Property knowledge

The owner refers to the owner of the property. He owns the right to use and own the house, but he doesn't own the land. Owners can be natural persons, legal persons and other organizations, domestic citizens or organizations, and foreign citizens or organizations.

Property has the meanings of property, assets, real estate, real estate and industry. According to the different types of property, it can be simply divided into land and completed property. Obviously, the property we are discussing here belongs to the latter-the built property, that is, the buildings, building supporting facilities and ancillary equipment and related land that have been built and put into use.

Property management refers to the activities of the staff of professional institutions of property management and operation, entrusted by the property owner (owner), using modern management science and advanced maintenance technology to carry out economic management of the house and its ancillary facilities and implement paid management of the surrounding environment of the house in accordance with relevant laws, regulations and contracts.

Pre-property management means that the real estate development unit invites the relevant personnel who intend to engage in pre-property management to participate in the feasibility study of the project, and puts forward constructive suggestions on property planning, design, equipment selection, functional layout, construction supervision, acceptance and takeover, sales and leasing from the perspective of property management, fully reflecting the requirements of residents and the property itself, and striving to make the pre-work before the user moves in adapt to the actual needs of users and future property management.

Refer to the Dictionary of Property Management.

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Basic methods of fire fighting

1, cooling fire extinguishing method: use water to cool the fire, so as to reduce the temperature and stop burning.

2. Isolation fire extinguishing method: isolate or evacuate burning objects from nearby combustibles to achieve the purpose of fire extinguishing. Suitable for extinguishing all kinds of solid, liquid and gas fires.

3. Asphyxiation fire extinguishing method: mainly take measures to prevent air from flowing into the combustion zone, or use inert gas to dilute oxygen in the air to extinguish the fire. Suitable for fire extinguishing in closed rooms and process devices or cabins.

4. Suppression fire extinguishing method: it is to make the fire extinguishing agent participate in the chain reaction of combustion, inhibit the chemical reaction process of combustion, stop the combustion and achieve the purpose of fire extinguishing. The extinguishing agents that can be used in this method are: dry powder, 12 1 1, 130 1.

Second, fire fighting tactics and methods

Principle: Fire fighting should adhere to the principle that saving lives is more important than fire fighting, and tactics should adhere to the principle of "control first, then destroy".

Method:

1. Interception and encirclement: Generally speaking, interception first, then encirclement. The so-called interception means deploying forces in the main direction of fire spread, intercepting the fire to stop the spread, controlling the fire development, and then surrounding the burning area to extinguish the fire.

2. Internal and external attack: Generally speaking, attacking from the inside is conducive to getting close to the fire source and carrying out melee; Attacking from the outside is easy to move and conducive to shifting positions; Attacking the burning part from the inside and outside at the same time has good fire extinguishing effect and can extinguish the fire quickly.

3. Joint attack from top to bottom: When the fire burns and spreads in a three-dimensional state, fire fighting forces are deployed from top to bottom at the same time to prevent the fire from spreading and attack the burning part.

4. Key breakthrough: it is to take a forced attack on the main aspects of the fire to complete the tasks that need to be solved first. This method is mainly used to save lives, rescue or evacuate important materials, eliminate explosion hazards and other dangerous situations, and protect important facilities.

5. Extinguish the fire one by one: In the case of large-scale burning in the fire site or multi-storey fire in the building, the fire site can be divided into several blocks (floors, sections) according to the terrain and building conditions, such as roads, chimneys, houses, floors, etc., and then the fire can be completely extinguished by spraying water and demolishing.

Fire water supply and common fire fighting equipment

1, fire water source: generally divided into artificial water source and natural water source. Artificial water sources include fire hydrants and fire pools; Natural water sources refer to rivers, oceans, ponds and other natural water sources that can supply fire water.

2. Fire hydrants: divided into outdoor fire hydrants and indoor fire hydrants. Outdoor fire hydrants are mainly used in towns. According to its installation method, it can be divided into two types: above-ground fire hydrant and underground fire hydrant. Generally, there are three outlets, of which one outlet with a diameter of 100 mm is used to connect the suction pipe of the fire truck, and two outlets with a diameter of 65 mm are used to connect the water pipes.

Indoor fire hydrant is a fire water supply equipment located in public buildings, factories, warehouses, ships and other rooms. They are generally used to put out the first indoor fire, and the caliber is generally 50 mm and 65 mm When using indoor fire hydrants, first connect the water gun and hose with the outlet of the fire hydrant, and then turn the fire hydrant handwheel counterclockwise to put out the fire.

3. Common fire-fighting equipment: mainly fire engines, fire boats, motor pumps, fire ladders, demolition tools, fire extinguishers, fire extinguishing agents, gas masks, battle suits, etc.

1) water pipe: the diameter of water pipe is generally 50, 65, 80, 90, mm, etc. , the length of which is specified as 20 meters.

2) Water guns: Fire fighting water guns include DC water guns, flowering DC water guns, water spray guns and water guns with racks. The nozzle diameters of the water gun are 13, 16, 19, 22 and 25mm respectively.

There are three forms of fire hydrant spraying: dense spraying, flowering spraying and fog spraying. The water gun jet has the longest range when it has an inclination angle of 30 ~ 32 degrees with the ground. When the water gun jet is perpendicular to the horizontal plane, its jet is the highest.

The fifth part: the characteristics of several common fires and their fighting measures.

Electrical fire

Features: When fighting electrical fires, it is easy to get an electric shock accident.

The main causes of electrical fire are short circuit, overload, excessive contact resistance, electric spark and arc.

1. short circuit: the live wire of the distribution line is in contact with the live wire and the live wire is in contact with the ground wire, and the current suddenly increases greatly. During short circuit, due to the small resistance, the current will suddenly increase, and a lot of heat will be generated in a very short time, which will make the insulation layer of the wire burn, and the melting of metal will make the nearby combustible materials burn.

The main causes of short circuit are: the conductor is not selected according to the specific environment, which makes the insulation lose its insulation ability due to high temperature, humidity or corrosion; Old insulation, aging or damage, bare wire core; When the bare conductor is installed too low, when the metal object crosses or the conductor swings loosely, the contact voltage between the two conductors exceeds the rated voltage of the line, so that the insulation of the conductor is broken down; If the fuse is not suitable, the short-circuit current cannot be cut off in time, and the fire caused by such equipment is more prominent.

2. Overload: The current passing through the conductor exceeds the safe current carrying capacity of the conductor. Overload will increase the temperature of conductor and accelerate insulation aging. Serious overload will lead to the ignition of combustible materials near conductor insulation.

The main causes of overload are: the conductor section is too small, too many electrical devices are connected or the power is too high.

3. The contact resistance is too large: at the power line connection, the conductor of the distribution line is connected with the switch protection device and electrical equipment; If the contact is poor, the local resistance of this part is too large, and when the current passes through, it will generate a lot of heat, which can make the metal discolor or even melt, causing the combustible substances and accumulated combustible dust in the electrical insulation layer to catch fire.

The main reasons for excessive contact resistance are: the connection points between wires and between wires and electrical equipment are not firmly connected; The connection point is loose due to thermal action or long-term vibration; The contact point between copper and aluminum is not handled well or there are impurities at the wire connection, such as oxide layer, oil stain, soil, etc., which makes the contact resistance too large.

4. Spark and arc: short circuit or leakage occurs when the conductor insulation is damaged, the circuit is turned on or off with a switch, the fuse is blown, the electro-optical gun shakes or breaks, and spark can occur when the conductor connection is loose. Arc is composed of a large number of dense electric sparks, and its temperature can reach above 3000℃, which not only makes the insulation of conductor burn and melt metal, but also easily causes combustible materials to burn or explode, so it is a very dangerous fire source.

Causes of electric spark and arc: short circuit is caused by damaged insulation or broken wires, or when grounded, there will be strong arc at the short circuit point or grounding point, which will lead to loose connection of heavy-duty wires, and sparks or arcs will be generated at the loose places.

5. Electrical fire extinguishing measures: ① First cut off the power supply of the fire source. (2) When on-site fire fighting is needed, necessary measures must be taken to ensure the safety of firefighters.

Specific methods: ① carbon dioxide, dry powder121or 130 1 fire extinguishing agent can be used to extinguish the initial electrical fire, and electricity can be used to extinguish it. (2) When the fire is large and it is difficult to put out with non-conductive extinguishing agent, water can also be used to put out the fire, but the power supply of the fire site must be cut off or corresponding personal protective measures must be provided to prevent electric shock accidents.

Second, the warehouse fire

1, features: ① burning violently and spreading rapidly. (2) The flame can develop in depth. (3) Warehouse fires can produce a lot of smoke, especially in warehouses storing chemicals, pesticides, medicines and inflammable and explosive dangerous goods, which will produce a lot of toxic gases or explode, threatening the safety of personnel and buildings.

2. Fire extinguishing measures: ① Concentrate on controlling the situation around the burning area to prevent the fire from spreading, and at the same time protect and evacuate the adjacent materials. (2) When explosive toxic substances or valuables are threatened by fire, the key breakthrough method should be adopted, and the favorable terrain with weak fire or retreat should be selected. Several water guns should be concentrated to forcibly open the passage to cover rescuers, and these items should be rescued in the burning area and transferred to a safe place, and the explosives that cannot be evacuated should be cooled and protected with water guns.

Three storage tanks fire

1, features: first explosion and then combustion, and easy to form large-area combustion.

2. Fire extinguishing measures: ① Before fire extinguishing, the burning oil tank and adjacent oil tanks should be cooled to prevent explosion. (2) Concentrate several water guns, launch a general attack on the oil tank by intercepting and encircling, and put out the fire in one fell swoop.

3. Precautions: Firefighters should spray water from a long distance to prevent explosion injury.

Four liquefied petroleum gas fire

1. Features: In case of fire, it will explode at any time.

2. Fire extinguishing measures: ① Fire extinguishing agent can be used to put out the fire first and then close the valve, which can put out the fire by itself. (2) If the valve of the gas cylinder can't be closed, it should be continuously cooled with water before fire extinguishing, otherwise the gas cylinder can only be continuously cooled with a water gun until the gas is burned out. (3) When the gas cylinder burns on the ground or nearby combustible materials threaten the safety of the gas cylinder, firefighters should lie down first, spray water from a distance or use bunkers to cool down and put out the fire.

Reference property management network

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