History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong, despite its reputation, is a fragrant harbor. There have been different opinions about the origin of this beautiful name. However, it is generally believed that the most reliable statement is that it was once a port for transporting and selling incense, hence the name Hong Kong. In the Ming Dynasty, Hong Kong, Dongguan, Bao 'an and Shenzhen in Guangdong were rich in Guanxiang, which was deeply loved by the people. Therefore, they were exported to Jiangsu and Zhejiang and enjoyed a good reputation throughout the country. At that time, incense merchants usually transported official incense boats to Guangzhou or Jiangsu and Zhejiang at Shipaiwan Port on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, so people called this port Hong Kong, which means a port for selling and transporting incense, and called the village next to the port Hong Kong Village. 184 1 year, after the British invaders landed in Stanley, south of Hong Kong Island, a local resident named Chen Qun led the way north. When passing through Hong Kong Village, the British army asked about the place name, and Chen Qun answered "Hong Kong" in the local dialect. The British recorded it with the local accent of Chen Qun and used it to address the whole island. 1842, treaty of nanking officially confirmed Hong Kong as the name of the whole island. After the signing of 1856 Sino-British Beijing Treaty and 1898 Special Provisions on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong, Hong Kong became the title of the whole region.

The Historical Evolution of Hong Kong

As early as ancient times, Hong Kong has been inhabited. After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries and unified the Central Plains, he sent troops to pacify the Lingnan area where the Vietnamese people lived, and incorporated it into the territory of the Qin Dynasty. He established Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun counties, and dispatched 500,000 businessmen and criminals from the Central Plains to guard and develop this area. Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of the central government of China since Qin Shihuang, and it didn't stop until Britain occupied Hong Kong. After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang pacified the world, because Lingnan was too far away and beyond his reach, he adopted a policy of appeasement towards Zhao Tuo and was named the King of South Vietnam. After Liu Bang's death, Zhao Tuo became independent again, and the imperial court repeatedly failed, so it had to send a reward again. This allowed Zhao Tuo to remove the name of the emperor and surrender to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty set up nine counties here, including Nanhai, Hepu and Jiaotoe. Hong Kong is under the jurisdiction of Boluo County, Nanhai County. Since then, it has continued to the Western Jin Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was divided, and another Dongguan County was established, which governed six counties including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Shenzhen Nantou City.

Dongguan County was abolished in Sui Dynasty, and its jurisdiction was merged into Nanhai County and guangzhou fu. Baoan County was changed to Nanhai County, and Hong Kong was still managed by Baoan County.

In the second year from Tang Suzong to Germany, Baoan County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong was under the jurisdiction of Dongguan County. In the first year of Wanli in Ming Shenzong, Liu Wen, the deputy envoy of Guangdong Sea Patrol, authorized the court to set up another county along the coast of Dongguan County, named Xin 'an County. Since then, Hong Kong has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County. In the 22nd year of Daoguang reign of Qing Dynasty (1842), the Opium War between China and Britain, the defeat of the Qing court, and the cession of Hong Kong Island to Britain. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the New Territories were also forcibly leased by the British, and the whole territory of Hong Kong was under the British administration.

The history of humiliation

I. The Opium War

Britain has been coveting China for a long time. From 65438 to 0773, Britain started opium trade with China and became the largest opium dealer. British opium merchants continuously imported opium into China, which plunged China into a quagmire of disaster. A large amount of silver flowed out, which caused a serious financial crisis of the Qing government and even caused people's misery. Industry and commerce are generally depressed, and opium poisoning has been rampant in China. In this regard, the then patriot Wei Yuan said angrily in the book "National Records"; "The cigar smoke is a disaster that China has never seen in 3,000 years."

1839 destruction of opium in Humen

The opium smoke from Britain plundering China is rolling in, which directly threatens the survival of the Chinese nation. At this time, the "anti-smoking faction" represented by Lin Zexu, a famous patriot and national hero in China's modern history, waved the sword of China, fought resolutely with the British invaders and led the anti-smoking movement that shocked the world. 1In March of 839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou as an imperial envoy to inspect opium. 1On June 3rd, 839, Lin Zexu came to Humentan near Guangzhou and ordered all the opium seized to be destroyed in public. The destruction of opium in Humen showed the world the strong will of China people to ban smoking and resist foreign invaders.

Lin Zexu's feat of destroying opium in Humen has won the support of all those who uphold justice in the world. For example, in his book On the Crime of Opium Trade in China, an Englishman accused British businessmen of "opium trade has brought great insult to the British flag", but British opium traders and industrial capitalists were unwilling to fail and stepped up their activities to urge the British government to launch a war of aggression against China. In June, 48 ships with 540 cannons and 4,000 soldiers arrived in Guangdong waters and blocked the Pearl River Estuary. As a result, the Opium War, which the British bourgeoisie had planned for a long time to open the door to China and seek the greatest interests from Britain in China, finally broke out. On July 6, Dinghai, the main city of Zhoushan Islands, was conquered. In the north, Daoguang sent Qishan, a timid and incompetent bureaucrat, to Guangzhou to make peace with the British army, and at the same time made Lin Zexu responsible for investigating the confusion and incompetence of the Qing government, which encouraged the invaders. 1841110 In October, British troops occupied Hong Kong Island by force, captured Humen in February and invaded Guangzhou in May. From 65438 to 0842, Britain further expanded its war of aggression against China and successively captured Xiamen, Dinghai, Ningbo, Wusong and Zhenjiang. On August 29th of the same year, the Qing government and Britain signed the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history.

Second, the cession of Hong Kong.

According to treaty of nanking, Britain occupied our territory, Hong Kong Island. The British occupation of Hong Kong Island destroyed the territorial integrity of China. Britain's aim is to control China militarily and economically. 1860, 10, British and French troops invaded Beijing and razed the garden to the ground. The Qing government was forced to accept all the demands of the invaders and signed the Beijing Treaty on June 24, 65438/KLOC-0. In this way, Britain occupied the land south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula today and Stonecutters Island, the big island in the west of Kowloon Peninsula. This further consolidated and strengthened Hongkong, the base for invading China.

After Britain occupied the southern part of Kowloon Peninsula, it soon attempted to occupy the whole Kowloon Peninsula and its adjacent islands and waters. 1On June 9th, 898, the Prime Minister of the Qing government and Britain signed the Special Article on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong in Beijing. According to this agreement, the Qing government leased the land south of Shenzhen River and north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula for 99 years. This land leased to Britain was later called Hong Kong New Territories. Therefore, the British conquered the territory of China and Hongkong through bayonets and foreign guns.

Three. British colonial rule in Hong Kong

The establishment of British government in Hong Kong is an important part of British colonial rule in Hong Kong. 1On June 26th, 843, Britain used the exchange of notes in treaty of nanking to declare Hong Kong a British "crown colony" and appointed Pu Dingcha as the first governor of Hong Kong. The British Hong Kong government was established.

The Governor, also known as the Governor, is the person who assumes the responsibility of the highest head in the British Hong Kong government. According to the Letters Patent, the fundamental law of British colonial rule over Hong Kong, the emperor is the supreme ruler of Hong Kong, and the governor is the emperor's plenipotentiary. There are four systems under the Governor, which constitute the British rule in Hong Kong: (1) the Advisory Executive Council and the Legislative Council, (2) the executive body headed by the Chief Secretary, (3) the judicial body headed by the Chief Justice, and (4) the British troops stationed in Hong Kong under the command of the British Ministry of Defence. In addition, an independent Anti-Corruption Commission (ICAC) was established. The Executive Council and the Legislative Council are two important institutions to assist the Governor in exercising his functions and powers. The principal officials of the British Hong Kong Government also include the Chief Secretary, the Financial Secretary and the Department of Justice. British troops stationed in Hong Kong are an important force for Britain to maintain its colonial rule over Hong Kong. Since Britain occupied Hong Kong through self-improvement, it has maintained a relatively stable number of troops in Hong Kong, about 1 10,000, including three services. The legal and judicial system originated from Britain is an important means for Britain to govern Hong Kong. Britain not only colonized Hong Kong politically, but also ensured the privileged position of the British-funded consortium in Hong Kong economically. British consortium refers to the British capital consortium based in Hong Kong, mainly including HSBC consortium, Swire consortium and Jardine Matheson consortium. Most British-funded consortia started their businesses earlier and have been involved in the Hong Kong economy for a long time. They have a close relationship with the British Hong Kong government and have a great influence on the policies of the British Hong Kong government. Relying on the support of the Hong Kong government, they control the economic lifeline of Hong Kong. For example, HSBC and Standard Chartered Bank owned by the British have the privilege of issuing Hong Kong dollars; Cable & Wireless, through its subsidiaries, Cable & Wireless Hong Kong and Hong Kong Telephone Company, monopolized the external communication, telephone and telecommunications services in Hong Kong. British real estate companies own a lot of real estate in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong people say, "The Jockey Club, Jardine Matheson, HSBC and Government House actually rule Hong Kong." British colonial rule made the whole Hong Kong society full of colonialism.

Fourth, Japan occupied Hong Kong during World War II.

(of territory) occupied by the enemy.

19411Sunday, February 7th, Hong Kong showed a peaceful and carefree atmosphere. The cinema is full, the bar is full, jazz music keeps coming out from the dance floor, and young people go for an outing in the suburbs of the New Territories in droves. In less than three weeks, Christmas will come. Only two or three days ago, the Hong Kong government held several joking air defense exercises. But the next morning, I heard the rumble of planes, the violent explosion of bombs and the return of anti-aircraft guns. The unexpected battle of Hong Kong began. Under the cover of fighter planes, 36 Japanese light bombers attacked Kai Tak Airport and Kowloon Seaplane Parking Area. Some houses near the airport were also hit by bombs. On the same day, Japan also attacked Pearl Harbor, a US naval and air base. The Pacific War broke out.

On February 8, 65438, while attacking Kai Tak Airport and other places, Japanese soldiers divided into four roads and crossed the Shenzhen River to attack the New Territories. At the garbage bay line, most of the British troops retreated with a little resistance. Only in Huang Jinshan, southwest of Chengmen Reservoir, the fighting was fierce, and the two sides started hand-to-hand combat, and the battalion commander of the British infantry battalion was killed. In the end, the British commander Major General Maby decided to give up Kowloon and ordered the "Peninsula Brigade" to withdraw to Hong Kong Island. The Battle of Kowloon lasted only five days until 12 night, when the whole Kowloon Peninsula was occupied by the Japanese invaders.

12 at night, Britain and Japan shelled each other across Victoria Harbour. The next morning, a boat with a white flag sailed from Yau Ma Tei Pier in Kowloon to Hong Kong Island. The ship carried Tadashi Tanaka, Japan's special envoy for surrender, and private secretaries of the kidnapped Hong Kong Governor Li Fu and others. The British army rejected Japan's surrender. 17, the Japanese army once again sent people to cross the sea in two small boats to persuade them to surrender. Hong Kong Governor Yang refused again and warned Japan that if there were any more "peace messengers" crossing the sea, Hong Kong would not shoot them politely.

At midnight on June 5438+08, the Japanese army forcibly landed on the north shore of Hong Kong Island with motorboats, rubber boats and other ships 100. They landed. After they landed, they fought fiercely with the British army in Huangniyong. Captain Ruosong of the Japanese army was seriously injured, and John Rochen (Canadian adult), commander of the British Western Brigade, was killed. As a result, the British army retreated, and the eastern and western brigades defending Hong Kong Island were cut off. The Japanese army also occupied Huangniyong Reservoir, cutting off the British water supply. There are few British troops left in some areas. The British commander thinks he can't resist any more. After consulting with the governor, he decided to surrender unconditionally. On the evening of 25th, the British troops on the eastern and western fronts hung white flags one after another. So far, the battle of Hong Kong, which lasted 18 days, ended in the complete failure of the Japanese occupation of the whole Hong Kong area.

65438+February 25th is Christmas. In the evening, a car with a white flag sailed from Central to the Japanese headquarters in Happy Valley. Governor Yang signed an "armistice agreement" with Japanese representatives. He himself became a prisoner of the Japanese army. That night, most Hong Kong residents hid in dark houses or bomb shelters. The brightly lit "city that never sleeps" in the past has turned into a horrible world with rivers of blood, and the whole Hong Kong region has completely fallen into the clutches of the Japanese invaders, so people call this day "Black Christmas".

brutal act

After the Japanese army entered the city, atrocities such as robbery, rape of women and killing of innocent residents occurred frequently. The notice of the Japanese daughter hypocritically declared: "In order to protect China's property, the Hongkong War was a war against whites." However, there are still many China stores closed, especially those big ones, such as domestic companies, hardware stores and auto shops, such as Shixian, Yong 'an and Daxin. Most of the companies that have been sealed up have been marked with the words "Military Collection Department Management", while the doors of banks and pawn shops have been marked with the words "Financial Management". Everyone knows that "management" is just another name for robbery. The Japanese army stored 950,000 tons of rice in Hong Kong and took 800,000 tons as rations, which caused a serious food shortage in Hong Kong.

The book "The Fall of Hong Kong-the 18th War" once described the Japanese army robbing with burning sticks: "The Japanese army is sorting out bundles of prey near the naval pier, and they are tied in sacks and filled a clearing. An enemy soldier tied a small label on the top of the sack, which read: "Kobe ... After the prey was gathered, the truck took it to the dock of the West Ring Road and put it on a big ship, which sailed back to Japan." "I once stayed in front of a big bicycle shop (bicycle) for a long time. A car was put at the door, and several Japanese soldiers commanded the coolies. They carried the brand-new bicycles out one by one from the inside and put them on the car ... for a while, it was a truck ... so the brand-new bicycles were moved out one by one from the inside. " "The boss, like me, is as idle as a bystander, as if these things don't belong to him ..." (Tang Hai: The Fall of Hong Kong-18th War, pp. 95-96).

In addition to robbing property, many drunken Japanese soldiers often go out to find women in the middle of the night. Women hide everywhere. Many women were humiliated and even gang-raped by several enemy soldiers. A few nights after the Japanese army held the "March into the city", many women were scared to run around on the roofs of the third and fourth floors, and the tiles were cracked. At that time, a woman said that she was not afraid of bombs and machine guns. Because she met them, she simply died. They are most afraid of enemy soldiers' flashlights and chilling knock on the door.

The Japanese aggressor troops also killed innocent people, treating the lives of China people like dirt. In Lantang Road, not far from Happy Valley, a family of eight was killed. In Queen's Road West, an elderly woman was shot dead on the spot by the Japanese army because she didn't know Japanese and wanted to go east through the sentry post. In the bay, a young man accidentally broke into the so-called military zone, and Japanese soldiers came up with bayonets and killed him. In Yuanzhou Street, Sham Shui Po, a woman went shopping with a child on her back. When I came back, I caught up with martial law and looked at the building I believed in and couldn't get there. Her eldest son is about eight or nine years old and wants to cross the road to see his mother. The woman waved to stop her son from coming. Unexpectedly, both mother and son were shot by the Japanese army. ……

During the three-year occupation of Hong Kong by Japanese invaders, Hong Kong residents lived in dire straits and suffered great hardships. Japanese invaders forced residents to use military hand tickets. At first, the ratio of military tickets to Hong Kong dollars was set at one to two. In June 1942 10, it was changed to one to four. By June 3 1943, Hong Kong dollars were banned, and residents had to exchange military tickets in Taiwan banks within a time limit, otherwise they would be killed. This is an open financial plunder. In the early days of Japanese rule, residents could only get a rice ration of 624 yuan a day, barely making ends meet. In the middle of the war, there was a food panic, and the Japanese invaders changed the rationing system and only rationed the public servants who served the enemy. As a result, the price of rice soared from a few yuan per catty to more than 200 yuan, and countless residents starved to death.

The Japanese army also demolished historical sites and houses at will. They demolished the wall of Jiulongzhai and blew up the Songwangtai, a symbol of national spirit. 1In August, 942, the Japanese army wanted to set up 500 comfort stations (military prostitutes' houses) in Hong Kong, and the location was Yuedao near Fozui, Wan Chai. Hirojin Nakagawa, the captain of the 68th Brigade of the Japanese Army, personally went out to command a large number of soldiers, and suddenly blocked Lok Road, starting from the corner of the Arsenal in the west and Xunning Road in the east, plus barbed wire. Fierce Japanese soldiers armed with bayonets ordered all residents to move out within three days, leaving no one behind. Residents were forced to move to other places, even sleeping on the streets in the wind and rain. This is the happy event created by the Japanese aggressor troops. In fact, the comfort station doesn't need so many houses, so the Japanese army turned this area into their entertainment area. In addition to comfort stations, there are also tea shops, bars and restaurants. Later, it was the bar area in Wan Chai.

During the Japanese occupation, all walks of life in Hong Kong withered, and only evil industries such as gambling and drug abuse developed. There are casinos from the busiest Queen's Road to the most remote corner. The notorious big casinos include "Rong Sheng Company" and "Li Liang Company". A Japanese flag and a slogan "Come in if you have money" are often hung at the entrance of the casino. Some people are ringing the bell, while others are entertained by local prostitutes. This is the "new order" that the Japanese army brought to Hong Kong. Casino owners are mostly desperate people who collude with the Japanese army, and some even mark the hall numbers of their secret organizations in the past, such as "Eighteen Sons" and "Yue Chengtang". 1In February, 944, Tanaka Jiuhe, commander of the South Branch Dispatching Army, became the governor of Hong Kong and publicly encouraged gambling and paid for it. Since then, the number of casinos has increased, and it is even more malodorous. In addition, the Japanese army also encourages drug abuse. There is a drug trafficking agency in the enemy governor's office-Yuzhen Company, which transports tobacco soil from Jehol by plane and sets up a smoking place for smokers to buy cigarettes with permits.

recover

In World War II, China formed an anti-fascist alliance with the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France and other countries, supported each other, and waged a long and arduous struggle with German, Italian and Japanese fascists, and finally defeated the aggressors. 1On August 5th, 945, the Japanese Emperor announced his unconditional surrender in Tokyo, because Hong Kong did not belong to the Southeast Asian War Zone under the command of General mountbatten, but belonged to the China War Zone and was a part of the Guangdong War Zone. The Japanese troops stationed in Japan should have surrendered to the Japanese army. But under the pretext of revenge, Britain insisted that they send a fleet to Hong Kong to surrender. To this end, China and Britain made many diplomatic representations before and after Japan surrendered. Later, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Britain be authorized to surrender to Hong Kong in the name of Commander-in-Chief of China Theater. However, with its own military strength and the support of the United States, the British government even rejected this face-saving request. During this period, after the news of Japan's surrender reached Hong Kong, Jenson, the Assistant Secretary of State of the Hong Kong government imprisoned in the Stanley concentration camp, immediately returned to the urban area to form an interim government in accordance with the instructions of the British government to prevent Hong Kong's status from changing after the war. He had no armed forces in his hand, but at that time he asked the Japanese to keep order temporarily and wait for the arrival of the British. 1On August 30th, 945, British Major General Xia Yan led the Royal Navy Task Force and sailed into Victoria Harbour to take over Hong Kong from the Japanese army. At that time, Chiang Kai-shek was eager to send troops to the north and seize strategic positions with the * * * production party. After Britain promised him to use Hong Kong as a transit point for transporting troops to the north and promised to hand over the equipment of Japanese troops stationed in Hong Kong, it acquiesced in the fact that Britain accepted Hong Kong.

1September 6, 945, accompanied by Major General Pan Guohua representing China, Colonel Williamson representing the United States and representatives of other allied countries, Major General Xia Yan formally accepted the surrender of Major General Okada Miki, commander of the Japanese troops stationed in Hong Kong, and Lieutenant General Fujita Taro, commander of the Japanese South China Fleet at the Government House. After three years and eight months of occupation, Hong Kong returned to British colonial rule.

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Sino-British negotiations on the Hong Kong issue

The Chinese and British governments have held formal negotiations for two years to solve the Hong Kong issue left over from history. The China government has repeatedly stated that it must recover Hong Kong at 1997. Under this circumstance, the Chinese and British governments began to negotiate on the Hong Kong issue. At first, the British government raised the issue of ownership, while the China government raised three issues, namely, the return of Hong Kong to China, the system to be implemented in Hong Kong in the future, and the arrangements for the transition period in Hong Kong. The negotiations are divided into two stages: the first stage, from September 1982 to June 1983, when British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visited China, the two sides mainly held talks on principles and procedures. In the second stage, from July 1983 to September 1984, the two sides held 22 rounds of talks on specific substantive issues. During this period, many disputes occurred. In the spirit of putting the overall situation first and friendly cooperation, the two delegations reached an agreement on all issues in September 1984 after careful and patient negotiations, and the talks between the Chinese and British governments on the Hong Kong issue came to an end. The signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration has realized the long-cherished wish of the China people to recover Hong Kong, promoted the settlement of the Macao issue, and will have a far-reaching impact on the settlement of the Taiwan Province issue. The issue of Taiwan Province Province is different from that of Hongkong, but "one country, two systems" is also suitable for solving problems through negotiation. The successful settlement of the Hong Kong issue is conducive to maintaining peace in Asia and the world, and provides a successful fresh experience for the international peaceful settlement of problems left over from history. De Cuellar, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, once pointed out: China and Britain should vigorously advocate a solution to the Hong Kong issue, which is exactly what we need in the current international situation.

Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong

The full name is the Joint Statement of the Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong. Refers to the agreement reached between the Chinese and British governments on the Hong Kong issue on September 1984. This agreement includes the main documents of the Sino-British joint statement on the Hong Kong issue; There are three attachments. The main contents include: the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region directly under the Central People's Government. Except that the foreign affairs and national defense affairs of the Special Administrative Region are managed by the Central People's Government, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enjoys a high degree of autonomy, that is, executive power, legislative power, independent judicial power and final adjudication power. The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is responsible for maintaining public order. Hong Kong's current social and economic systems will remain unchanged; The way of life remains unchanged, and the existing laws remain basically unchanged. The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is composed of local people. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will maintain its status as a free port, an independent customs territory, an international financial center and financial independence. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may independently maintain and develop economic and cultural relations with countries, regions and relevant international organizations in the name of "China and Hong Kong". The Government of China has clearly announced that the above basic principles will remain unchanged for 50 years.

Period of transition

It refers to the period from the effective date of the Sino-British Joint Declaration 12 to 1997. This concept was confirmed in the Sino-British Joint Declaration. This transition means that Hong Kong has changed from British rule to China's jurisdiction and governance. This change is bound to go through a process, which is the transition period. During the transitional period, the British government is responsible for administering Hong Kong to protect and maintain its economic prosperity and social stability. In this regard, the Government of China will cooperate. There are two basic problems in this period: first, there can be no major twists and turns in the economy, and second, there can be no other set in politics. If there is a big fluctuation or a new team is formed, the China government will reconsider the time and way to recover Hong Kong. In order to achieve a smooth transition, China and Britain have set up the Joint Liaison Group and the Land Commission to discuss relevant matters. The China government will also take some necessary actions according to the development and requirements of the Hong Kong situation.

Late transition period

The transition period of Hong Kong 12 can be divided into the first half and the second half. The main task of the first half is to solve the actions taken by the two governments to maintain the economic ties of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region as an independent customs territory, especially to ensure that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will continue to participate in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the Multi-fiber Agreement and other international arrangements; Actions to be taken by the two governments to ensure the continued application of international rights and obligations related to Hong Kong; And other matters related to the implementation of the Joint Declaration. The second half is the second transition period, and the main task is to take necessary measures for the smooth transition of 1997; And how to assist the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to maintain and develop economic and cultural ties with countries, regions and relevant international organizations around the world and sign relevant agreements. 1990 After the adoption of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on April 4, 1990, the China government gradually stepped up its preparations for the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, which is the main feature of the latter half of the transition period.

Transfer of sovereignty

Sovereignty means that a country independently exercises the highest power at home and abroad. The Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) stated that the recovery of Hong Kong is the common aspiration of all China people, and People's Republic of China (PRC) decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 6. The Government of the United Kingdom stated that it had returned Hong Kong to People's Republic of China (PRC) on July 6, 1997. The real realization of the transfer of sovereignty will wait until 1 July 19971day when the people of Hong Kong can successfully take over the political power of Hong Kong and the Central People's Government can exercise sovereignty over the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on behalf of the state.

Transfer of power

Governance is also called governance. Refers to the specific power of a country to govern and manage its internal and external affairs. Jurisdiction refers to the state's management authority over all people (except those who enjoy immunity), events, events and overseas nationals; Governance is achieved through administrative management, legislation and justice. Sovereignty is closely related to the rule of law. Sovereignty determines the rule of law and governance embodies sovereignty. The HKSAR is an inalienable part of the people of China. The transfer of sovereignty means that the rule of law must be transferred at the same time, and it is not feasible for Britain to exchange sovereignty for governance. Only when sovereignty and political power are handed over at the same time can the smooth transfer of political power in Hong Kong be truly realized.

Three invariants

This means that the current social and economic system, lifestyle and existing laws in Hong Kong will remain unchanged. Its basic spirit is to adhere to the principle of "one country, two systems" and ensure that the basic principles and policies for Hong Kong set by the China government in the Joint Declaration will remain unchanged for a long time. According to the principle of "three invariants", we can draw the following conclusions: first, Hong Kong will still implement the capitalist system, and private property will be protected according to law, thus maintaining the economic foundation of the original capitalist social system. Second, Hong Kong residents can live as before, and their rights and freedoms are protected according to law. Third, the laws previously in force in Hong Kong refer to common law, equity, regulations, subordinate legislation and customary law, and all other laws remain unchanged, except those that contravene the basic laws of Hong Kong, such as those that are colonial in nature or with colonial overtones, and those that are no longer applicable due to changes in actual conditions. The "three invariants" have nothing to do with the original political system in Hong Kong. Some of the original systems must be reformed, especially from British people ruling Hong Kong to Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong, and from the governor system to the chief executive responsibility system. As for some specific systems and policies, according to the provisions of the Basic Law and actual needs, they can also be improved and developed on the original basis. Therefore, the understanding of the "three invariants" cannot be regarded as that all the systems, institutions and specific practices in Hong Kong in the past were intact and unchangeable.

50 years unchanged.

China's basic principles and policies towards Hongkong will remain unchanged for 50 years. China government solemnly promised that 1997 will remain unchanged for 50 years, which has scientific basis. First, worldwide, the relationship between socialism and capitalism will exist for a long time. At the same time, Hong Kong has been integrated with the world economy, so we should understand the special policy towards Hong Kong from this macro social and historical background. Secondly, in order to realize Chinese mainland's great development strategy, it is necessary to struggle for another 50 years in the 20th century, besides the hard struggle in the 20th century. The prosperity and stability of Hong Kong will certainly play a beneficial role in supplementing and promoting the socialist modernization of the motherland.

Basic Law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

It is called the Basic Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region. 1adopted at the third session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 4, 1990, and1implemented on July 0, 1997. It consists of preface and 9 chapters *** 160. It also includes three annexes: Annex I, the method for selecting the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Annex II, the method for forming the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the voting procedures, and Annex III, the national laws implemented in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The main contents are as follows: The preface summarizes the origin of the Hong Kong issue, the guiding ideology, legal basis and purpose of formulating the Basic Law. The General Provisions stipulate the basic principles of the systems and policies implemented in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region from the political, economic and legal aspects, and become the basis of all chapters of the Basic Law. In addition, it also stipulates the right to interpret and amend the Basic Law. The relationship between the Basic Law and the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) is that it was formulated according to the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the specific conditions of Hongkong, and it is constitutional. The status and functions of the Basic Law are as follows: The systems, policies and laws implemented after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region are based on the Basic Law. This is a law of historical and international significance.

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)

Local administrative regions with special systems and a high degree of autonomy. According to the decision made by the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 4, 1990, a special administrative region was established as of July 4, 1997. Its region includes Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories. Its basic characteristics are: first, continue to implement the capitalist system. Second, implement a high degree of autonomy. The third is directly under the central government. Fourth, colonial rule has completely ended, and Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong have become increasingly democratic. The unique legal status of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region can be summarized as follows: there is no colonialism, capitalism is retained, it is directly under the central government, and a high degree of autonomy is practiced. The principle of "one country, two systems" will create a new, more prosperous and stable Hong Kong.