Celebrity's evaluation of Westernization Movement

On Sun Yat-sen's Attitude towards Westernization Movement from A Letter to Li Hongzhang

Sun Yat-sen, the great forerunner of China Revolution, was only 28 years old when he went north on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War1June, 894, and his political thought was evolving from reform to revolution. In his book, he gave mixed comments on the Westernization Movement, and finally gave ardent expectations. He appreciated that the Westernization School dared to break through the shackles of "convention" and the obstruction of "group discussion", and advocated the Westernization Movement, "making every effort to govern" and "diligently seeking political reasons". "Libraries with the same language and dialect, schools with naval and military equipment; Rich financial resources will open up coal mines and gold mines and establish textile manufacturing bureau; Promoting the Chamber of Commerce to attract investment ships and Kaiping Railway has successively reflected "; "Fast boats, flying cars, e-mail, fire-fighting equipment, what Westerners used to bully me, I have it now." Because I saw that "the country is striving to be rich and strong, the moon is changing every day, and it will spare no effort to keep pace with Europe", so I was encouraged by the news. Here, what Sun Yat-sen said should not be a general flattery, but a reflection of a patriotic youth's view on the new westernization policy at that time. He criticized the Westernization Movement as "imitating Western France". Although it has made remarkable achievements, it still can't compete with Europe because of "giving up the root and chasing the end" and "attacking people's fur without caring about their own lifeblood". He clearly pointed out: "The key to Europe's prosperity lies not in strong ships and strong guns, but in making the best use of people, land and goods. These four things are the classics of the prosperous times and the foundation of governing the country. Our country wants to expand its grand plan, be diligent and far-sighted, imitate the western law, and strive for self-improvement, but it is not urgent. It is related to the strong ship and the gun, and it is also the end of the plan. " He put forward the above four reform plans, aiming at expanding the field of Westernization and promoting the Westernization Movement. He did not oppose the Westernization Movement, nor did he deny the New Deal promoted by the Westernization School. Instead, he thought that "since this year, all new policies have been implemented for the second time. Although the so-called Four Programmes could not be lifted together, they gradually began in Hu Si"? The ardent expectations for the Westernization Movement are beyond words.

Shi fuliang

In the book Modern Economic History of China, he held a basically negative attitude towards the Westernization Movement. His evaluation of the modern military industry founded by the Westernization School is: "The above are all important enterprises in the military industry period, and most of them are military industries. These military industries are founded and operated by bureaucrats, and their machines and technicians are completely exported abroad, without paying attention to cultivating domestic technical talents. In addition, those bureaucrats in charge of management don't understand the spirit of military industry at all, but think it is a good job and a fat job, and only know how to exploit it as much as possible to enrich themselves. Therefore, although there is such a military industry, the benefits to the army are still not great. The failure of the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Boxer Movement in Eight-Nation Alliance fully exposed the failure of this military industry. After the Revolution of 1911, national unity was destroyed, and these arsenals became the targets of local warlords and the bane of civil strife. " His evaluation of the civilian industry founded by the Westernization School is: "These government-run and government-run commodity industries and mining industries, like military industries, have almost completely failed. Government-run industries run by government gentry have neither the ability to manage themselves nor the ability to listen to foreign engineers completely. Those foreign engineers are insincere and try their best to exclude China cadres from participating in factory operations and encourage foreign capital to flow in, thus planting the common bane of China business community. " His overall evaluation of Westernization enterprises is: "Because the founders of modern enterprises in China are bureaucrats such as Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong, the new enterprises in China have also forged an indissoluble bond with bureaucrats. The lag in the development of modern enterprises in China is also a reason. "

Qu Qiubai

It is believed that the development of bureaucratic capital is influenced by external factors, and its formation process is also two comprador processes. One is the comprador of big businessmen in China; Second, the big landlord class has become a bureaucratic comprador class, which is the emergence of the Westernization School. The representative of the Westernization School is Li Hongzhang. From 1960s to 1970s, he founded many new enterprises. These enterprises rely on foreign technicians in production technology and adopt a decadent bureaucratic system in management in an attempt to maintain feudal rule by borrowing the production technology of western capitalism. The combination of foreign aggression and feudal rulers in China became the initial form of bureaucratic capitalism [① D]. This is the negative tone set by the Chinese Communist Party for the Westernization Movement earlier.