Zhongshan shangyang property

Representative figures: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong

Influence: The Westernization Movement objectively promoted the development of China's national capitalism and the growth of the national bourgeoisie, laid a certain foundation for China's modernization and was the beginning of China's modernization.

The Reform Movement of 1898 (1898)

Representative figures: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong.

Influence: The Reform Movement of 1898 was the first enlightenment trend in China's modern history. It demands political improvement and learns from the west, which conforms to the trend of historical development. It promoted the spread of western ideology and culture and objectively laid the foundation for the Revolution of 1911.

Xinhai Revolution (19 1 1 Xinhai)

Representative figures: Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and Song.

Influence: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, established the Republic of China, and promulgated the first bourgeois constitution "Provisional Constitution", which made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. The Revolution of 1911 is a remarkable milestone in the process of China's modernization.

New Culture Movement (1915-1920)

Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun and Hu Shi.

Influence: The New Culture Movement is a great ideological emancipation movement. It shook the foundation of feudal thought, spread democracy and science widely, opened the way for the spread and development of new ideological trend in China, and liberated people's minds unprecedentedly. The later period of the movement promoted the spread of Marxism in China, became an ideological movement to publicize Marxism and the October Revolution in Russia, and made ideological preparations for the outbreak of the May 4th Movement. Westernization Movement

First, the Westernization School tried to use some advantages of western capitalism to maintain feudal autocracy without touching the decadent feudal system. The contradiction between this means and the foundation makes the Westernization Movement doomed to be impossible. At the same time, the Westernization Movement was obstructed and destroyed by die-hards all over the country, which increased the resistance to the development of the Westernization Movement.

Second, the class limitations of the Westernization School itself determine that they are not only the founders and operators of modern industry, but also their destroyers and destroyers. Their feudal yamen and bureaucratic system will inevitably lead to the failure of westernization enterprises.

Third, one of the purposes of the Westernization Movement is to resist foreign aggression. However, when conducting diplomatic activities, the Westernization School insisted on "harmony but difference" and surrendered to foreign countries. The modern enterprises they founded have the function of resisting foreign aggression and benefiting people, but they can't change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social status of China. In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the goals of "seeking strength" and "seeking wealth" advertised by the Westernization School failed to be realized, and the Westernization Movement basically failed.

Fourthly, at that time, most people in China knew little about westernization, and their thoughts were still in the stage of being bound by ignorance, superstition and feudal ethics.

Reform Movement of 1898

The root cause of failure is the leader of this political reform, the bourgeois reformists (capitalism is not fully developed, which leads to the weakness and compromise of this class, which is embodied in the following aspects) ① The forces are too weak and the stubborn forces are very strong; (2) Lack of strong organization and leadership, relying on an emperor without real power; (3) Reformists have no power and cannot mobilize the broad masses of the people; (4) Have unrealistic illusions about imperialist powers. The failure of the political reform proved that bourgeois reformism was not feasible in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China. New Culture Movement

(1) shook the dominant position of feudal thought. Before the New Culture Movement, the bourgeois reformists and revolutionaries did not thoroughly criticize feudal thoughts when they publicized their political opinions. After the New Culture Movement, feudal thoughts were criticized and people's thoughts were liberated unprecedentedly.

(2) Promoting democracy and scientific thinking. China intellectuals were baptized by western democratic and scientific thoughts in the New Culture Movement. This paved the way for the spread of new ideas and promoted the development of natural science in China.

(3) Prepare for the May 4th Movement. The New Culture Movement inspired people's democratic consciousness and played a role in propaganda and mobilization in the May 4th patriotic movement.

(4) The later spread of socialist ideology inspired the advanced intellectuals in China to choose and accept Marxism as an ideological weapon to save the country, transform society and promote revolution. This is the most important achievement of the New Culture Movement. (5) Conducive to the popularization and prosperity of culture. The new culture movement advocates vernacular Chinese, which can unify language and writing more closely and be accepted by the general public, thus contributing to the popularization and prosperity of culture.

However, most of the advanced elements in the new culture movement have some extreme emotions, and their views on eastern and western cultures are absolutely positive or negative, which has always influenced the future. In fact, East and West should learn from each other's strong points and make progress together. the Revolution of 1911