Translation of Classical Chinese Chen She Family

Chen She Family and Chen She Family are excerpted from Historical Records Chen She Family (Zhonghua Book Company 1982). One of the biographies of Historical Records is mainly aimed at princes and princes who have an influence on the national political situation. Although Chen Sheng was born in a peasant family, he was the first anti-Qin and made great contributions. At the same time, he once established political power and gave orders, so he was given an important historical position and entered a "family". In 209 BC, 900 defenders headed by Chen Sheng and Guangwu held the first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history in osawa Township. This excerpt describes the cause, process and great momentum of the uprising. It is with this "ambitious ambition" that Chen She led the peasants to rise up and opened the prelude to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.

This paper selects and records the second1lesson of the ninth grade, a Chinese textbook taught by the new curriculum standard.

And the ninth grade 16 class Soviet educational Chinese textbook.

And the second phase of Shanghai curriculum reform, the ninth grade 13 lesson.

1. Author background: Sima Tan, the father of Sima Qian, is knowledgeable. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was then the Taishi Order, in charge of secret books, historical materials and official history. Influenced by his father, Sima Qian went to Chang 'an to study at the age of 10. Since the age of 20, he has traveled many times, observed the local customs and collected rumors and different opinions, which laid the foundation for later writing historical records. At the age of 38, he succeeded Taishiling, and had the opportunity to visit the Royal Library, where he mastered a wealth of historical materials. He began to write history books at the age of 42. Later, he wrote a letter to defend Li Ling, a Han general who surrendered to the Huns, angered the emperor and was convicted and imprisoned. In order to complete Historical Records, Sima Qian endured humiliation and wrote a book, which lasted for 10 years and finally became a historical masterpiece.

The following idiom 12 introduces Sima Qian's life:

The Qiang nationality in Bo Wen originated in Xue Jia, where the weather is favorable and the mountains and rivers are famous.

Stand up and apologize for the injustice you met unexpectedly.

Endure humiliation and bear heavy burdens on a large scale, such as a masterpiece, a famous mountain in Tibet.

2. Background: Historical Records is the first biographical history of China and the first biographical literature of China. This book records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There are 130 articles in the book, which are divided into three styles: biography, aristocratic family and biographies, including Twelve Biographies (records of political traces of emperors in past dynasties), Ten Tables (chronology of major events), Eight Books (records of various laws and regulations), Thirty Biographies (records of the rise and fall of vassal States) and Seventy Biographies. The historical materials in the book are informative and the author's ideological tendency is also very clear. For example, in the article Chen She Family, Chen Shengshou made great contributions to the Qin Dynasty, so he joined the WTO.

3. Background: During the reign of Qin Shihuang, the large-scale construction of palaces and tombs, the Great Wall and post roads, and the use of troops against Xiongnu and South Vietnam consumed a lot of manpower and financial resources, greatly increasing the corvee and tax burden of the people. At the same time, severe laws have been enacted, making it easy for people to violate the criminal law. After Qin Ershi succeeded to the throne, he was endowed with more benefits, which led to the exhaustion of the world and the suffering of the people. Under this cruel rule, the first vigorous peasant uprising broke out in the history of China, which was the Daze Township Uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu.

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Brief introduction of the author and his works

Sima Qian (BC 145 ~ 90 BC) was a historian, thinker and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Zichang, Zuo Fengyi, was born in xia yang (now Luocheng Town, south of Hancheng, Shaanxi). He is the author of Historical Records, also known as Taishi Gongshu, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the time of Huangdi to the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 100) in ancient legends of China.

The book Historical Records includes 12 biographies (records of the emperor's achievements-biographies of the emperor), 30 biographies (records of vassal states and governors in the Han Dynasty, and the rise and fall of nobles-biographies of governors), 70 biographies (records of important people's words and deeds, mainly narrating officials, and finally a preface-biographies of celebrities), ten tables (chronologies of events) and eight books.

For a deeper understanding of the author and his works, please refer to the entries in Sima Qian and Historical Records.

Lu Xun commented on Historical Records as "the historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme."

idiom

1 bonfire and fox, prince and prince, I would rather have the ambition of three birds to know swans.

If you are rich, you will never forget it. 5. Be persistent and sharp. 6. Get up.

7 cut no way, over the qin dynasty? ?

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Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is involved in words. Wu Guangzhe, Yang Xiaren, is an uncle. When Chen She was young, he tried to plow with people's servants, and he was disappointed for a long time in his fallow ridge. He said, "If you have money, you will never forget each other." The servant smiled and replied, "If you are a servant, how can you be rich?" Chen She sighed, "oh! Swallows know the ambition of swans! "

In July of the second year, a decision was made to send troops to Yuyang, with 900 men, to osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu became captains of chariots. It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has already been lost. When time is lost, the law will be cut. Chen Sheng and Guangwu said, "If you die today, you will die if you plan something big. Waiting to die, can you die? " Chen Sheng said: "Ku Jin suffers all over the world. I heard that II had a younger son, but it was not done properly. It was done by his son Fu Su. Fu Su admonished foreign generals with several words. If you are not guilty today, you will be killed by II. Many people have heard of their sages, but they don't know their death. Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, made many contributions and loved foot soldiers. The Chu people pitied him. Or think of death, or think of death. Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su, Xiang Yan and sing for the world. I should respond more actively. " Guangwu thinks so. The soothsayer knew what this meant. He said, "Everything is difficult at the beginning, and you have merit. However, the ghost of the first step! " Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi thought of ghosts and said, "This teaches me to show my ears first." The book of Dan says "Chen Wangsheng Wang", and it is put in the belly of a fish. Strangely, a pawn bought fish to cook and got a book in the fish's stomach. There is a bonfire in the temple next to Wu. what does the fox say said, "Chu Xing, Chen." All the soldiers are afraid at night. On the day of his death, stroke often talked, all referring to Chen Sheng.

Wu Guang loves his wife, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. Drunk the captain, so he said he wanted to die, angered the captain and humiliated him to anger his public. Weiguo kuan Wei Jianting, widely circulated, captured and killed the captain. Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. The summoner said, "If it rains, it's overdue. Cut it off. Don't cut it first, but stick to it. If a strong man dies, he will become famous, and princes will have descendants! " All the disciples said, "I respect your commands." Fu Su and Xiang Yan, two sons, are pretending to obey the people. To the right is called Dachu. Alliance altar, sacrifice to the captain. Bobby Chen became a general and Guangwu became a captain. Attack osawa Township, and then attack. In this case, the company commander Ying Ge sent his soldiers to the east of the company to attack the enemy, the enemy, the enemy, the enemy and the enemy. Okay, retreat. Compared with Chen, he rode six or seven hundred cars, rode more than one thousand, and killed tens of thousands of people. When attacking Chen, Chen Shouling was away, and he was fighting alone. Fu Sheng and Shou Cheng died according to Chen. A few days later, the monastery called three elders, heroes and everyone to the finance room. The three elders and all the heroes said, "The general is determined to win, and the attack is invincible. He has destroyed Qin and rebuilt Chu, so he deserves to be king." Make Chen She king, posthumous title Zhang Chu. At this time, all the counties harmed by Qin officials were punished by their officers and killed in response.

The last two paragraphs or the last paragraph are not extracted from the general version of the text as after-school reading. )

Bobby Chen, dorri, June. King, Wang Chen. When his old friend and servant heard about it, they closed the door of the palace and said, "I want to see it." The palace gate order wants to bind it. Self-defense, set, denied. When Wang Chen came out, he was walking on the road, shouting. When Wang Chen heard about it, he was summoned and taken away. When he entered the palace, he saw the curtains in the temple and said, "Hey! Those who are involved in Wang Shen! " The Chu people called "Duo" "Gang", so it spread all over the world, and the gang was king, which began in Chen She. The guests are getting more and more comfortable. They say Wang Chen is getting old. Or Chen Wang said, "The guest is ignorant, arrogant and arrogant." Wang Chen cut it. Chen Wang is an old friend of his, so he has no relatives.

Wang Chen took Zhu Fang as the right post, Hu Wu as the leader, and served as the main book and minister. The general will be partial to the ground, and those who make him wrong will be guilty and loyal to the harsh inspection. Those who are not good at it need autonomy to be officials. Wang Chen owes it. The generals were defeated because they were not attached to each other for their reasons. Although Chen Sheng died, he sent his officials to die in the State of Qin, so he took part in the first thing. When Emperor Gaozu was in Chen She, he had 30 graves, and he has been sucking blood ever since.

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Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng. Guangwu is from Yang Xia. When Chen She was young, he was employed to farm with others. (One day) Chen She stopped farming and came to the highland next to the field. He sighed for a long time because of disappointment and said, "If anyone has money, don't forget each other." The companion replied with a wry smile: "Where did you get the money as a person who was hired to farm?" Chen Sheng sighed and said, "Alas, how can a sparrow (a short-sighted person) know the ambition of a swan (a swan, a person with lofty ideals)!"

In July of the first year of Qin Ershi, the court recruited poor people to stay in Yuyang, and 900 people stopped in osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu were both incorporated into the garrison and served as leaders (small leaders). It happened to rain heavily and the road was blocked. I guess I have missed the deadline. Anyone who misses the deadline will be beheaded according to Qin law. Chen Sheng and Guangwu then discussed: "Running away (being caught back) is also death, and the uprising (failure) is also death. Is it okay to die for national affairs? " Chen Sheng said: "The people of the whole country have been ruled by the Qin Dynasty for a long time. I heard that Qin Ershi is the youngest son of Qin Shihuang. He should not inherit the throne of the emperor, but his eldest son, Fu Su. Because Fuxi (Qin Shihuang) repeatedly remonstrated, the king of Qin sent (him) to lead the troops outside. Now some people have heard that Fu Su is innocent, but Qin Ershi killed him. Most people heard that he was clever, but they didn't know that he was dead. Xiang Yan is a general of Chu State. He (once) made many contributions and (once again) cared for the soldiers. The people of Chu love him very much. Some people think he is dead, others think he has run away. Now if our people pretend to be the team of childe Fu Su and General Xiang Yan, there should be many people responding. " Guangwu thinks he is right. So they went to divination. The fortune teller knew what it meant and said, "All things can be accomplished, and achievements can be built. But you'd better ask ghosts and gods! " Bobby Chen and Guangwu are very happy. They thought about it and the diviner said, "This is just to teach us to subdue everyone first." So I asked someone to write "Chen" on the silk book with vermilion and put it in the belly of a fish caught by others with a net. The soldier bought the fish and cooked it. He felt very strange when he found the silk script in the fish. Chen Sheng also secretly instructed Guangwu to go to the temple in the jungle next to the military station, covered it with fire at night, pretended to be a ghost fire, and shouted like a fox: "Great Chu is revived, and Chen Sheng is king." Soldiers panic at night. The next day, the soldiers talked everywhere, pointing and staring at Bobby Chen.

Guangwu usually cares about the people around him, and most soldiers are willing to contribute to him. One day, the officer was drunk, and Guangwu deliberately offered to escape many times, which made a captain very angry and made him blame and humiliate him, thus angering the soldiers. The police officer did use a bamboo board to fight guangwu. The officer drew his sword to intimidate (the soldier), and Guangwu jumped up and grabbed the sword to kill him. Chen Sheng assisted Guangwu and killed two officers together. Chen Sheng called the guards together and said, "When you were caught in heavy rain, you all exceeded the stipulated time limit for reaching Yuyang. If it expires, it will be beheaded. Even if they can only avoid execution, six or seven of the ten people who died defending the frontier fortress were originally killed. What's more, if a gentleman doesn't die, he will achieve great fame when he dies! Will princes have natural noble species? " Everyone under him said, "I am willing to obey orders!" " "Pretending to be childe Fu Su, romantic team, suitable for the people. Show your right arm (as a sign of the uprising) and play the flag of Chu. Build a (earthen) platform and swear (on the platform) that the heads of those two officers will be sacrificed to the sky. Chen Sheng was appointed general and Guangwu was appointed captain. The insurgents (first) attacked osawa Township, retreated from osawa Township and attacked Qi County. After conquering Qixian, the messenger Ying Ge led troops to capture the east of Qixian. We attacked all of them, including Luo, Pin, Zhe and Joe. In Chen county, there are six or seven hundred chariots, more than one thousand cavalry and tens of thousands of foot soldiers. When attacking Chen county, the county magistrate and the county magistrate were not in the city, and only the officials guarding the city fought against the insurgents in the cave of the city gate. The insurgents could not be defeated for a while, and soon they were defeated and killed, and the army occupied Chen County. (Note: Here, there are two controversial points. In the third paragraph of the original text, "Resurrection" doesn't say who didn't win. There are other translation methods due to different versions. So the translation here is rather vague. ) A few days later, Chen Sheng called local township officials and prestigious people to discuss important matters. These people said with one voice, "General, as far as your personal armor and weapons are concerned, you should be the king. You should crusade against the cruel and heartless Qin Dynasty and rebuild the State of Chu. "Chen Sheng stood on its own feet as king (or translated as Chen Sheng was acclaimed as king) and named his country" Zhang Chu "(some people here also translated as the power of Zhang Dachu). At this time, the people who were oppressed by the Qin officials in various counties revolted in succession, responding to Chen Sheng's call, punishing and killing local officials.

Chen Sheng was king for six months. After he became king, he took Chen County as his capital. Once upon a time, a farmer who had worked with him heard that he had become a king and came to Chen County. He knocked on the door of the palace and said, "I want to see Chen Sheng." The officer guarding the palace gate will tie him up. After his repeated explanations, he was released, but he still refused to inform him. When Wang Chen went out, he stopped on the road and shouted Bobby Chen's name. When Wang Chen heard this, he summoned him and returned to the palace in a car with him. After the guests entered the palace, they saw the palace and curtains and said, "How many! King Chen She's palace is profound and magnificent! " The Chu people called "Duo" "Gang", so the saying that "Gang is king" spread all over the world began in Chen Sheng. Guests come and go more and more casually, and often tell people something about Chen Sheng's past. Someone said to Wang Chen, "Your guests are ignorant and talk nonsense, which is harmful to your majesty." Wang Chen killed the visitor. All Wang Chen's old friends left by themselves, and no one has been near Wang Chen since.

Wang Chen appointed Zhu Fang as the team leader and Hu Wu as the director to supervise the faults of ministers. The generals occupied this place and returned to Chen County. If they disobey orders slightly, they will be arrested and punished, so as to strictly investigate the fault of their minister as their loyalty to Wang Chen. Anyone they don't like who makes a mistake and doesn't hand it over to the official in charge of justice will be punished without authorization. Wang Chen trusts them very much. For these reasons, the generals are no longer close to him. This is the reason why Wang Chen failed.

To annotate ...

Taste: Once.

Agriculture: employed to cultivate land for others. People who are employed.

Exit: stop

One: Go, go.

Ridge: Ridge.

Disappointment: Disappointed.

Hate: sigh and hate.

G: If.

None: Don't.

If: you.

Sigh: sigh.

Hehe: Alas.

H: it's very big.

Garrison: troops guarding the border.

Zhé: "Zhé" is connected with "Zhé" to transmit hair.

Swallow: Stop.

Times, times.

H: They were all put in the barracks. When doing, when in the column.

Yes, I happened to meet you.

It is raining.

Degree (duó): estimation.

Overdue: overdue.

Death: escape.

Lift it up and start.

Make a big plan: launch a big activity. An uprising.

Wait: the same.

Suffer: suffer.

Bitter Qin: Suffered from the rule of Qin.

Li: Li is the king.

Repeated protests: Repeated protests.

Persuasion: in ancient times, subordinates put forward opinions or suggestions to their superiors and exhorted them.

So: the reason.

Above: Courtiers refer to Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor.

General: Command the army.

Or: someone.

Or smell: someone has heard of it.

Pity: love

Cheng: If.

Deception: Pretending.

Singing method: the same as "advocating", let's go.

A: Yes.

Ran: Yes, that's right.

Yes: just.

Ok: Go ahead.

Hangbu: Go to divination.

Meaning: intention.

Ghost of divination: Ask the ghost of divination! The ghost of divination means "divination is for ghosts", omitting the word "Yu".

Read, think and think.

Thinking about ghosts: thinking about divination ghosts.

Zhong Wei: Wei Fu, ladies and gentlemen.

Dan: Cinnabar. This means "using cinnabar".

Book: write.

Zēng: fishing net. As a verb here, it means "fishing with a fishing net"

Solid: Originally.

Use: same as "already", already.

Strange: I feel strange, just as strange as ...

Between: privately, stealing.

Orders: orders

Chi: Go.

The second place: a temporary stop when traveling or marching.

Temple: A temple.

Bonfire: To cover a fire with. It means pretending to be a "ghost fire" with a bonfire. Dogs, cages.

Fox singing: learn to sing with the voice of the fox. Fox, like a fox.

King (King): Be king.

Dan Ri: Tomorrow.

Often: everywhere.

Language: Talking.

Pointing: point at each other with your eyes and make gestures.

Objective: To observe with eyes.

Sue: forever, forever.

For use: for its use.

In favor of: existence.

Quantity: repeated.

Death: escape.

Hu: Make (the captain) angry. Synonymous compound, anger, make ... angry; Be annoyed at ...

Zan: Hit with a whip, stick or bamboo board.

Jianting: Draw the sword. Quite, pull.

And: the undertaking form.

Left: auxiliary.

And: Together.

Borrow: even if

No: Only

Order: Manufacturing

Also: the table turned, but.

Solid: Originally.

That is: just.

Ning: No.

Species: expensive species.

Take orders: obey orders.

Human desire: human desire.

Bare (t ǐ n) Right: Show your right arm (as a sign of the uprising).

For: architecture.

And: tables are connected in order.

Alliance: oath.

Down: attack and conquer.

Favoritism: To seize (land)

Bobby: Wait.

A car.

Riding a horse (J): One person and one horse.

Independence: only

The bridge building here refers to the city gate.

Meeting: Meeting.

Plan: discussion.

Body: individual, individual

Be(pι): same as "put on", put on.

Sword: refers to real armor.

Sharp: of weapons.

No way: refers to the unjust tyrant.

Punishment: Punishment.