Why is Tongzhou called "Shi Jing Barrier"?

Since the Jin Dynasty? Hug? Lu Xian County (now Lucheng Town), the ancient city of the Grand Canal, attracted the attention of the rulers of past dynasties. Gradually, because of hope? Smooth grain transportation? And with Tongzhou.

Tongzhou has also prospered since then because of grain transportation. In Yuan Dynasty, Tonghui River was built to transport grain. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in addition to Tonghui River, grain was also transported by land. Tongzhou was called? Royal pier? Guard the east gate of Beijing. Of course, more grain and goods are temporarily stored in Tongzhou, so materials from all over the country and even the world are gathered here, forming a prosperous market with rich commodities and dazzling array of goods. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, the British Macartney Mission came to China. They landed in Tongzhou along the journey to the south Canal and went to Beijing. They witnessed the behavior of Tongzhou? What is the best place in the world? A scene of prosperity.

Nowadays, although water transportation is no longer prosperous, Tongzhou has once again become one of the important nodes of the integrated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei because of its unique geographical location, and an international city will once again stand next to the ancient canal.

Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)

Lucheng comes first and Tongzhou comes last.

Lucheng, the first stop at the eastern end of Metro Line 6, is the core location of the future administrative sub-center. Many people will be a little strange: say yes? City? But why didn't you see the city? In history? Lucheng? It is indeed the name of an ancient city, and its old address is Gucheng Village on the west side of Lucheng Town Government.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, a town was built in the east of Zhuo Jun (now Beijing). Because this city is located on the main road between east and west, what is it used for? Road? Word naming, naming? Lu Xian county? . Its jurisdiction covers not only Tongzhou District today, but also most parts of sanhe city and parts of Pinggu District. In other words, Yanjiao and Tongzhou at that time belonged to Lu Xian County.

Later, because there was a street in the west of the county seat called? Lishui? This river (now Wenyu River) was renamed? Lu Xian county? . In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuyang County, located in Miyun today, moved the county magistrate here. Soon, the chief of the county rose up and crusaded, and the whole county of Lu was reduced to ashes in the chaos of war. The re-established Lu Xian County moved to Xia Jun Village in the northeast of Yanjiao today (roughly near the planned subway Sanhe West Station in pinggu line). During the Northern Qi Dynasty, Lu Xian moved the capital again and finally settled in Tongzhou today.

In the first year of Wude in Tang Gaozu (6 18), Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in Sui Dynasty was renamed Youzhou, and Lu Xian County was renamed Xuanzhou in the second year. What do the words "you" and "Xuan" mean? North? . In the same year, Linyi County was established in the east of Lu Xian County, which is the predecessor of today's sanhe city in Hebei Province. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Xuanzhou was abolished and renamed? Lu Xian county? In the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), Linyi County was renamed Sanhe County, belonging to Youzhou. This is the first time in Tongzhou and Sanhe? Break up? .

After the Five Dynasties and the Jin Dynasty, sixteen states of Youyun were ceded to Liao by the quilt emperor Shi Jingtang. Later, Jin destroyed Liao and upgraded Youzhou to the capital. In order to meet the food supply in the capital, Lu Xian County, located at the northern end of the Grand Canal, has attracted attention. Because most of the grain and grass in the south have to reach Lu Xian County through the canal, and then they can reach the capital. So Wang Tiande lived in Hailing for three years in Jin Dynasty (1 15 1 year), and was officially named? Tongzhou? , take? Smooth grain transportation? Meaning of. This is also the beginning of Tongzhou naming.

Tonghui River carries grain from the south into the city.

The Yuan Dynasty abandoned its former capital, Jinzhongdu, and built a new city in its northeast, which is now the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. While building the new capital, an important water conservancy project was also carried out, that is, the canal from Dadoucheng to Tongzhou was built to facilitate water transportation. At that time, three canals were dredged in order to transport grain and grass from the south to Dadu smoothly. This river is located in the middle, starting from Jishuitan (Shichahai) in the Yuan capital, flowing eastward through Wanning Bridge (Houmen Bridge), going south along Xiaoqiang Road in the east of Huangcheng (now Nanhe Street), leaving the city from Shuiguan (now Dongdan Road) on the west side of Wenmingmen, turning eastward and reaching Tongzhou City in the east of Beijing. This is the famous waterway trunk line in history? Tonghui River? .

At the same time, there are two rivers dredged with Tonghui River, one south and the other north, which echo each other. Among them, the river in the north still exists today, and the name of an important street in Wangjing area also comes from this river, which is the Futong River, the northern line of water transportation in the Yuan Dynasty. This river also originated from Jishuitan, and then flowed eastward along the line of today's North Second Ring Road, leaving the city from Shuiguan near Guangxi Gate in the northeast gate of Dadu, and finally flowed eastward into Wenyu River in the upper reaches of the North Canal.

This river and its tributaries have left us today's names such as Maliang Bridge, Jiuxian Bridge, Xiba River, Dongba River and Sancha River. Through this canal, the grain and grass in the south can also take the northern route and finally reach the capital Jishuitan. The river runs through a river called. Zhengcunba? Dongba village today. During the Ming Dynasty's Wenjian period, Judy, the prince of Yan, and the Central Army of Emperor Jianwen fought fiercely here. The prince took the advice of eunuch Ma and finally won. Excited, he changed Ma's surname to Zheng, and the village name was Zhengcunba. This is the famous Zheng He's seven voyages to the West in history.

This river in the south is also called in history? Xiao Taihou River? It was built by Xiao Taihou, a Liao country, hence its name. The dredged Xiao Taihou River is also called. Civilization River? Because it originated from the southeast gate of the metropolis near Wenmingmen. Nowadays, most of the canals in urban areas have been turned into underground ditches or disappeared. However, it still left us the names of Li Sanhe in Dongcheng and Shilihe in Chaoyang District. Hexi, Xiao Taihou, which stays on the ground, starts from the south side of Shuanglong Community near Xidawang South Road, flows through Xiaowuji Bridge on the fourth ring road in the southeast, then turns eastward, and finally flows into the North Canal, which is also the southern line of grain transportation in the Yuan Dynasty.

The construction of these three canals greatly facilitated the speed and efficiency of transporting grain from the south to Beijing. At the same time, it also left a rich material and cultural heritage for future generations. 20 14 Tonghui River, as an important part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, was selected into the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List.

tomorrow

The wealth of Tongzhou shocked North Korean envoys.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the wall of Tongzhou was made of brick, and there were four gates: Tongyunmen at the East Gate (hence the name of Tongyunmen Station on Line 6), Chaotianmen at the West Gate, Yingxunmen at the South Gate and Ningcuimen at the North Gate. After the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, it paid more attention to Tongzhou. At that time, there were four counties directly under Tongzhou, namely Shexian, Sanhe, Xianghe and Wuqing. It was not until the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty that Tongzhou was downgraded to? Three weeks? Sanhe, Wuqing and Xianghe counties under its jurisdiction belong to Shuntianfu. This is the second time in Tongzhou and Sanhe County? Break up? .

In the Ming Dynasty, the Tonghui River outside the east wall of the former imperial city was partially enclosed in the imperial city wall, and the south wall of the Yuan Dynasty extended southward, thus completely enclosing the Tonghui River along the south wall of the capital city in the new capital and turning it into an underground river. This makes the original Tonghui River not far from today's Dongbianmen? Cut off? Coupled with the lack of dredging for many years, a more serious siltation phenomenon has formed. As a result, many grain caravans began to transport grain from Tongzhou to Beijing by land, forming a large number of granary gathering areas at Chaoyangmen, the east gate of Beijing. Up to now, there are still names such as Nanxincang, Beixincang and Lumicang.

This official grain transportation road has gradually become an important traffic artery in eastern Beijing. Tongzhou has also become the only place for North Korean envoys who enter the capital via northeast China every year.

In the writings of these North Korean envoys, we can appreciate the elegance of Tongzhou in those days. When I saw the prosperity of people's goods trade in Liaodong, I thought I was extremely worried. Compared with Shanhaiguan, Liaodong was really like Hebo's autumn waters, thinking that the world was rich and invincible. See you today in Tongzhou, a poor village in Feishandian, Shanhaiguan. ? These messengers went abroad and came to Liaodong, China, feeling that they were well-off compared with their own countries, but when they arrived at Shanhaiguan, they felt that Liaodong was dwarfed. Compared with the prosperity of Shanhaiguan and Tongzhou, Shanhaiguan has simply become a wild shop in a mountain village, which is not worth mentioning, enough to see the prosperity of Tongzhou in that year.

Interestingly, they also saw what the Ming emperor prepared for themselves here? Back road? :? From the emperor to Liao Bai, the planner has a boat. If you have priority, you can take this ship directly to Jinling. ? That is to say, in the past, large ships such as dragon boats did dock on the Tongzhou Canal, with the intention of providing them to emperors and officials in times of crisis, as recorded by North Korean envoys? Run away? Use.

Due to the busy grain transportation, Tongzhou really reached its peak at that time. On the first day of the third lunar month, grain ships from Zhili, Henan and northern Shandong arrive in Tongzhou along the canal every year. After that, Anhui in April, Nanzhili in May, Huguang in Zhejiang in June, and it lasted until 10. Ships from all provinces and regions arrive one after another according to regulations, and each ship can only stay in Tongzhou for ten days according to regulations. Due to the short time and heavy unloading task, Tongzhou City was directly affected. Open the city gate at night, and the lights are rotten? A busy scene.

Datong Bridge outside Dongbianmen was the end of grain transportation.

Tongzhou ancient city gate was built in Qing dynasty, with a width of17m? Jingtong Expressway?

In the Qing Dynasty, Tongzhou still played the role of water transportation and land transportation hub. In order to improve the efficiency of grain transportation by land, in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the Qing government decided to build a stone road from Chaoyangmen to Tongzhou to speed up grain transportation. Yong Zhengdi talked about the importance of building this stone road in "Imperial Tongzhou Stone Road Monument". From Chaoyangmen to Tongzhou, 40 miles is the east gate of the country, and from Tongzhou to Shi Jing, this road is right. ?

At the same time, he also talked about the important role played by the canal in water transport. A large amount of grain arrives in Beijing every year, and in the process of transporting it to Beijing by land, it will inevitably destroy the original dirt road subgrade. Low-lying areas occur in many places, especially when it rains in summer or the snow melts in winter, and the wheels are often stuck in the mud, making it difficult to move forward. A car was stuck there, and it took dozens of people to pull it out, which wasted a lot of manpower and material resources, so the court finally decided to build this road.

The whole road is over 5588 feet long and 20 feet wide. In today's measurement unit, the total length of the road is 19 km, and the width of the road is nearly 7 meters. Besides, what else are there on both sides of the main road? Auxiliary road? That is to say, the original dirt road has been trimmed again, and the auxiliary roads on both sides are about 5 meters wide. Does this one count? Highway? The total width is about 17 meter, which was quite wide at that time.

This road has been built for ten months. In addition to the main project, there are supporting projects, that is, all the dirt roads around the warehouse and along the canal in Tongzhou City will be changed into stone roads to speed up the transportation of grain and grass.

In addition, there were two similar expressways around Beijing in Qing Dynasty, namely Lugouqiao to Guang 'anmen Shiban Road, which was for people from southern provinces to enter Beijing by land, and Shiban Road from Xizhimen to Yuanmingyuan, which was the only way for emperors in Qing Dynasty to go to the western suburbs for summer vacation. Nowadays, the former has become a part of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway, while the latter has been diverted several times and finally integrated into the important urban trunk road system in the northwest city. Late Qing dynasty

Mongolia tieqi blood bath Bali bridge

There is a building in the west of Tongzhou called? Bali Bridge? Ancient bridge, the stone road from Chaoyangmen to Tongzhou used to turn from Bali Bridge from east to south, cross Bali Bridge and Tonghui River, and then turn east into Tongzhou West Gate. So, this is the throat of Tongzhou leading to Beijing. To this day, it still plays the role of a transportation hub. This road on the bridge is called. Jingyu old line? Beijing naturally refers to Beijing, and this one? Yu? The word does not refer to planting elms on both sides of the road, but to? Guan Yu? , the famous Shanhaiguan.

In addition, this bridge is an important reference for the administrative divisions of Tongzhou District and Chaoyang District. Qiaodong belongs to Tongzhou District and Qiaoxi belongs to Chaoyang District. What's the name of this bridge? Yongtong bridge? It is one of the three ancient bridges around Beijing (the other two are Shahe Chaozong Bridge and Wanping Lugou Bridge). It is also called? Bali Bridge? It is because it is eight miles away from Tongzhou city. After ranging on the map, you can roughly see this? Eight miles? It refers to the grand canal pier outside the north gate of Tongzhou city, so is it? Yongtong? Or? Eight miles? Finally, I didn't leave the topic of grain transportation.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), after the British and French allied forces captured Dagukou in Tianjin, they began to March into Beijing. The Qing government quickly organized troops to resist. After the fall of Tianjinwei and Tongzhou, Manchu cavalry and green camp, under the command of the commander-in-chief Monk Qin, defended Bali Bridge and fought a decisive battle with the British and French allied forces. But after all, the gap between the enemy and me is still quite large. According to Gillard, a French officer, in his later memoirs, at the Battle of Baliqiao, China's army attacked the allied forces head-on with rare courage. Although they shouted forward and fought bravely and repeatedly, they suffered a fiasco from the beginning! But they resisted the heavy fire that caused his casualties or preferred not to retreat, bravely persisted, and all of them were killed on the spot. ?

In the end, the battle of Baliqiao ended in our fiasco, and the Qing army suffered more than 30 thousand casualties. Mongolian soldiers who once galloped across Eurasia performed their last swan song here.

After that, the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, and Emperor Xianfeng led the empresses to flee. Beijing suffered the biggest disaster in history. The three mountains and five gardens that the Qing Dynasty spent more than one hundred years building in the western suburbs were all looted and burned. The ruins still standing on the ruins of Yuanmingyuan have become a pain that China people can never heal.

filler

Historical buildings in Tongzhou

Many buildings in Tongzhou City have left a figure in the historical changes, but some are still alive and some only exist in people's memory.

Daguang building

Commonly known as the eighth floor, it was built in the seventh year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1528) and supervised by Wu Zhong. The exact location of Daguang Building is outside the north gate of Tongzhou Old Town, along Tonghui River to the east, where the canal meets Tonghui River. Take part in divination? From top to bottom, the road is bright? Meaning of.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, officials of the Ministry of Housing sat in the Grain Department and inspected the grain there, so it was also called the Grain Inspection Building. Every year from March 1st to October 1st of the lunar calendar, during this period of grain transportation, the assistant ministers of the warehouse of the Ministry of Household Affairs (one assistant minister of Manchu and Han Dynasty, not living in Tongzhou) lead their officials to inspect the white grain transported to Shiba Inu in this building for the use of royal officials. A small barrel-shaped plate made of Chinese fir, which contains loose white rice, was put upstairs for inspection. After all the standards are up to standard, the task is completed by weighing again.

In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Boxer Rebellion cooperated with the Qing court to help the Qing dynasty destroy the foreign countries. After the fall of Tongzhou, Eight-Nation Alliance retaliated wildly and burned Daguang Building and many ancient buildings. 190 1 year, Nanliang was transported to Beijing by train, the water transportation stopped, the stone dam was abandoned, and Daguang Building disappeared with history.

float bridge

The canal leading to Sanhe and the northeast of Tongzhou (formerly known as Baihe) had no bridge, so it was very inconvenient to transport troops, food and salaries by ferry.

A wooden bridge was built in Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the river flooded in rainy season, and the wooden bridge was often washed away. Later, it was made into a boat to cross the river, also called a boat bridge. In the 24th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (139 1), the governor hung hammer at Luojiakou, outside the east gate of Tongzhou, and set up a boat to build a pontoon bridge, which floated on the white river to facilitate traffic. During Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, a wooden bridge was built due to the inconvenience of pontoon bridge. Xuande was rebuilt in the third year (1428) and washed away by water the following year. In the winter of the first year of the Ming Dynasty (1436), Baihe pontoon was built, which was arranged by fast horses and brick carriers. 18 soldiers were stationed in thousands of cases, and 6 civilian workers were stationed in Tongzhou.

In the Qing dynasty, the bridge was moved to a shallow place outside the north gate. Every year, the funds for repairing bridge boats are allocated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and a total of 50 bridge boats are set up. Tongzhou sent forty boatmen, each of whom gave seven buckets and five liters a month. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor of Dongling, often crossed the pontoon bridge to worship his ancestors. In the early years of the Republic of China, the pontoon was removed and a ferry was set up.

After the founding of New China, a new cement bridge was built, and the pontoon bridge became a history in memory. Residents nearby followed the old name and still called it pontoon bridge.

Xihaizi park

To the north of Tongzhou Old Town lies the East and West Seas. Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties called the lake Haizi, hence the name Hai. The West Sea is adjacent to the Western Wall, and the East China Sea is adjacent to the Eastern Wall. Xihaizi was dug to build a burning lighthouse and borrowed soil from the side to increase the height of the tower foundation. Donghaizi is gone, and Xihaizi is still there. After the founding of New China, Xihaizi built the People's Park, with a pond as the lake surface, a waist dike in the middle, two lakes in the north and south, and a stone bridge under it, where ships can pass and weeping willows are shaded around the lake.

Luhe high school

As early as the sixth year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1867), Hebei Christian Association was introduced into Tongzhou. Tongzhou started a boys' school first, then built Xiehe Primary School, and then upgraded to concord college. In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), Pastor Jiang Dade and others bought land and built a building outside the south gate of the new city to establish a missionary school. Because it is located in Tongzhou, an ancient city near the canal, it is named Luhe School. Xie and other priests are in charge of educational affairs, and Xie is the principal.

Weishi Building (now People's Building) faces south and lives in the north-central part of the campus. The overall plane is like the quotation marks of seal script, which is a two-story building. Not far in front of the building is Xie Lou (Red Mansion), with a cross-shaped plane in the middle, a western-style bronze bell on the top floor, and a north-south passage in the middle of the bottom floor.

On the left of the Red Mansion is the Wenlou (Jiefanglou), and on the right is the Loulou, which is symmetrical from east to west. Shi Wen Building was built at 1923. 1927, Chen Changyou presided over the school affairs as the principal. He was the first principal allowed by the people of China. 1942 to 1946, the Japanese army occupied Tongzhou, and the school moved to Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, still named Luhe Middle School. 1946 moved back to Tongzhou.