Is there such a person in the history of Huang Chao?

Huang Chao was born in a family of salt merchants, good at riding and shooting, good at writing and painting [1], a scholar, once organized a salt gang, and had many armed conflicts with the imperial court to investigate and deal with illegal salt. In the second year of Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Jean Shang and others set out for Changyuan (now northeast of Henan Changyuan). Huang Chao and his nephews Huang Yi and Huang Enye set out from Ju Yuan (now southwest of Heze City) and responded to Wang Xianzhi.

Huang Chao Army initially attacked Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong Province) eastward. Captured Yangzhai (now Yuxian, Henan) and Tancheng (now jia county, Henan). March into Ruzhou (governing Linru, now Henan Province).

In September of the third year of Ganfu, he conquered Ruzhou, killed Dong, the general of the Tang Dynasty, captured the shackles of King Ruzhou, and pointed to Luoyang, the eastern capital. Wang Tie is the cousin of Prime Minister Wang Duo. Wang Tie wrote to Pei Mao, the secretariat of Wang Xianzhi, expressing his willingness to accept "harness". At the end of the year, Pei Mao lured him into detaining his teeth and supervising the empire for the left army. Huang Chao resolutely opposed it and cursed Xian Zhi, "I made a big oath with you at the beginning to sweep the world." Now that you have taken the official position alone, where will these more than 5 thousand people go? "[2] Afterwards, Xian Zhi was injured in the head with a stick, and her head was broken, which caused a great uproar. Failing to win over, Pei Luo and qi zhou, the secretariat, fled to Ezhou. Soon, the two armies split, more than 3,000 people plundered qi zhou from Xianzhi, and Huang Chao led 2,000 soldiers north. In February of the fourth year of Ganfu (877), Huang Chao led an army to capture Yunzhou (now Yuncheng, Shandong Province) and killed our time Xue Chong. In March, Yizhou broke again.

Kenji once attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei), and Wang and Huang joined forces to attack Songzhou (now Shangqiu South, Henan). Soon, Kenji split his troops and turned to Yunzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Yang, the deputy governor, was lured to surrender. The Kenzhi merchants negotiated with Chu to surrender, but they were hijacked halfway. Misreporting for greed is still waiting to be transferred. On the grounds of Wei Song's "long-term killing", the imperial court put down "reactive power", relieved him of his military power, promoted Zeng to be the ambassador to surrender, and transferred Gao Pian to be my ambassador to Jingnan.

At the beginning of the fifth year of Ganfu, Zhang Xianzhi led an army to capture Luocheng, Jingnan (now Jiangling, Hubei). Due to the arrival of Shatuo reinforcements, Jiangling was burned and went to China. In February of the fifth year of Ganfu (878), he was defeated in Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei) and was beheaded. The rest went to Bozhou (now Bo County, Anhui Province) to take refuge in Huang Chao, promoted Huang Chao to Huang Wang, and called himself "General Tian", and moved to Huanghuai Valley and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Move to Jiangnan

In March of the fifth year of Ganfu (878), Huang Chao army attacked the border (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and Song (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), and was blocked by Zhang Zimian, and moved to Weinan (now northeast of hua county, Henan Province), Ye (Ye County, Henan Province), Yangzhai (Yuxian County, Henan Province) and other places. The court recruited 3,000 soldiers to guard the east. Huang Chao led the army to cross the river to the south, echoing Wang Chong, the old army, and captured Rao, Xin and other states. In the same year1February, he entered Fuzhou (now Fujian) and transferred to Guangdong.

In September of the sixth year of Ganfu (879), he conquered Guangzhou and captured Li Tiao, the envoy of Lingnan East Road in the Tang Dynasty. He also divided his troops to take Guizhou (Guilin, Guangxi) in the west, controlled Lingnan, called himself "Commander in Chief of the Rebel Army", and issued an obituary, denouncing the court for "being incorruptible as an official, doing things dirty and sloppy, and referring to the failure of ministers and middlemen to pay fees and brain drain." Guangzhou was the largest foreign trade port in the Tang Dynasty and one of the important wealth providers. Huang Chao's army wantonly killed innocent people in Guangzhou, and more than 200,000 Muslim businessmen such as Arabs and Persians were killed.

northern expedition

Due to the hot and humid climate on the mountain surface, the Huang Chao army suffered from epidemic disease, and the generals "advised the north to return to Italy". The morale of the peasant army was low, and Huang Chao decided to return to the north. In, I made a raft from Guizhou, went down the Xiangjiang River, advanced on Jiangling, and went north to Xiangyang. When he heard that Huang Chao was going north, he sent Prime Minister Wang Duo to surrender the commander-in-chief and station troops in Jiangling for the south camp. He also appointed Li Weiying, deputy governor and Hunan observer, to station hundreds of troops in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan), "taking the road to the north of Xiling and rejecting Huang Chao." At this time, the peasant army stationed in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan) and Hengzhou (now Hengyang, Hunan) and arrived at the gates of Tanzhou. Li got a fright and closed the door. Huang Chao led troops to fight, and one day he went to Tanzhou, where 100,000 people in Tang Jun bloodbath Xiangjiang River.

Let's go after them and attack Jiangling with 500 thousand troops. Wang Duo will rush to Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province), and Huang Chao will occupy Jiangling without bloodshed and go north to Xiangyang. Liu Jurong, the host of Shannan Province, and Cao Quanqi, the secretariat of Zizhou, joined hands and suffered a crushing defeat in Jingmen (now Jingmen, Hubei), where 78% of them were captured. Monk Huang Chao told the others to cross the river to the east. At this point, Liu Jurong stopped his offensive with "no letter from the imperial court" and Cao Quanqi was about to cross the river. The court ordered Taining to take Duan instead of Cao Quanqi as a recruit. Duan was appointed as the secretariat of Langya. Huang Chao swept through fifteen states including Jiangxi, Rao (now Poyang, Jiangxi), Xin, Chi (now Guichi, Anhui) and Xuan.

In March of the first year of Guangming (880), Gao Pian sent veteran Zhang Lin across the river to attack Huang Chao, and Huang Chao retreated to Raozhou (now Boyang, Jiangxi). In May, Huang Chao retreated to Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi). During the spring and summer, there was a great epidemic in Lingnan, and the Huang Chao army suffered heavy losses. "The deceased was thirteen or fourteen years old." Zhang Yi came after him. Huang Chao pretended to surrender and bribed Zhang Yi with a lot of gold, begging him for mercy. Gao Pian went to court, claiming that the Huang Chao army "has been uneven for several days, so please send it back.".

Prime Minister Xie Lu dismissed Tang Bing in the name of the imperial court. Huang Chao learned that Tang Dynasty soldiers crossed the Huaihe River in the north, and immediately broke with Gao Pian. In May, he went north again and seized Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). Zhang Yi died in Xinzhou. In June, Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui Province), Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang Province) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang Province) were conquered successively.

In August of the first year of Guangming (880), Huang Chao army defeated Cao Quansheng, crossed the Huaihe River, and Huaibei was in an emergency. Gao Pian was awed by his power and stayed in Yangzhou (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to preserve his strength. In October, Huang Chao captured Shenzhou (now Xinyang, Henan) and entered Yingzhou (now Puyang, Henan), Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan), Xuzhou (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and Yanzhou (now Yanzhou, Shandong). In November, Huang Chao went to Ruzhou, captured Luoyang, the capital of the East, on 17th, and left Liu to meet him with officials. After more than ten days, he marched west from Luoyang, only fighting for six days. On the third day of December, Tongguan (now northeast of Tongguan, Shaanxi Province) was captured. On the fourth day, Huazhou (hua county, Shaanxi Province) was captured, and then it became a hegemony. On the fifth day (88 1 year 1 year), Tian and other eunuchs fled to Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and Tian was afraid of betraying the Sect and took sole responsibility, so he was demoted to be a guest of honor of the Prince. Lu died of medicine.

proclaim oneself emperor

In the first year of Zhonghe (88 1), Huang Chao's army entered Chang 'an, and Zhang Zhifang, the general of Jinwu, led the crowd to welcome Huang Chao's army into the city. "People go ahead and don't gamble with wealth." After entering the city, the masses reached a million, and the military discipline was strict. They told the people of the whole city: "The Yellow Emperor is fighting for the people, unlike Li who doesn't love you Cao. Distribute property to the poor and welcome the people. In November of the first year of Guangming (88 1 year 1 year1year), it was established in Hanyuan Temple, and the Daqi regime was established, with the title of Golden Boy.

The former officials kept the following four products, and the rest were dismissed, with Qiu and Zhong Shuling as the auxiliary, Gai Hong as the assistant of Shangshu, and Pi Rixiu as the academician. Soon, his subordinates "killed people all over the street, and nests could not be banned." Few people stayed in Chang 'an in the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty, and the officials of the Tang Dynasty were in constant fear. "Fu Qin Yin" said: "Huaxuan embroidered hubs are all sold out, without a head and a half"; "The inner library is burned as splendid ash, and the white bones in Tianjie are full." They haven't collected the property of the rich family, so-called "scouring things", and all the palaces walk barefoot. The following year, Tang Jun once invaded Chang 'an, and the Qi army temporarily retreated, and the defenders took over. After Tang Jun entered the city, he burned and looted, which was unpopular. The Qi army counterattacked that night and expelled Tang Jun from the city [3]. This time, Huang Chao hated the city people for helping the loyalist, so he was in a state of war and blood became a river, which was called "washing the city" in history. Huang Chao did not send troops to pursue Tang Xizong, which gave Tang Jun a breathing space. At the end of the day, Huang Chao is just a general hooligan. The land that the army passes through is only for food, and there is little construction. These people are clean and naked.

Be defeated and destroyed

In the second year of Zhonghe (882), Tang Xizong, Sichuan counterattacked. In September, Zhu Wen, the general of the Qi army, surrendered to Tang Jun in the battle with Wang Chongrong in the same state (now Dali, Shaanxi Province), and was appointed as General You Jinwu, giving him the name Quan Zhong. Li Keyong, a Shatuo clan, led reinforcements to help Tang, and led more than 10,000 troops south. Zhao Zhang, the general of the Qi army, died, while Huazhou and Lantian were successively lost. Huang Chao withdrew from Chang 'an in April of the third year of Zhonghe and fled to Shangshan, discarding gold and jewels along the way, but Tang Jun was in no hurry to catch up. Later, Meng Kai, the general of the State of Qi, took the lead in attacking Cai Zhou (now Runa, Henan). Tang Jun commander-in-chief Qin Zongquan was defeated and surrendered. In June, the siege of Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) met with stubborn resistance from the secretariat Zhao Gui. After hundreds of battles, he failed to capture and withdraw from his city. On the way to Henan, Meng Kai was captured and sacrificed.

Huang Chao was furious when he heard that Meng Jie had been killed. The troops camped in Ganshui, "digging five times and winning every battle", vowing to avenge Meng Jie. In order to cope with the food of the whole army, Huang Chao began to use human flesh as food and hundreds of sledgehammers at the same time, and turned it into a human flesh workshop to supply rations. All the men, women and children were taken to a huge pot, which was called "Mo Dao Zhai". [4][5][6] Huang Chao besieged Chen Zhou for hundreds of days and ate hundreds of thousands of people. Tang Jun defeated Huang in Xihua (now Henan) near Chen Zhou, and the Qi army retreated (now Huaiyang North). The siege of Chenzhou has been solved. Huang Chao led the troops to Bianzhou, but he still let 5,000 elite troops match the girders (now Kaifeng, Henan).

In the spring of the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Li Keyong led 50,000 troops to cross the river from south to south, and defeated the Qi army in Taikang, Bianhe and Wangmandu. Huang Chao had to move to Shandong. In March of the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Zhu Wen defeated Huang Chao in Wangmandu (now Zhongmou North, Henan Province), and Huang Chao's Shu, Ge, Huo Cun, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou and others surrendered to Zhu Wen. The remnants of Huang Chao fled to the northeast, and when Li Keyong sealed the mound (now Henan), it was caught in heavy rain. Nearly a thousand soldiers from Huang Chao arrived in Yanzhou. "Ke Yongbing worked day and night, and the food could not be found, but he returned." [7]。 On June 15th, Wuning sent Shi Pu and Li Yinbing with ten thousand troops, followed by general Shang Rong.

On June 17 of that year (13 July), Huang Chao was killed by his subordinate Lin Yan in Wolf Tiger Valley (now Laiwu, Shandong Province) [8][9] (some said that he committed suicide [10], and some said that Huang Chao finally became a monk [1/Kloc-]. Nie Jianguang, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in the biography of Mount Tai Daoli: "Huang Chao died in Mount Tai ... There is a big tomb in the south of Jiuding Mountain, commonly known as Huang Chao's tomb."

End of movement

Huang Chao is ruthless, narrow-minded and likes to kill innocent people. After the conquest of Chang 'an, there was no progress, no elimination of the imperial army in the Tang Dynasty, and no economic policy. Finally defeated by Tang Jun, Huang Chao fled with his son Huang Hao, and was named "the rogue army". When Zhao Zongtian attacked Hunan in his early years, he was almost killed by local tyrant Deng in Xiangyin. At this point, the peasant war ended in the late Tang Dynasty.

In the fourth year of neutralization in Tang Xizong, in autumn and July, Nuozong held a captive ceremony in Daxuan Building. Wuning sent Shipu to Huang Chao's head, and there were twenty or thirty concubines in Huang Chao. Xuanzong asked, "You and Cao Ruo both honor their children, and the world owes the country. What are thieves?" The woman above replied: "Crazy thieves are fierce and rebellious, and the country lost millions of people, affecting Bashu; Now your majesty can't blame a woman for refusing a thief, so where do you put your official and general? " [12] Don't ask, they were all slaughtered in the city. Before the execution, the law enforcement officers pitied the women and asked them to be drunk before the execution. The girls cried and drank, and soon died in a drunken bed. The woman who lives alone did not cry or get drunk, but died peacefully. After the Huang Chao Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty barely maintained its national sovereignty for 23 years.

In 907, God bless four years, Zhu Wen, the special envoy of our army, usurped the Tang Dynasty and founded Liang. The Tang Dynasty perished and entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.

Huang Renyu's Great History of China pointed out: "... Huang Chao crossed the Yangtze River four times and the Yellow River two times. This is an unprecedented rogue in history who found countless cracks in the Tang empire for him to come to the area freely. Local officials in various places only care about the security of their own regions and have never constituted an effective strategy to trap him. "