Who knows Galileo?

Galileo galilei (1564 ~ 1642) was a great astronomer, mechanic, philosopher, physicist and mathematician in the late Italian Renaissance. He is also the pioneer of modern experimental physics and is known as "the father of modern science". He is an indomitable truth fighter. Engels called him "one of the giants who can break old theories and create new ones regardless of any obstacles". /kloc-0 was born in Pisa on February 5th, 564, and 1642/kloc-0 died in Pisa on October 8th. Galileo's surname is Galileo, and his full name is galileo galilei, but now people usually call him Galileo by his first name instead of his last name. Due to translation problems, there are different opinions about surnames, and galileo galilei shall prevail.

all one's life

Galileo was born in Pisa, on the west coast of Italy, on February 1564. He was originally from Florence and came from a noble family. Galileo's father was a frustrated musician, proficient in Greek and Latin, and quite accomplished in mathematics. So Galileo received a good family education from an early age.

At the age of twelve, Galileo entered the monastery of Varosha near Florence and received a classical education. At the age of seventeen, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine and devoted himself to studying physics and mathematics. Due to the financial difficulties of his family, Galileo left the University of Pisa without a diploma. In a difficult environment, he still insisted on scientific research, studied many works of Euclid and Archimedes, made many experiments and published many influential papers, which attracted great attention from the academic circles at that time and was called "the contemporary Archimedes".

Galileo studied mathematics at the University of Pisa at the age of 25. Two years later, Galileo angered the church and lost his job because of the famous experiment on the leaning tower of Pisa. After leaving the University of Pisa, Galileo went to teach at the University of Padua in Venice in 1592 until 16 10. This period was the golden age of Galileo's scientific research. Here, he has made fruitful achievements in mechanics and astronomy.

16 10, Galileo published his book in the form of popular reading, named "Star Messenger". This book was published in Venice, which caused a sensation in Europe at that time and won a high honor for Galileo. Galileo was hired as "court philosopher" and "court chief mathematician", and he returned to his hometown of Florence.

Galileo continued his scientific research in the court of Florence, but his astronomical discoveries and works clearly reflected the views of Copernicus and Heliocentrism. Therefore, Galileo began to attract the attention of the church. From 16 16, Galileo began to be brutally persecuted by the Roman Inquisition for more than 20 years.

Galileo lived a miserable life in his later years, and celeste, who took care of his daughter, died before him. The grief of losing his beloved daughter blinded Galileo. Even under such conditions, he still didn't give up his scientific research work.

1642 65438+1At 4 o'clock on the morning of October 8, the great Galileo, a lifelong fighter for science and truth, and a giant of science, died at the age of 78. On the eve of his death, he repeated this sentence: "It takes special courage to pursue science."

1564 February 15, Galileo was born in a humble aristocratic family in Pisa, Italy. It is said that his ancestors were famous doctors in Florence, but by his father Galileo Van Sandu's generation, his family had fallen. Van Sandu is a talented composer. He published several pastoral poems and instrumental works before his death. He is also good at mathematics and proficient in Greek and Latin. However, wonderful music can't fill a family's stomach, and his mathematical talent can't get him a good position. Shortly after Galileo was born, Van Sandu opened a small shop selling woolen goods in Florence, not far from Pisa, which was a last resort. But in order to support his family, Fan Sandu had to go into business against his will.

Galileo Jr. is the eldest son of Fan Sandu, and his father placed great hopes on his son. He found that Galileo Jr. was very clever and had a strong curiosity about everything since he was a child. Not only that, the child is ingenious, and it seems that he has never been idle, either painting or playing the piano. He often makes many clever motor toys for his brothers and sisters and has a good time.

Galileo junior first entered the school of Frenborosa Monastery. In this school, he concentrates on philosophy and religion. For a time, Galileo hoped to be a missionary dedicated to the church in the future. But when Fan Sandu heard this, he immediately took his son home. He persuaded Galileo to study medicine, which he had already designed for his son's future.

/kloc-At the age of 0/7, Galileo entered the famous University of Pisa. According to his father's wishes, he became a medical student. The University of Pisa is an ancient university, and its library is rich in books, just to Galileo's taste. However, Galileo was not very interested in medicine. He seldom attends class, and as soon as he attends class, he puts forward such and such questions about what the professor teaches, which makes it difficult for the professor to answer. In the eyes of the professor, Galileo was a very unpopular bad student. However, Galileo was not interested in medicine. He studied mathematics, physics and other natural sciences tirelessly, and looked at those theories that have been regarded as classics since ancient times with suspicion.

You know, Galileo lived in a famous Renaissance era in European history, and Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance. At that time, many big cities in Italy, such as Florence, Genoa and Venice, developed into the centers of East-West trade, established firms, workshops and the earliest banks, and the capitalist relations of production sprouted. Coupled with the development of trade and the invention of printing, new ideas spread faster than ever before. As a result, people began to shake the religious theology and traditional dogma that had bound their thoughts for thousands of years.

By chance, Galileo listened to a lecture by court mathematician Matteo Leach. Galileo was deeply fascinated by the young mathematician's profound knowledge and strict logic, especially his verification method in proving mathematical problems. His eyes lit up, as if he had discovered a magical world, which was his dream mathematics kingdom! He was so excited that he immediately went to court mathematician Matteo Leach and asked him many puzzling questions.

Matteo Leach came to Pisa with the Archduke of Tuscany from Florence. He taught mathematics to court attendants, but he didn't expect an enthusiastic audience. And his questions are very interesting, which fully shows his extraordinary wisdom and profound knowledge.

When matteo Leach heard that Galileo was a medical student at the University of Pisa, he couldn't help blurting out, "Ah, Galileo, you are a genius, and you will become an outstanding mathematician."

Galileo blushed. He talked about his boredom with medicine, his father's expectation of him, and his distress that he could not study according to his own wishes.

"Don't be discouraged." Matteo Leach said kindly, "You should study hard by yourself. If you have any difficulties, I will always be your loyal friend. "

Encouraged by Matteo Leach, Galileo studied mathematics and physics more and more diligently. He carefully read every book borrowed from the court mathematician and absorbed it like a sponge. However, he is not the kind of person who is superstitious about books. Those authoritative conclusions that people think are true often bring unexpected problems in Galileo's mind. He often feels distressed and falls into deep thinking.

On one occasion, Galileo strolled to his familiar Pisa Cathedral. He sat on a bench and stared at the beautifully carved altar and arched colonnade. Suddenly, the giant lamp in the center of the church hall shook, and it was the house repairman who installed the chandelier there.

This was originally a very common thing. The chandelier swings like a pendulum, drawing an invisible arc in the air. However, Galileo followed the swaying chandelier as if he had been touched by electricity. At the same time, he used his right hand to count the number of times the chandelier swings and the number of times the pulse beats according to the pulse of his left wrist, thus calculating the swinging time of the chandelier.

As a result of this calculation, Galileo discovered a secret, that is, the time for the chandelier to swing once is always the same, regardless of the radian. At first, the chandelier swung badly, and gradually, it slowed down, but every time it was swung, the number of pulse beats was the same.

Galileo's mind churned, and it occurred to him that it was clearly written in the book that short arcs passed faster than long ones. This is what the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle said, and no one doubts it. Is there something wrong with your eyes or something?

He ran back to the university dormitory like a madman and repeated the experiment behind closed doors. He found ropes and chains of different lengths, as well as iron balls and wooden balls from somewhere. On the roof, on the branches outside the window, I repeated over and over again, recording the time of swinging with an hourglass. Finally, Galileo had to boldly come to the conclusion that Aristotle's conclusion was wrong. It is the length of the rope that determines the swing period, which has nothing to do with the weight of the object at the end of the rope. In addition, the vibration period is the same for the pendulum rope with the same length. This is the law of pendulum motion discovered by Galileo.

Galileo need not say how happy he was. But at that time, who would believe a medical student's scientific discovery, not to mention whether his conclusion established the famous Aristotle's authoritative statement.

Just then, Fan Sandu's shops became more and more depressed. It is said that Galileo did not study medicine according to his own wishes, but was obsessed with unimportant experiments all day. So his stern father decided to stop Galileo from continuing to go to college and let him go home to be a clerk.

Galileo was very depressed. He left the University of Pisa and returned to Florence. But the path he chose is unshakable.

Believe in science

On a quiet street in Florence, there is a shop with a small facade and light business, that is, the woolen goods shop opened by Fan Sandu. Every day, when passers-by pass by in a hurry, Galileo with red hair can always be seen sitting in front of the counter, lost in thought, or fiddling with some inexplicable things, such as scales, iron blocks and plates. And more often, he is immersed in reading. He was so absorbed in reading that even his father couldn't hear him shouting.

Since returning home, Galileo had to work as a clerk in his father's shop against his will, but he never forgot math and physics for a moment. Without basic learning conditions and no teacher to ask for advice, he tried his best to find some books on natural science and studied hard by perseverance. His favorite books are Euclid's Principles of Geometry and Archimedes' works.

Principle of Geometry is the earliest geometric work in the world. The works of Archimedes, a Greek scientist, contain rich knowledge of mathematics and mechanics, especially some physical experiments, which are very attractive to Galileo.

When it comes to experiments, Galileo is most interested. When he was still at the University of Pisa, he began to make one.

The "pulse meter" designed by him according to the movement law of the pendulum can be used to measure the patient's pulse beating, which is very popular with doctors. Now in my father's shop, I can't talk about the conditions of the experiment, but he still does the experiment with some daily necessities. Although it was inevitable that he would be scolded by his father, he did it anyway.

Archimedes' experiment of checking the king's crown inspired him. While repeating the experiment, he thought of using this method. At that time, the maritime industry in European countries was on the rise, which promoted the development of shipbuilding and machinery manufacturing, mining and metallurgy, and in turn raised many new problems for science and technology. Galileo then turned his attention to the study of the physical and mechanical properties of alloys. Soon, by measuring the weight of an object in water, he found that throwing it into the water reduced the weight exactly equal to the weight of the water it displaced. On the basis of this important discovery, Galileo invented the specific gravity scale, which can easily determine the specific gravity of various alloys. He also wrote a paper, which introduced the construction principle and use method of the specific gravity scale in detail. This story soon spread in Florence and other cities.

1589 In the summer, Galileo spent four years in a shop in Florence. Thanks to the encouragement of the court mathematician matteo Leach, especially the recommendation of the noble Marquis Gheit Bhutto, he finally got the position of professor of mathematics and science at the University of Pisa. At this time, he was only 25 years old.

Now, Galileo need not worry about his life. Although the salary is not high, I can concentrate on my desired scientific research after completing my daily teaching. Soon after, Galileo carried out the free-falling experiment introduced at the beginning of this paper. The iron ball he threw on the leaning tower of Pisa not only eloquently proved that objects of different weights fall freely at the same speed from the same height, but more importantly, this bold conclusion overthrew Aristotle's authoritative conclusion. In the eyes of those who are conservative and rigid, this is tantamount to digging their own graves, and Aristotle's followers and Galileo began to disagree. After a semester at the University of Pisa, Galileo lost his job again. The reason is that he offended Giovanni, a relative of a grand duke. This Giovanni is an ignorant man. He claimed to have invented the dredger and disguised himself to ask Galileo for advice. When Galileo carefully observed the model of the dredger, he told him bluntly that the design was unscientific and could not be used at all. Giovanni was rejected. Instead of taking Galileo's advice, he stubbornly insisted on starting the experiment, and the ship sank. Facts have proved that Galileo's judgment is completely correct, but the angry Giovanni took it out on Galileo, spread gossip and attacked him as a "sinister man." Those disgruntled Aristotle followers took the opportunity to attack him and once set off a storm in the whole city. In this atmosphere, Galileo could not stay at the University of Pisa.

Galileo once again turned to Huguette, the Marquis of Titu. The noble who cherishes talents once again extended a hand of friendship. He used his influence to recommend Galileo to the University of Padua, a small town with a strong academic atmosphere in northern Italy, not far from the beautiful coastal city of Venice, which belongs to the jurisdiction of Venice. 1592, 28-year-old Galileo was appointed professor of mathematics, science and astronomy at the University of Padua.

From then on, Galileo ushered in the golden age of his life.

Invent the telescope

During the 18 years when Galileo worked in the University of Padua, he initially focused on the mechanical research that he had always been interested in, and he discovered an important phenomenon in physics-the inertia of the motion of objects; I did a famous slope exercise and summarized the quantitative relationship between the falling distance of an object and the elapsed time. He also studied the movement of shells and laid the foundation of parabola theory. The concept of acceleration was first put forward by him: even in order to measure the temperature rise of patients with fever, the famous physicist invented the first air thermometer in 1593 ... However, an accidental event made Galileo change his research direction. He turned from the study of mechanics and physics to the boundless space.

It was the winter of 1604, and an unusually bright star suddenly appeared in the southern sky. The uninvited guest of the universe attracted many people's attention and then mysteriously disappeared in the autumn of the following year. People cannot help asking a series of questions. What star is this? Where did it come from and where did it go? What rules do the stars in the night sky follow? However, all these problems, no one can say clearly.

Galileo observed the mysterious star every night. As long as the weather is fine, he will never miss this golden opportunity. Many questions kept popping up in his mind, and he felt that human beings knew too little about the secrets of the universe.

But it was limited to the naked eye, and the telescope had not been invented at that time. Galileo has been thinking, can we find ways to make people's horizons more acute and expand, so that they can see distant stars like the mythical clairvoyance?

It was 1609 in June, and Galileo heard a news that Lippach, a Dutch optician, saw something invisible to the naked eye in the distance with a kind of lens in an accidental discovery. "Isn't this just what I need?" Galileo was very happy. Soon, one of Galileo's students wrote from Paris, further confirming the accuracy of the news. The letter said that although I don't know how Lipski made it, the optician must have made a lens barrel, which can magnify the object many times.

"lens barrel!" Galileo read the letter several times, and then hurried into his laboratory. He found paper and a gooseneck pen and began to draw a schematic diagram of lens imaging one by one. Galileo was inspired by the hint of the lens barrel. It seems that the secret of lens barrel magnifying objects lies in the choice of lenses, especially how to match convex lenses and concave lenses. He found the information about the lens and kept calculating, forgetting that he climbed the window at dusk and how dawn entered the room.

After a whole night, Galileo finally understood that if the convex lens and concave lens are placed at a proper distance, as the Dutch saw, distant objects invisible to the naked eye can be seen clearly after magnification.

Galileo was very happy. He forgot to rest and immediately began to grind his glasses, which was a time-consuming and meticulous job. He worked for several days, grinding out a pair of convex lenses and concave lenses, and then made an exquisite sliding double-layer metal tube. Now, it is time to test his invention.

Galileo carefully placed a large convex lens at one end of the tube and a smaller concave lens at the other end, and then pointed the tube out of the window. When he looked at one end of the concave lens, a miracle appeared. The church in the distance seems to be close at hand. He can clearly see the cross on the bell tower, and even a pigeon resting on the cross is very realistic.

The news that Galileo had built a telescope spread at once. "The news that I made a telescope spread to Venice." In a letter to my brother-in-law, Galileo wrote: "A week later, I was asked to show this telescope to the Speaker and Members of Parliament. They were very surprised. Although gentlemen and parliamentarians are very old, they all climbed the tallest bell tower in Venice in order and looked at the ships in the distance of the port, and they all saw clearly; Without my telescope, I can't see for two hours. The utility of this instrument can make objects 50 miles away look like they are within 5 miles. "

The telescope invented by Galileo, after continuous improvement, has a magnification of more than 30 times, which can enlarge the object by 1000 times. Now, he seems to have clairvoyance, and can spy on the secrets of the universe.

This is an epoch-making revolution in astronomical research. For thousands of years, the era when astronomers only observed the sun, moon and stars with naked eyes has ended, and optical telescopes have been replaced. With this powerful weapon, the door of modern astronomy was opened.

Now, whenever the stars shine or the bright moon is in the sky, Galileo will aim his telescope at the deep and distant sky and observe it day and night, regardless of fatigue and cold.

In the past, people always thought that the moon was a smooth celestial body, which shone by itself like the sun. But Galileo discovered through a telescope that the moon, like the earth where we live, has high mountains and low depressions (Galileo called it "ocean" at that time). He also found from the movement of the bright and dark parts of the moon that the moon itself cannot shine, and the light of the moon comes from the sun.

Galileo aimed his telescope at the Milky Way in the sky. People used to think that the Milky Way was a white fog formed by the condensation of water vapor on the earth, and Aristotle also thought so. Galileo decided to use a telescope to test whether this statement was correct. He was surprised when he pointed his telescope at the blurred band of light in the night sky. It turned out that it was not a cloud at all, but a gathering of thousands of stars in Qian Qian. Galileo also observed the mottled clouds in the sky-the so-called clusters, and found that clusters are also gathered by many stars, such as Orion cluster, Orion cluster and honeycomb cluster.

Galileo's telescope revealed the secrets of one universe after another. He discovered the satellites orbiting Jupiter and calculated their operating periods. Now we know that Jupiter has 14 satellites, and Galileo discovered the largest four of them. In addition, Galileo also observed sunspots through a telescope. He inferred from the movement of sunspots that the sun was also spinning.

One exciting discovery after another is enough for Galileo to write a book about the latest astronomical discoveries, and he wants to announce his observations to the world. 19 10 In March, Galileo's Star Messenger was published in Venice, which immediately caused a sensation in Europe.

However, he didn't expect that the secret of the universe uncovered by the telescope greatly angered many people, and a terrible doom was about to befall this outstanding scientist.

Miserable encounter

16 15 One winter day, the weather was extremely cold and the sky was covered with clouds. Galileo came to Rome alone. Five years ago, in 16 10, Galileo bid farewell to the University of Padua and returned to Florence to become a court mathematician and philosopher in Tuscany and a professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa. It was also in this year that he visited Rome and was warmly received and treated with high standards. His series of new discoveries in astronomy and the invention of telescopes were valued by Pope Paul V, and Roman nobles and scientists were honored to know him. However, only five years later, the face of Rome has completely changed. There are no flowers and smiling faces, and there are cold expressionless faces everywhere. Even familiar people stay away from him like the plague.

What happened? It turned out that this time, Galileo's name was blacklisted by the Roman Inquisition, and he was summoned to Rome for trial by the notorious Inquisition.

What crime did Galileo commit? Let's start from the beginning.

15 and 16 century Europe is a crucial period for the transformation from feudal society to capitalist society. For a long time, in order to consolidate the feudal ruling order, Europe ruled by theocracy replaced science with theology and freedom with barbarism. Theologians absurdly claim that the universe is full of "angels of all levels and each other's crystal balls", and the stationary earth is in the center of these crystal balls. They admire the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy's theory that the earth is the center of the universe, because in the eyes of theologians, the sun revolves around the earth, because God created the sun to illuminate the earth and treat mankind well. This is an eternal and irrefutable truth.

In order to maintain this absurd theory, the inquisition of the Catholic Church does not hesitate to use horrible violence against all those who dare to raise objections. 1327, Italian astronomer Tseko Dascori was burned alive. His crime is that the earth is spherical and there are people living in another hemisphere, but he was persecuted for violating the teachings of the Bible. 1600, 17 In February, the Italian philosopher Bruno was burned alive in the Hundred Flowers Square in Rome, because he propagated Copernicus everywhere and shook the geocentric theory.

Galileo was Bruno's contemporary. As early as when he was teaching at the University of Padua, he had read Copernicus's book On the Hypothesis of Celestial Motion. In this book, the outstanding Polish astronomer boldly put forward the theory that the sun is the center of the solar system and the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, that is, the sun-centric theory, which aroused Galileo's great interest from the beginning. But Galileo was a scholar with a very serious scientific attitude. He thought that in the past, it was said that the sun revolved around the earth, but Copernicus put forward the opposite view. Which one is correct? Instead of jumping to conclusions, Galileo decided to use his telescope to prove who was right and who was wrong.

When Galileo's book Star Messenger was published, he was already a staunch supporter of Copernicus. Through his own observation and research, Galileo gradually realized that Copernicus' theory was correct, while Ptolemy's geocentric theory was wrong, and many of Aristotle's views were untenable. Galileo not only published a paper criticizing Aristotle, but also supported Copernicus' theory unabashedly through letters, and even sent a copy of the letter directly to the Roman church. In Galileo's view, the conscience of scientists is to follow the truth.

However, the Vatican will never let Galileo go. First, they issued a severe warning to Galileo, and then called him to Rome for trial. 16 16 February, the Inquisition announced that Galileo was not allowed to publicize Copernicus' theory, and he was not allowed to speak Copernicus' theory as truth in his lectures or writing.

Galileo will never forget that Bruno was burned alive by these respectable black-robed guards 16 years ago. If he dares to resist, he will never end up better than Bruno.

Under the influence of the church, Galileo was forced to give up Copernicus. He returned to Florence with great pain and spent many years in silence.

However, Galileo did not give up Copernicus' theory in his heart. On the contrary, his constant observation and in-depth study made him more convinced that Copernicus' theory was completely correct. Galileo lived an isolated life in a Sydney villa on the outskirts of Florence. His health is not as good as before, and the disease is torturing him cruelly, but he still persists in propagating Copernicus' theory. After a long period of deliberation, it took almost five years to finally produce a great book, Dialogue between Two World Systems.

On the surface, Dialogue between Two World Systems objectively discusses Ptolemy's geocentric theory and Copernicus' Heliocentrism in the form of a three-person dialogue, and makes an impartial discussion on who is right and who is wrong. However, when this book was finally published in February 1632, it is not difficult for careful readers to see that this book strongly criticized the wrong theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy, scientifically demonstrated Copernicus' earthquake theory, and declared the complete bankruptcy of religious theology with sufficient arguments and a large number of indisputable facts.

Soon, the church with a more sensitive sense of smell than hunting dogs sniffed out the terrible thoughts contained in this book, and the bold conclusions revealed between the lines made theologians feel great panic. Those academic swindlers who had been dissatisfied with Galileo for a long time immediately colluded with the church, accused Luo Zhi, and plotted to create public opinion for persecuting Galileo.

The irreconcilable struggle between science and theology broke out. 1632 In August, the Roman Inquisition banned the sale of this book, and the Pope appointed a special committee to examine the book. Galileo had a premonition of disaster, and sure enough, in June 5438+10, he received a document from the Inquisition, asking him to go to Rome for trial.

At this time, Galileo was 69 years old, suffering from illness and inconvenient to move. Many people who care about him plead for him everywhere, but the Pope said angrily, "Unless he is proved unable to move, he will be handcuffed and taken to Rome if necessary!" "

In this way, at the beginning of 1633, Galileo came to Rome with illness. As soon as he arrived in Rome, he lost his freedom and was put in the prison of the Inquisition. No one was allowed to contact him.

In this way, an appalling persecution in human history began. In the bloody and horrible court of the Roman Inquisition, truth was rejected by falsehood and science was judged by theocracy. Those hideous church judges threatened Galileo to give up his faith with the stake, or he would be executed.

Galileo, who was old and sick, was desperate. He knows that truth cannot be destroyed by violence. Although he can sever ties with Copernicus, no one can change the order of the celestial bodies in the universe.

Under the interrogation and torture of criminal law, Galileo was forced to publicly express his remorse in court, agreed to give up Copernicus theory and sign the verdict.

"In order to punish you for this serious and harmful mistake and sin, to be more cautious, and to set an example and warning for future people," the presiding judge in black robes read out Galileo's verdict in public. "We announced that Galileo's book Dialogue between Two World Systems was banned by public order; Sentenced to temporarily officially put you in prison, according to our opinion, and saved your confession, read seven confession hymns every week for three years ... "

Galileo's later years were very miserable. The scientist who opened the human horizon and revealed the secrets of the universe was completely blind in 1637 and fell into boundless darkness. His only relative, his youngest daughter Maria, died before him, which was a great blow to him. However, even so, Galileo did not lose the courage to explore the truth. 1638, one of his "Discussions on Two New Sciences" was published in the Netherlands with the help of friends. This book is a systematic summary of Galileo's long-term research on physics and the first masterpiece of modern physics. Later, the inquisition relaxed its surveillance on him, and several of his students, including the famous physicist and discoverer of atmospheric pressure Torricelli, came to the old man's side to take care of him and ask him for advice. They can discuss scientific inventions happily together again.

1642 65438+1On October 8th, 78-year-old Galileo stopped breathing. But the truth he defended all his life is immortal. Ironically, today, more than 300 years later, 1979, 165438+ 10, at the meeting of bishops, the Pope proposed to reopen the Galileo case. To this end, world-renowned scientists formed a review Committee to review this unjust case. In fact, where is it necessary to try anything? Spaceships fly in space, humans leave deep footprints on the surface of the moon, satellites fly in the sky, and radio waves sent back by space probes fly out of the solar system ... These advances in modern science and technology have declared the complete bankruptcy of religious theology, and mankind will always remember the dazzling name Galileo.