History of Northern Zhou Dynasty

He Bayue was one of the main generals who suppressed the uprising in six towns in the late Northern Wei Dynasty, and he was also the chief commander under Er Zhurong. Guan Long and Gao Huan, who later supported the army, were the leaders of the two military groups, which had an important influence on the unification and division of the regime in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. They were afraid of each other, and finally he was killed by Gao Huan.

The death of Hobayue shook the ruling and opposition parties. Emperor Xiaowu gave him the following gifts: Shi Zhong, Tai Fu, Lu Shangshu, the governor of twenty states in Guanzhong, the general, and the secretariat of Yongzhou. Joe said, Wu Zhuang. He Bayue's men collected his body and buried it in Anyuan, North Shi, Yongzhou. Yu Wentai united his old employees and continued to finish his unfinished business. Gao Huan, who controlled Luoyang, thought He Bayue was unfaithful, so he asked soldiers from Qin Zhou in Longxi to assassinate He Bayue. With Yu Wentai as the commander in chief, the general became the master of Guanlong. Yu Wentai only obeys Gao Huan on the surface. Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty fled to Guanzhong after failing to crusade against Gao Huan. Yu Wentai took him in. Shortly after Emperor Xiaowu was killed by Yu Wentai, Yu Wentai established the Western Wei Wendi and the Western Wei Dynasty (535). In the East, after Emperor Xiaowu fled to Shanhaiguan, Gao Huan established Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, moved the court to Yecheng, Hebei Province, and established the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534).

At the beginning of the Western Wei Dynasty, Yu Wentai became prime minister, but the situation was still unstable. However, Yu Wentai decisively poisoned Emperor Xiu Yuan of Wei Xiaowu and made Wang Baoju of Nanyang Emperor. In this way, the new emperor surrendered to him and was in charge of state affairs. Yu Wentai defeated the Eastern Wei army in three battles, which laid the foundation for entering Guanzhong.

Yu Wentai is good at recognizing people and employing people in an eclectic way, which enables these celebrities to give full play to their talents and functions. Make the Western Wei Dynasty stronger. He vigorously promoted Wang Pi and Yang Zhong, who made a fortune in the Sui Dynasty. In the same year that Hou Jing fell, Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor in Jiangling, and at the same time, his younger brother Xiao Ji proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu. The following year, Xiao Ji sent his troops to attack Jiangling and was defeated and died. The Western Wei took the opportunity to capture Chengdu and occupy Yizhou.

In the third year of Liang Taiqing (549), Jiankang, the capital of Liang, was captured by Hou Jing, and the counties in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were mostly occupied by the Eastern Wei Dynasty. With the help of the strength of the Western Wei Dynasty, the kings of the Liang imperial clan stationed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River were independent, attacking each other and vying for the throne. According to Xiangyang Liang Yongzhou secretariat, Jingzhou secretariat was attacked by Yueyang Wang Xiaoxu and Xiangdong Wang Xiaoyi, defeated and took refuge in the Western Wei Dynasty, and was named Liang Wang. In the third year of Dabao (552), Xiao Yi proclaimed himself emperor in Jiangling (Emperor Liang Yuan). Ask the Western Wei Dynasty to send troops to capture Liang and Yi, cut off the secretariat of Liang Yizhou and Xiao Ji, the king of Wuling, and claim the title of emperor in Chengdu. In the third year of Sheng Sheng, Emperor Yuan of Liang sent messengers to claim the land occupied by the Western Wei Dynasty, and his words were quite arrogant. In September, Yu Wentai, the prime minister of the Western Wei Dynasty, sent Zhu Guo, General Yu Jin, General Zhong Shan Yu Wenhu and General Yang Zhong to attack Du Liang Jiangling with 50,000 troops. In October, West Wei Jun marched from Chang 'an (northwest of Jin 'an) to Fan (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province) and Deng (now Dengzhou, Henan Province) and led troops to help. When Emperor Yuan of Liang heard the news, he ordered martial law and mobilized troops to resist the West Wei Jun. In November, the Western Wei army crossed the Hanshui River, and Yuwen Hu and Yang Zhong were ordered to lead elite troops down the Yangtze River (now southeast of Jingsha), cutting off the river, making Liang Shoujun no way back unable to cross the river. Emperor Yuan of Liang sent generals to Jiangling and surrounded the outer city with trees. As soon as Yu Jin arrived, he ordered to build a long defense line to isolate the inside and outside. Xu Shipu, the secretariat of Liang Xinzhou, and Sima Renyue, the king of Jin 'an, led troops to build a base at the south bank pier of Jiangling to show their support from afar. Under the condition that the military forces recruited by Liang did not arrive everywhere, West Wei Jun attacked the city in multiple ways, first frustrated, then stormed, and with the help of my wife, he attacked Simon and conquered the outer city. Emperor Yuan of Liang surrendered to the inner city and was ordered to burn 654.38+04,000 books that night. He came out the next day and was killed. In December, Yu Jin returned to Li and drove tens of thousands of captured Liang princes and people to Chang 'an. The Western Wei Dynasty established Cha Xiao as the beam master. Since then, Jing, Yong, Liang, Yi and other countries in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River have been owned by the Western Wei Dynasty. Yu Wentai died in the third year of the Western Wei Dynasty (AD 556), and his eldest son, Yu Wenxuan, succeeded to the throne, and was the Duke of Anding County, a surname and Otsuka. Yuwen Hu is in charge of state affairs. Hu Yuwen is a native of Wuchuan, Inner Mongolia, and a nephew of Yu Wentai. Yuwen Hu was an important figure in the history of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and was the key link in the transition of Yuwen regime from the Western Wei Dynasty to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Yuwen Hu, with the support of Yu Jin, a general who fought side by side in the past, took charge of military affairs, became a fu, and was named Duke Xiang of Jin. In 557, he took Yu Wenjue, his successor, as his weak son, and wanted to seize power as soon as possible while his power and influence were still there, because he forced the Western Wei Dynasty's commons (Mingyuankuo) to be located in Zhou. Soon, he killed Yuan Kuo.

In the same year, Yu Wenxuan called Zhou Tianwang and founded the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Bao for fu, named Jin Xianggong. Yu Wenjue is also a resolute young man, and he is dissatisfied with Yuwen Hu's autocratic power. Zhao Gui and Du are also quite dissatisfied with Yuwen Hu. Together, they encouraged Yu Wenjue to get rid of Yu Wenhu. So Yu Wenjue recruited a group of warriors and often practiced how to capture Yuwen Hu alive in the back garden of the palace. He consulted with the minister and decided to seize Yuwen Hu and kill him at a palace banquet one day. Who knows that before their plot could be implemented, someone tipped off Yuwen Hu, and he beat him to death, killing Zhao Gui (full of doors), just an official of Duguxin, and then Duguxin was sentenced to death. In 559, Yu Wenxuan was deposed (later poisoned).

Later, Yuwen Hu moved the capital to Otsuka (the prime minister at that time) and made another son, Yuwen Hu, Emperor Zhou. In Yuwen Hu's view, Yuwen Hu was gentle, so he was made emperor. Yuwen Hu, on the other hand, is not as weak and incompetent as Yuwen Hu imagined. He gradually showed his intelligence in handling affairs. A group of old ministers and fathers gradually gathered around him. He devoted himself to developing the economy and won more and more prestige among the people. In order to test it, Yuwen Hu hypocritically made a move of "belonging to the emperor" and returned all power except military power to the emperor. Who knows that Yu Wenyu accepted everything rudely and officially changed his name to Emperor (before that, the supreme ruler of the Northern Zhou Dynasty was called the King of Heaven instead of the Emperor). All these have aroused Yu Wenhu's suspicion and anxiety. Then, in 560 AD, a chef was ordered to poison Ming Di's food and killed Ming Di.

Later, Yu Wentai's fourth son, Yuwen Yong, became emperor for the sake of Emperor Wu of Zhou, and the actual power was still in his hands. Although Yuwen Hu was lenient and ignorant, he appointed non-human, and he was authoritarian for a long time without arrogance or rashness. He failed in cutting Qi twice. The philosophers are greedy and disabled, and their subordinates are arrogant and stupid, which harms the people. Yuwen Yong and his younger brother Wang Yuwen planned to kill Yuwen Hu and regain power in the first year of Jiande (AD 572).

Gao Wei, the ruler at the end of the Northern Qi Dynasty, was a famous bad king in history. He is not interested in politics, but his daily life is very luxurious. Gao Wei hangs out with several minions and Maggie all day, playing the piano and singing carefree, and nearly 100 people wait on him. Qi people nicknamed him the carefree son of heaven. Gao Wei also appointed officials at will, and even his beloved dogs, horses, eagles and chickens were appointed as Yitong, county magistrate and Kaifu. Northern Qi politics was dark.

Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty saw the chaos in the Northern Qi Dynasty and decided to send troops to cut Qi. In July 575, Emperor Wu of Zhou ordered Sima to solve problems, and Tahiti served as the former commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, while Wen Sheng, Hou Qiong and Yu Ren served as the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. Sui Wendi, Xue Jiong, Li Mu, etc. Lead the troops to part ways. Emperor Wu of Zhou led an army of 60,000, pointing directly at Yin He (see the Battle of Yin He). Zhou Jun entered the territory of the Northern Qi Dynasty with strict discipline. "It is forbidden to cut down trees and practice crops, and all offenders will be beheaded." Quite popular. Soon, Emperor Wu of Zhou and his men successfully occupied Yin He City (now east of Mengjin County, Henan Province). King Xian of Qi drew his sword, entered around Luokou and captured the east and west cities. Zhou Jun surrounded Midtown (now southwest of Meng County, Henan Province) for 20 days, but he could not attack for a long time. Emperor Wu of Zhou led troops to attack Jin Yong. In September, Qi Right Prime Minister Gao Anahu led an army from Jinyang to save Heyang, and Emperor Wu of Zhou fell ill and had to retreat.

In October of the second year (576), Northern Zhou sent troops to cut Qi again. This time, Emperor Wu of Zhou concentrated145,000 troops, changed the previous marching route, and personally led the troops to attack Jinzhou. When explaining the intention of this move to ministers, he said: "Going out of the river before is a slap in the face, not choking him. Jinzhou is the place where Gao Huan plays, and the town is very important. If you attack it today, he will come to help; I'm waiting for Yan Jun. I'll call. Then take a broken bamboo drum to the east, which is enough to poor its nest and confuse its traces. " Zhou Jun took Yue, Qi Gongliang and Sui Wendi as the right army, Wang Jian, Bao Tai and Guang Hua Gong Qiu Chong as the left army, and Qi and Chen as the front army. In late October, Zhou Jun's main force arrived in Pingyang, and Cui Jingyu, the secretariat of Jinzhou in the Northern Qi Dynasty, surrendered. Pingyang, as the gateway of Jinyang, is of great military significance. Emperor Wu of Zhou accepted the lesson of the failure of cutting Qi last time, and sent Liang Shiyan, the general of Kaifuyi and Anding, as the secretariat of Jinzhou, leaving 10,000 elite soldiers to guard Pingyang City.

When Zhou Jun attacked Pingyang, Gao Wei, the queen of the Northern Qi Dynasty, was hunting with his concubine Feng in Tianchi (now Guancen Mountain in the southwest of ningwu county, Shanxi). Urgent documents from Jinzhou were sent by Pegasus three times from morning till night, but Gao Anahumer, the right prime minister, did not report them to Gao Wei, on the grounds that "everyone is joking, and it is common to get small soldiers, so why bother to fight!" Until the evening, the messenger came and said, "Pingyang has fallen." Gao Naier only fought in Gao Wei, but Feng asked Gao Wei to "kill one more lap". Gao Wei ignored such an urgent situation and began to hunt with Feng. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the poem Two Poems of Northern Qi Dynasty: "A smart smile makes you know that you can compete with thousands of opportunities, and the whole city had better wear military uniforms. Jinyang has been put on trial, so please hunt again. " That's ironic

At the beginning of November, after the Northern Qi Dynasty, 100,000 troops, the main force of the Qi army, arrived in Pingyang and began to surround Pingyang City, attacking around the clock. The situation in the city is critical, the city walls are tired, and the benefits of the city walls are only a few miles. Qi and Zhou hand-to-hand combat, or cross horses. Zhou's foreign aid didn't arrive, and the soldiers guarding the city were a little panicked. Liang Shiyan was generous and said to the soldiers, "I am the first to die today." Therefore, Zhou Jun fought bravely for the first place, and everyone was outstanding. When the Qi army retreated slightly, Liang Shiyan immediately ordered the soldiers, civilians and even women in the city to repair the city day and night, and repaired the wall in three days. The Qi army dug a tunnel to attack the city, and the city collapsed, and the soldiers took advantage of it. But at this critical moment, Gao Wei suddenly ordered the soldiers to suspend the siege. It turns out that there is a relic of a saint on the stone in the west of Jinzhou. Gao Wei wants to see it with Feng. Feng painted her face, and it took a long time to come over. In the meantime, Zhou Jun has seized the time to block the gap with wooden boards. Gao Wei was afraid that the crossbow shot from the city would hurt Feng, so he took out the wood for siege and built a far bridge. After all this, the Qi army lost the favorable opportunity to attack the city.

In December, Emperor Wu of Zhou rushed to Pingyang from Chang 'an, and other Zhou armies gathered in Pingyang, with about 80,000 troops. Zhou Jun came to the city and fought for more than twenty miles. At first, the Qi army was afraid of the sudden arrival of Zhou Jun, and tried to cross the moat in the south of the city, from Qiao Shan to Fenshui. Gao Wei, the king of Qi, saw the arrival of Zhou Jun and ordered his troops to be deployed to the north of the moat. Emperor Wu of Zhou ordered Wang Xian of Qi to explore the reality. After the King of Qi presented it back, he confidently said to Emperor Wu of Zhou, "Please break it before eating." Emperor Wu of Zhou was very happy and said, "As you said, I have no worries!" Emperor Wu of Zhou rode on horseback to inspect Zhou Jun, and read out the names of various commanders loudly as he walked to show his comfort. The soldiers are glad to be known, and their spirits are even more exciting.

The two armies are at war, with equal strength. Later, the Qi army retreated slightly, and Feng shouted in panic: "The Qi army lost! Qi Jun lost! " Mutipo, king of Chengyang, the capital of Qilu, quickly said to Gao Wei, "Quick, quick!" Gauguin took Feng and fled to the high beam bridge in a hurry. When Qi Shizhi fled, the morale of the army was suddenly in chaos, and Lien Chan was defeated, killing more than 10,000 people. "The army has broken a hundred miles and abandoned mountain products."

In the battle of Pingyang, the main force of Beiqi has actually been defeated. Gao Qiu fled back to Jinyang, wanted to flee back to North Shuozhou (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), and then went to Turkey. Once out of Jinyang City, hundreds of people fled, and even Mutipo saw that the tide was gone and turned to Emperor Wu of Zhou.

Gao Wei, the queen of Qi, fled to Yecheng in an attempt to reorganize the army. Hu invited him to meet the soldier, and prepared a speech for him in advance, telling him to "shed tears to thank the people." Gao Wei went to the soldier and suddenly couldn't remember what to say, so he burst out laughing. Seeing Gao Weixiao, the left and right attendants couldn't help laughing. When the soldiers saw this scene, they were very angry and said, "Your emperors are not in a hurry. Why are we in a hurry?" So there is no fighting spirit.

Gauguin, within his power, also used a unique skill of Zen Buddhism, giving the position of emperor to Gao Feng, an eight-year-old son, and became the father of the emperor himself. In the first month of 577 AD, Emperor Wu of Zhou led an army to attack Yecheng. Gao Wei fled to Jeju on the first day, and from Jeju to Qingzhou, ready to go to the Chen Dynasty. He was captured by the pursuers of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and escorted to Chang 'an, where he was killed the following year.

It is of great significance in history that Emperor Wu of Zhou destroyed Qi and unified the North. It ended the separatist situation of the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties for nearly half a century, saved the people from the suffering of war, rebuilt their homes and resumed production, thus promoting extensive political, economic and cultural exchanges and development in the whole North, and laid a solid foundation for the reunification of China in the Sui Dynasty. Without the unification of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, there would be no later unification of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. On May 11th, the second year of the elephant (580), Yu Wenyun, Emperor Xuandi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, died of illness. When Zhou Jingdi was young, he left the dictatorship of Prime Minister Wendi. In order to prevent the change of the northern Zhou imperial clan and stabilize its ruling power, Emperor Wendi summoned five kings, Zhao, Chen, Yue, Dai and Teng, to North Korea on the pretext that his daughter and princess were going to marry in Turkey. Because Wei Chijiong (nephew of the Northern Zhou Emperor Yu Wentai) is very important, he is afraid of different plans. In the name of burying Xuan Di, he ordered his son Wei Chiji to call him into the DPRK. And take Wei Xiaokuan as the manager of Xiangzhou to find Ye to replace Wei Chijiong. In June, Wei Zedong openly opposed Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty for fear that his autocratic power would be detrimental to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In July, Qingzhou secretariat Wei (the son of his brother) turned against Yang. He unified Xiang, Kang, Li, Marsh and other places; At the same time, he betrothed his son to Chen Chao in Jiangnan and asked for help; He also sent messengers to Bing (governing Jinyang, now southwest of Taiyuan) to surrender Guo Jia and general Li Mu, but they were rejected.

At that time, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty held a young emperor to command China and foreign countries. Marry Li Mu in Bingzhou and send her daughter and princess to kiss Turkic, so as to avoid the trouble in the north; Taking strengthening Luoyang's defense as a strategic base —— On Wei Chijiong: Yang Shangxi, a doctor in the planning department, was ordered to send 3000 soldiers to guard Tongguan to prevent its sneak attack. On the 10th of the same month, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty dispatched soldiers from Guanzhong, appointed Wei Xiaokuan as the marching marshal, Li Xun as the marshal's long history, Long Gongliang as a teacher, Le Anyong, Hua Zhenggong Yuwenxin, Puyang Gong Yuwen Shu, Wuxiang Gong Cui Hongdu and Qinghe Su as generals, and led an army to crusade against Wei Chilong. Subsequently, Wei Xiaokuan divided his troops to attack the forces belonging to Wei Chijiong in all parts of Kanto, and completely put down Wei Chijiong's rebellion. During the war, Sima Xiaonan, the general manager of Yunzhou (public security area, now Hubei), and Wang Qian, the general manager of Yizhou (governing Shu County, now Chengdu), responded to Wei Chijiong and opposed Emperor Wendi. Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty appointed Wang Zhiyi and Rui Liang as marching marshals at the right time, and led the army to attack and beg respectively, all of which won the victory. At the same time, the kings of the Northern Zhou Dynasty imperial clan tried several times to get rid of Emperor Wendi, but Emperor Wen of Sui dealt with it decisively and crushed their plot to seize power.

In this war, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, while controlling the kings of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and strengthening the central rule, got close to the northern Turks and won over Li Mu and Bingzhou, so as to consolidate his left wing and threaten the enemy's flank. Taking advantage of the poor cooperation of the insurgents at the beginning, they captured Liang, Cao, Cheng and Jin in one fell swoop, relieved the threat of the right wing and covered the main action, resulting in a favorable strategic situation and mastering the initiative in the war. During the main attack, ignore the enemy's strong strongholds on the way and look for the enemy's main battle; After Qinshui's victory, he went straight to Yecheng, wiped out the rebel center, and finally put down the rebellion quickly, laying a military foundation for his generation Zhou Jiansui.

In 58 1 year, Yang Jian took the Northern Zhou Dynasty and changed his country name to Sui. The Northern Zhou Dynasty enjoyed the country for 24 years and died.