poisoning symptoms are obviously alleviated. At the same time, the tablets are heated and boiled into paste, and applied around the wound and at the upper end of the swollen limb 3 ~ 4 cm. Guangzhou snake tablet (He snake tablet) also has a good curative effect. Take 5 tablets immediately after injury, and then take 5 tablets every 3 hours, and double the dose in severe cases. In addition, Shanghai snake slices are mainly used to treat the bite of Agkistrodon halys, and Snake Sanquan snake slices are mainly used to treat the bite of Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus multicinctus.

(2) Chinese herbal medicine prescription: 30-60 grams of fresh Lobelia chinensis (whole herb) is enough, and its juice is mashed and taken orally, which has the functions of detoxification, diuresis and detoxification. You can also use 30 grams of sapium sebiferum twigs, mash them, take the juice for oral administration, and apply the residue externally to prevent snake venom from attacking your heart.

(3) Serum treatment: Anti-snake venom has a certain curative effect on snake bites, the curative effect of monovalent serum can be as high as 90%, while the curative effect of multivalent serum is only 50%. At present, the serum that has been successfully tested includes anti-Agkistrodon halys venom serum, anti-cobra venom serum, anti-Agkistrodon acutus venom serum, anti-bungarus multicinctus venom serum, etc. Some of them have been refined into powder for easy storage. Skin allergy test should be done before using antivenom, and those who are negative can be injected.

4. Systematic support therapy

Within a few days after being bitten by a poisonous snake, the condition is serious and the symptoms of poisoning are obvious, often accompanied by different degrees of water and electrolyte disorder and shock. In severe cases, respiratory failure, heart failure, acute renal failure and hemolytic anemia may occur. Therefore, it is very important to actively treat the whole body and correct the functions of major organs. When blood pressure is low, timely blood transfusion and rehydration, anti-shock treatment; Breathing stimulants and oxygen inhalation are given when breathing is weak, and auxiliary breathing is carried out when necessary. The application of adrenergic hormones and antihistamines has a certain effect on neutralizing toxins and relieving poisoning symptoms. Systemic anti-infective drugs are helpful to prevent and treat local tissue necrosis. Routine vaccination against tetanus.

Prevention and treatment of scorpion bite

Scorpion is an order of Arthropoda and Arachnoidea, and there are many kinds. The most common scorpion in China is scorpion pincers, also known as scorpions, which are mainly produced in Shandong, Henan and other provinces, as well as Anhui, Jiangsu, Hebei and Liaoning.

Scorpion venom, similar to snake venom, is mainly a neurotoxin, which mainly acts on the central nervous system (especially the respiratory center) and cardiovascular system for people. Scorpions in China are generally less toxic than cobra venom except in Northeast China.

Prevention points of scorpion sting

Scorpion is Nocturnal Animals. Its aversion to light is to weaken light and avoid strong light. Scorpions usually lurk under gravel or shallow sand during the day, and like to hide in boots and shoes, clothes or cracks in the wall at night or when it rains. Scorpions are more aggressive to people around the Grain Rain in spring or in hot and windy weather. According to the above living habits, attention should be paid to prevent scorpion stings:

1, wear long trousers, hats, shoes and socks when going out after the disaster, avoid bare limbs and landing barefoot, and pay attention to wearing gloves, high heels and other protective articles when working outdoors (such as carrying stones, mud and branches).

2. When walking at night, always use a flashlight to illuminate the road, which can make scorpions and other light-avoiding pests escape.

Don't put clothes, shoes, hats and food on the ground. Shake it or turn it over before wearing it to prevent scorpions from hiding inside.

When you are outdoors, you should pay attention to wrap the changed clothes and food with plastic sheets.

5, do a good job in environmental sanitation, reduce the life of mosquitoes, flies, spiders and other insects.

Prevention and treatment of scorpion bite

Rinse the wound

Pull out the stinger immediately after the injury, apply local cold compress, and use cold boiled water and soapy water. When conditions permit, the wound can be washed repeatedly with normal saline, hydrogen peroxide or 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution to reduce the absorption of toxins, and snake slices can be taken orally immediately.

Ligate an injured limb

Use a tourniquet or handkerchief to wrap the bitten limb 5 ~ 10 cm near the heart, which should not be too tight. After first aid treatment, loosen the binding.

Expanding wound and expelling toxin

Inject 0.25% procaine solution around the wound to control the spread of toxin. Then make a "+"or "++"incision with the wound as the center, about 1 ~ 2 cm long, not too deep. Just cut the skin and superficial subcutaneous layer. After incision, put the injured limb in a low position to reduce the activity of the injured limb, so as to facilitate detoxification and reduce toxin absorption. Squeeze your hands around the wound to expel venom, or cupping the wound to attract toxins. When there are no conditions at the scene, you can inhale through your mouth, vomit while inhaling, and rinse your mouth with clear water (not suitable for people with damaged oral mucosa or dental caries). After the venom is almost completely discharged, the wound can be washed with hydrogen peroxide or 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution.

Topical medication

Snake slices can be evenly mixed with water and smeared around the wound, or Chinese herbal medicines such as Folium Isatidis, Folium Menthae, fresh Herba Portulacae, Lobelia Chinensis and Herba Violae can be mashed and externally applied, and the dressing can be appropriately disinfected. After the above first aid treatment, the injured limb can be untied and treated according to the injury. Generally, the injured take snake flower tablets orally, such as Ji Desheng snake tablets 10 ~ 20 tablets each time, once every 6 ~ 8 hours, until the systemic and local symptoms completely disappear. Patients with severe symptoms should be sent to the hospital immediately for further treatment.

Prevention and treatment of centipede bite?

Centipede, also known as Tianlong and Baijiao, is a kind of multi-legged arthropod, which is distributed all over China, especially in Hubei, Zhejiang, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places. Most centipedes live under the cracks of rotten wood or in wet places; Overwintering in the soil in winter, and coming out in the evening when the weather is hot and humid, especially during the thunderstorm in summer. The centipede has a pair of hollow "claws" (cheeks and feet) on its head, and the openings of poisonous glands pierce the human body to release venom, causing local and systemic symptoms. The bigger the centipede, the more toxic it is. Bite? The more severe the symptoms.

Key points of preventing centipede bite

1, centipedes often appear in wet places, so we should pay attention to room hygiene, keep the room dry and hang mops, rags, etc. 2. After the disaster, the rotten wood, stones and other sundries around the house should be leveled, the low-lying land should be filled in, and the centipede shed should be eradicated. ?

Treatment of centipede bite

1, centipede venom is acidic and can be neutralized with alkaline solution. The wound can be cleaned with weak alkaline solution, such as 3% ammonia water and 5% sodium bicarbonate solution.

2. The same amount of realgar and dried alum are ground into powder, mixed with strong tea or distilled liquor and applied to the wound, or fresh mulberry leaves, fresh dandelion or houttuynia cordata can be mashed and applied externally.

3, oral or topical snake medicine.

4. If the bite is serious, you can take heat-clearing and detoxicating drugs orally, or use cold boiled water to dissolve Ji Desheng snake slices and apply them externally.

5, organized infection necrosis, should use antibiotics to control infection, coma, shock patients should be immediately transferred to the nearest hospital for rescue.

Prevention and treatment of locust bite

Leech, also known as leech, is a common annelid, which lives in the fresh water of paddy fields, ditches and lakes. Its body is long, narrow, flat, with a slightly wider back end. It consists of many sections and is about 3 cm long. There is a sucker at the front and back of the body, which is the organ for leeches to absorb other objects.

Characteristics of grasshopper bites The disease is an allergic or toxic reaction caused by the venom of poisonous insects biting or entering the human body while sucking human blood. The manifestations are: the history of being bitten by grasshoppers; Bloody bite marks can be seen locally; Mild local itching or burning pain, severe systemic poisoning symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, palpitations, etc.

Prevention points of locust bite

1, don't walk barefoot in the process of field disaster relief, try to wear shoes.

3. Try not to show your limbs. First, apply cool oil, essential balm and other drugs to bare limbs. ?

Treatment of grasshopper bite

Once bitten by a leech, you can pat the leech attached to your leg with your hand around the bite, or apply vinegar, wine, salt water and tobacco oil to the leech and its surrounding skin, and the leech will fall off. Don't pull out leeches, because the more you pull out leeches, the tighter you suck them. In this way, once the leech is pulled out, its sucker will stay in the wound, which is easy to cause infection and ulceration. After leech falls, if the wound bleeds, clean gauze can be used to force it back 1 ~ 2 minutes. After stopping bleeding, wash the wound with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, apply tincture of iodine or gentian violet solution, and wrap it with sterile gauze. If you bleed again, sprinkle Yunnan Baiyao or hemostatic powder on the wound; If there is no bleeding in the wound, the dirty blood in the wound can be forced out, washed with baking soda water or clear water, and disinfected with iodine or alcohol and mercuric chloride.

Prevention and treatment of bee sting

Bee stings belong to Arthropoda, Insecta and Hymenoptera, including wasps, bees, wasps and soil bees. Female bees have poisonous glands and stingers on their tails. Sting is a variant of ovipositor, which can inject venom into human body. The stinger of the female bee has a hook, and part of it stays in the wound after penetrating into the human body; The wasp sting will not stay in the wound, but the wasp sting is more serious than the bee sting. The venom glands and stingers of drones do not hurt people. ?

The composition of bee venom is very complicated. Due to different kinds of bees, the venom components secreted are different. The main toxins are histamine, 5- hydroxytryptamine, phospholipase A and histidine. These toxins cause hemolysis and bleeding, in addition, they inhibit the central nervous system and cause toxic liver disease. Severe hemolysis can lead to acute renal failure.

Key points of preventing bee sting

1, wasps and wasps are very vindictive, so we should educate officers and soldiers not to poke the beehives randomly, so as not to provoke the bees to attack.

2. Try to avoid contact with bees during training and marching. Don't run when you meet a swarm of bees. You should lie down and crawl slowly. Bees are very sensitive to the change of wind direction and have the saying of "chasing the wind"

Don't panic if you find a few bees in camping tents or residents' barracks. You can spray pesticides directly or burn them with torches, or beat dead bees with flies after landing.

Treatment of bee sting injury

After being stung by a bee, take out the bee sting as far as possible, wash it with weak alkaline solution and apply it locally, then apply Nantong snake ointment to the wound and take the snake slices orally. The wasp sting was washed with weak acid solution or applied with vinegar gauze, and 3% emetine 1 ml was dissolved in 5 ml of water for injection. If there are serious systemic symptoms after bee sting, corresponding first aid measures should be taken, and 0. 1% adrenaline 0.5ml subcutaneous injection or chlorpheniramine 10ml intramuscular injection should be given when allergic; When it is difficult to breathe, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed and give oxygen; When there is shock, you should actively treat it.