Architectural problems of sinking square.

Present situation and problems of high-rise buildings in Shanghai

Shanghai Planning Bureau organized the Municipal Planning Institute and other departments to investigate the construction of high-rise buildings in this city in recent years. By the end of 1997, the total number of high-rise buildings in the downtown area of this city (+District+Pudong) has reached 2,258, with a total construction area of 35.24 million square meters. Through the analysis of the situation, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The number of high-rise buildings has increased rapidly, and the proportion of high-rise buildings in the newly started area has increased year by year. 197 1 to 1980 * * 149 Ten years after the high-rise building was completed: 198 1 to 1990 * * 650 high-rise building was completed, with a total construction area of 800. 199 1 to 1995 * * There are 750 high-rise buildings with a total construction area of 1 1.33 million m2, accounting for 23% of the new area:1996, with a total construction area of 7.25 million m.

2. Residence is the main part of high-rise building. With the increasing saturation of the office market, housing will become the protagonist of high-rise buildings. Of the 2,258 high-rise buildings with a total construction area of 35.24 million square meters, there are 1590 houses (accounting for 67.8%). The construction area is 20.78 million square meters (accounting for 59%), mainly concentrated in Xuhui, Putuo, Pudong, Changning and other districts.

3. High-rise buildings are most densely distributed in Huangpu. Jing 'an, Luwan and Heather are the second, except for a relatively concentrated area, other areas are basically randomly distributed. Taking Changning as an example, there are 246 high-rise buildings with a total construction area of 4.29 million m2, mainly distributed in Hongqiao Development Zone (29 buildings in 0 .65km' with a construction area of 1 17000 m2), while others are scattered in 37.35km' (2 17 buildings).

4. There are still a large number of approved high-rise buildings to be built, and the number of high-rise buildings in the central city will increase greatly in the future. By the end of 1997, the city and district planning departments had approved 3,374 high-rise buildings with a construction area of 58.97 million m2. In addition to 1997, there are 1 16 buildings. 26.43 million m' high-rise building is under construction or about to start.

In recent years, the construction of a large number of high-rise buildings reflects the rapid development of urban economy and society, and is also the result of the reform of land use system and the development of real estate market. Facing the present situation of high-rise buildings, from the perspective of urban planning, there are two problems that need further study:

One is whether high-rise buildings, especially high-rise houses, are the development direction. The dense buildings and population in the old city of Shanghai have brought great pressure to the improvement of urban traffic and environment. The urban master plan puts forward the policy of relieving the population and traffic in the old areas. The Regulations on Urban Planning of Shanghai also stipulates that "controlling high-rise buildings, reducing the dense tail of buildings, increasing public green space, improving urban traffic, improving infrastructure and enhancing the comprehensive functions of the city" has been made for the transformation of old districts. As for the high-rise residence, because of its high cost: the management cost of material coding is high; At the initial stage of its construction, the main purpose of filling soil is to balance land price and demolition cost, rather than increasing green space and improving the environment. High-rise residential buildings, especially tower-type high-rise residential buildings, have poor sunshine conditions, and their fire protection problems have not been completely solved so far. With the commercialization of housing and the improvement of living standards, citizens pay more and more attention to the living environment and quality of life, and multi-storey housing with low price and good quality is becoming more and more popular. For some low-standard high-rise residential buildings, it will become a heavy burden for future urban transformation. The vacancy rate of completed high-rise office buildings is high, and it will take time for the market to digest. With the development of economy, it may be necessary to build some high-rise office buildings and hotels, but the number will not be large. Therefore, for a long time in the future, high-rise buildings, especially high-rise residential buildings, will not be the future development direction, and high-rise buildings should be controlled in the transformation of old areas. Another problem is the high-level layout. The overall layout of the built high-rise buildings is that the density of concentrated areas is too high, the green space is too little, and the contradiction of sunshine is prominent: the general areas are randomly distributed, disorderly and lack of environmental design, which can not form urban landscape, and some even arbitrarily insert high-rise buildings in historical and scenic protection areas, which is detrimental to historical features.

Planning control of high-rise buildings in Shanghai

The factors that cause the above problems are complex, and solving these problems also needs comprehensive consideration. From the perspective of urban planning, we should focus on solving the mechanism problem of urban planning compilation and implementation.

1. Compilation mechanism of urban planning

The mechanism of urban planning is mainly about the compilation of regulatory detailed planning. In recent years, due to the rapid economic growth and the increase of foreign investment, the pace of transformation of old districts has been accelerated. Because of the adjustment of industrial structure, such as "retreat from two to three" (that is, the secondary industry becomes the tertiary industry), the regulatory detailed planning in some areas lags behind the transformation of old areas. In some reconstruction areas, the compilers of regulatory detailed planning excessively accommodate the requirements of entrusting departments to "benefit from the plot ratio", without considering the implementation requirements of the master plan, and there are cases of blindly increasing the plot ratio. In the process of implementation, there are also cases of randomly adjusting the floor area ratio provisions of regulatory detailed planning. These situations bring difficulties to the control of high-rise buildings. On the contrary, high-rise buildings are blooming everywhere. It is necessary to sort out and adjust the regulatory detailed planning of the central city by taking the opportunity of the approval and implementation of the new round of urban master planning. In order to effectively reflect the requirements of the master plan, we should pay close attention to the preparation of the zoning plan of the central city, analyze and decompose the relevant control indicators and various control elements of the master plan, embody the idea of urban design, put forward the high-rise layout plan, divide the scope of the preparation units of the regulatory detailed plan, and implement the regulatory requirements of the deepening of the zoning plan and the detailed master plan to the requirements of the regional regulatory detailed plan (such as the total building capacity, green space rate, building protection requirements, etc.). ). The compilation and implementation of regulatory detailed planning is the concretization of overall planning and the basis of planning management. It plays an important role in connecting the preceding with the following. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the legal status of regulatory detailed planning, learn from the experience of developed countries and regions, improve the preparation and approval procedures, strengthen investigation and research for expert argumentation, and introduce public participation mechanism; It is necessary to strictly stipulate its adjustment procedures, and it shall not be adjusted at will without legal procedures; It is necessary to establish a supervision mechanism and strengthen the supervision mechanism of the people's congress, administration and society on the preparation and implementation of regulatory detailed planning. Therefore, the approved regulatory detailed planning should be made public.

2. Implementation mechanism of urban planning

The large number and disorderly distribution of high-rise buildings is a problem of urban spatial planning on the surface, but in essence it is a problem of land economy. The main factors are land development cost, land development mechanism and land development regulation mechanism. If this problem is not solved, even if there is a detailed plan to standardize the layout of high-rise buildings, it will be difficult to implement. For example, for the sake of economic benefits, if the cost of land development is high, developers will increase the floor area ratio to obtain economic benefits. Land prices, which account for a large proportion of land development costs, are not combined with the implementation of urban planning. On the contrary, the high land price of land transfer fee is a source of land price economic income. If it remains high, the floor area ratio will not drop, and it is inevitable to build a high-rise building. On the other hand, in recent years, the enthusiasm of all aspects has been exerted, but decentralized development is also one of the reasons for the spread of high-rise buildings. Therefore, it is very important to study the implementation mechanism of urban planning. It is suggested to strengthen the work from the following aspects: first, coordinate the relationship between planning implementation and land management, and link land price with urban planning implementation; Implement the land reserve system and promote the development of plots; Strengthen the government's regulation of the primary land market and start the annual total land supply in a planned way. The second is to revise and improve the planning management regulations, adjust the relevant provisions such as building volume ratio, building density and green space ratio, and formulate technical guidelines for real estate development environment construction. The third is to strictly examine and approve high-rise building projects and improve the level of examination and approval.

By improving the mechanism of urban planning and implementation. We will promote the transformation of old areas, especially the construction of high-rise buildings, to be truly integrated into the orderly track of urban planning and raise the quality of urban environment to a new level.

Disadvantages of common square green space

Square is an important part of urban space. Square can not only meet the needs of urban space composition, but also provide public places for communication, entertainment, leisure and assembly. In the fast-paced urban life of modern society, the square can provide a little peace and leisure for the citizens; In the crowded urban cement forest, the square can accommodate the citizens' oasis and Shu Lang. Moreover, the city square and the culture it represents are a microcosm of the construction of urban civilization. As the living room of a city, it can reflect the style, cultural connotation and landscape characteristics of the city, enhance the cohesion and external attraction of the city itself, thus promoting the construction of all aspects of the city and improving the service function of the city.

It is precisely because of the above advantages that the square has become a hot spot in the construction of urban material civilization and spiritual civilization. Driven by this upsurge of square construction, cities all over the world have built a number of squares. However, due to the differences in planning, design, construction, management and maintenance, the quality of each square is mixed. Square construction in some cities (such as Dalian) has achieved good environmental and social benefits; However, the squares in some cities did not achieve the expected purpose after completion, thus exposing some problems.

1 is too large.

At present, some squares in China, especially those in county-level cities, are not scientifically defined in the planning stage, which leads to the excessive scale of squares. Excessive size of the square will cause some negative effects: 1, which will inevitably lead to the waste of manpower, material resources and resources, which is not conducive to the construction of other projects in the city. 2. It is bound to make the square feel empty, make the square have no affinity, and people who visit the square will feel very tired, which does not reflect the people-oriented design principle.

Note: Although squares are divided into traffic distribution squares, municipal squares, memorial squares, cultural squares, leisure squares and other types according to their functions, this paper focuses on leisure squares, which are commonly referred to as "citizen squares".

There are three factors that cause the square to be too large: 1, the blind pursuit of form by local administrative officials and the so-called "style" of the chief executive. 2. Some planners who simply pursue economic benefits do not give scientific guidance to the owners, but blindly cater to their opinions. 3. The land price of prefecture-level cities is also lower than that of provincial capital cities and municipalities directly under the central government, which also plays an invisible role in fueling the situation.

The square area of some counties and cities has reached 10hm2, and some even exceed 30hm2. According to 1㎡/ person's square land use planning index and local population calculation, it obviously exceeds the standard. Furthermore, when building squares in cities, it is not appropriate to concentrate all the square area indicators on one big square, but to build a series of squares in a decentralized manner, expand the service radius of squares and improve the utilization rate of squares. And make each square have a reasonable and pleasant scale according to its function, so that the square has more affinity.

It should be pointed out that the square space is not a simple scale problem, but is restricted by factors such as activity content, layout division, visual characteristics, lighting conditions, sense of mass, building boundary conditions and so on. At the same time, it is also related to the comparison of adjacent spaces. For example, when people walk in a narrow 3? /FONT & gt； 5m long street, suddenly walked into a 20? /FONT & gt； The 30-meter-wide open area has the feeling of stepping into the square. If the actual area of the square is not large, but it lacks facilities for activities and rest, it will also make people feel "wide without field" and "too big to be appropriate"; On the contrary, if there is a detailed division of activities and corresponding facilities in a big square, it will also make people feel very rich.

2. The sense of space enclosure is not strong, and the architectural form is not harmonious.

There are four forms of square enclosure: four-sided enclosure, three-sided enclosure, two-sided enclosure and one-sided enclosure, among which the first two have a good sense of enclosure and a strong sense of territory. The common elements of the enclosed square are buildings, trees, colonnades and specific terrain with height difference, among which the buildings are well enclosed. At present, many squares in China are surrounded by roads, or buildings are only arranged on one side to both sides of the square, which makes tourists feel unstable in behavior and psychology, shortens the time for tourists to stay in the square, and reduces the cohesion and attraction of the square.

When studying the square space, we might as well mention the "internal corner" space. The so-called "inner corner" refers to the concave space inside the container, and the so-called "outer corner" refers to the convex space outside. In the outer space, this "inner corner" space actually surrounds the square in the field and contains it inside. When the square is arranged along the chessboard road, it becomes a "yang angle" space, forming an inhuman urban space like squeezing people out. On the contrary, using the "shady corner" space can create a warm and complete urban space and embrace the people inside. In the public space of the city, preserving corner space can add beauty and attraction to the city.

Some enclosed buildings around the square also lack unity in elevation modeling and volume, which destroys the integrity of the square. The reason is that there is no unified planning in architectural design or the new building is not unified with the old building. There are three ways of building layout around the square: 1 and centripetal layout. This layout will make the square feel very closed and have a strong sense of integrity. For example, the Pearl Square in Hefei. 2. Axis layout. This layout is mostly used in rectangular squares, which can obtain a special solemn atmosphere, especially suitable for political and collective squares. For example, Tianfu Square in Chengdu. 3. Special layout. When the plane of the square is irregular, the new building can take the characteristics of the old building as the medium, and use this "characteristic" to "talk" with the layout of the old building to establish the internal order of the square, so as to achieve the effect of unity and coordination. For example, St. Kyle's Square in Venice.

3. Insufficient reflection on local traditional culture.

At present, more and more square constructions reflect the development trend of regional culture. It is very important to shape the theme and personality of the square, which may be based on rich historical precipitation, so that people can understand the historical context of the city in leisure; Or enrich it with specific folk activities and strengthen people's participation. At this time, the regional cultural connotation of the square can be fully reflected.

The biggest drawback of the current square construction is that thousands of people rush headlong into it. Some builders just copied the superficial form of squares successfully built in other places, but did not combine the local actual situation. The excavation of local historical and cultural heritage is obviously insufficient. The construction of the square lacks the design materials and basis of cultural ideas and the rational pursuit of some patterned surfaces and so-called "post-modern" shapes, which makes the content of the square seem distant but not close, thus losing its local characteristics.

In the design stage of the square, we should adjust measures to local conditions and strengthen local characteristics, just as Tiananmen Square is a symbol of Beijing and Potala Palace is a symbol of Lhasa. It conforms to the local context, embodies the local characteristics, and forms the social benefits of "you must visit here".

4 shortcomings of the lawn

4. 1 inaccessible.

Some newly-built plazas in China like to decorate a large area of decorative lawns and trim patterns, which not only pay attention to appreciation, but also cause monotony and machinery, which lacks the change of spatial three-dimensional level and does not meet the comfort requirements of tourists' behavior. At present, most square lawns are surrounded by "no trampling" signs, but a harmonious green will keep tourists out, but they can't be seen but can't reach them, which is inevitably boring. Moreover, it will cause the contradiction that the square is very large and the visual space is open, but tourists can only move on the road surface and local hard pavement, and the tourist capacity is small. When dealing with the use and maintenance of lawns, some foreign countries divide lawns into several pieces, and only open one or several of them to tourists at a time, thus skillfully unifying the two opposites. This not only maintains the biological function of the lawn, but also enhances the accessibility of the lawn. These successful treatment methods can be used for reference.

In the design of urban space environment, we should not only ensure the realization of public behavior, but also do a good job in space design. Whether semi-public behavior and private behavior can be guaranteed is not only the embodiment of society's attitude towards people, but also the embodiment of square design taste. However, in the unobstructed square space, how can the private behavior of tourists be guaranteed? Those reluctant couples, where can they whisper? This can't help but make some squares lose their proper human touch. Therefore, in the design of the square, we should fully consider the spatial level of the square, the diversity of tourists' behavior and the accessibility of the square content, and fully embody the people-oriented spirit. The regionalization tendency of the square reflects people's physiological and psychological needs, and some people put forward that "small is beautiful" is indeed reasonable. Domain creation can use plants, architectural sketches, paving and other methods to form different degrees of closed and open space, and create a distinctive and layered square space environment.

4.2 Pay insufficient attention to the treatment of different seasons

Different seasons show obviously different landscape characteristics, and these factors should be considered when designing the square. However, the single landscape treatment method of large lawn is really difficult to coordinate with the landscape characteristics of each season. In the hot summer, due to the lack of tall shade trees in the square, visitors have nowhere to escape from the scorching sun. In the autumn and winter of biological depression, the lawn is already yellow, and then the square will present a desolate and declining scene. These adverse effects will greatly reduce the attraction and revisit rate of the square. Therefore, the square design should be combined with the characteristics of different seasons to do the corresponding plant configuration and landscape treatment. In some newly-built city squares in southern cities such as Shenzhen, some evergreen plants and some flowers in different flower seasons can be densely planted and scattered, so that the square presents a thriving and vibrant scene all year round. In northern cities, due to the limitation of climatic conditions, the vegetation in winter is relatively simple, but it can be treated in another way. For example, in Harbin's Architectural Art Square, exhibitions such as ice sculptures and snow sculpture were held in winter, which attracted a large number of tourists and achieved good social benefits.

The service facilities in the square are not perfect.

As a multifunctional living and service place, the square should try its best to meet the various behavioral needs of tourists and let them get convenient services in the square. In the investigation and analysis report of chongqing jianzhu university Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning on Chongqing People's Square, it reflects the wishes of some people interviewed: they hope to set more beautiful and durable fixed benches, a necessary number of telephone booths and some rain-proof facilities on the square [6]. This reflects the problem of imperfect service facilities in the square. This will restrict the full play of the service function of the square and weaken the comfort and attraction of the square. In the design of the square, we should fully consider the various behavioral needs of tourists, and set up as many beautiful and durable service facilities as possible under the premise of not hindering the overall landscape of the square, reflecting the humanization principle of the square design.

6 management and maintenance level lags behind

Some squares have reached a higher standard both in design and after completion, but the management and maintenance level in the later period does not match it, and some landscapes and facilities in the square have not been repaired in time, resulting in the destruction of the overall landscape of the square. What's more, some squares have almost become parking lots for littering.

After the completion of the square, a perfect property management organization should be established immediately to monitor all facilities and attractions in the square at any time. If damage is found, it should be repaired in time to ensure the service function and overall landscape of the square. The phenomenon of parking cars at will in the square should be strictly restricted. All construction projects in the city square should be independently filed by the planning department, followed up and inspected regularly, and violations should be punished immediately. On the other hand, having a large number of high-quality users who actively participate in the design, management and maintenance of urban space environment is also an important guarantee for high-quality environment. With their participation, our urban construction will be more dynamic and efficient.