What is the basic knowledge system of tourism geography in China?

A Summary of the Basic Knowledge System of Tourism Geography in China

physical geography

1. Characteristics of tourism resources: species diversity, regional distribution, structural combination, seasonality of time and change, sustainability and non-renewability.

2. Landscape type:

(1) divided by lithology

① Granite landform: "Stone egg" glows with strange light due to surface erosion, and has become "spherical elegance" in geomorphology. Such as Yishan, Sun Guangyan and "Tianya Haijiao" in Zoucheng, Shandong Province.

(2) Basalt and rhyolite: formed by the cooling and condensation of volcanic lava, with "pictographic" or "sculptural" landforms. For example, Wudalianchi in Heilongjiang and Yandang Mountain in Zhejiang.

③ Seasonal sandstone peak: the forest is angular and the peak forest is peculiar. Such as Zhangjiajie, Tian Zi, and Suoxiyu in Wulingyuan Scenic Area in northwest Hunan.

④ Limestone: soluble rocks such as limestone formed during the chemical and mechanical actions of surface water and groundwater on rocks, which are concentrated in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other places.

⑤ Red glutenite: Danxia landform, which is formed by a series of weathered red glutenite with less hardness under the action of weathering and peeling, flowing water erosion and gravity collapse.

(2) according to the reason

① Flowing water: It is formed by erosion, transportation and accumulation of surface water, and the canyon formed by rivers crossing mountains is the most valuable landform. For example, the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, the Tiger Leaping Gorge in Chongqing, and the (2) glaciers in Hubei were formed by glacial erosion and accumulation. The former includes glacial erosion landforms such as ice bucket, tinder, knife ridge, glacial valley, fjord and sheep back stone; The latter has moraine landforms such as moraine mound, bulging mound and ice gravel fan; In addition, ice tables, ice bridges, ice beasts and ice mushrooms formed by melting ice bodies also have great ornamental value.

③ Sandstorm: the special weathering, erosion and accumulation landform caused by strong wind, quicksand and intermittent surface water in arid inland areas. Tourism types mainly include Ya Dan landform, sand dunes, desert, Gobi and Xiangsha.

④ Coast: bedrock coast, sandy coast and biological coast. Such as mangroves and coral sea coasts.

⑤ Karst

⑥ Danxia

⑦ Loess: a special gully and flowing water landform. Quaternary sediments transported by the wind from the northwest desert area are uniform in texture, rich in intelligence and vertical in joints, and are most easily eroded by running water. The main forms are gully and valley landforms.

8 volcano

3. The tourism value of middle and low mountains:

(1) The mountains are undulating, with beautiful scenery and charming natural scenery. The mountains are steep and steep, and the strange peaks and rocks constitute a graceful "mountain color"; The precipitation in mountainous areas is more than that in flat land, which often forms springs, waterfalls, snow or glaciers; Because of the high air humidity and foggy mountains, you can enjoy the wonders such as the sea of clouds and the sunrise. Plant species are diverse and vertically distributed in higher mountainous areas.

(2) The climate is pleasant and it is a summer resort in midsummer. The temperature decreases with the elevation, which is generally lower than the plain at the same latitude; Mountain areas are far away from cities and industrial centers, with little environmental pollution; Natural vegetation in mountainous areas is well preserved with high negative ion content; This height is more convenient for most tourists to reach.

(3) The combination of natural environment and human environment makes the famous mountains more distinctive. Religion, the emperor's meditation activities, and the visits of scholars have left many humanities and made the famous mountains more distinctive.

4. Five Mountains: Taishan, Huashan, Songshan, Hengshan and Hengshan (east, west, middle, north and south);

(1) Landform: sitting, standing, lying, walking and flying.

(2) Characteristics: male, dangerous, strict, quiet and beautiful.

(3) Religion: Except Huashan is monopolized by Taoism, the rest are occupied by Buddhism and Taoism.

(4) the origin of the name:

(1) Sacrificial activities from the emperor; Mount Tai, Dongyue, is the place where emperors sacrificed to heaven and held amenorrhea ceremonies.

(2) Sacrifice activities began in Qin Shihuang, and the names of the Five Mountains (Taishan Mountain in Shandong, Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi, Songshan Mountain in Henan, Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui and Damaoshan Mountain in Hebei) were decided by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Wendi changed Hunan Hengshan to Nanyue; In Ming Dynasty, Hengshan Mountain in Shanxi was changed to Beiyue Mountain; During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, there were five mountains today.

Mount Tai, Dongyue, the first of the five mountains, has the greatest influence.

(5) Reasons for exclusive respect for the Five Mountains:

(1) Geographically, three of the five mountains (east, middle and west) are located on both sides of the Yellow River; The Yellow River is the cradle of the Chinese nation.

(2) From the topographical conditions, the Five Mountains are higher than the plains and basins, especially steep, that is, the absolute height is not large, but the relative height is large.

(3) The emperor's meditation activities created the Five Mountains.

(4) Monks and Taoists practice Buddhist scriptures here, good men and women burn incense and make wishes here, and celebrities and scholars paint poems here, leaving many cultural relics for the Five Mountains.

5. Introduction of Wuyue

(1) Mount Taishan in Dongyue: the first scenic spot in China to enter the World Heritage List; From ancient times to the present, * * * 72 emperors climbed Mount Tai to worship heaven or held a ceremony of closing Zen; Natural scenery and places of interest are integrated (there are poems and inscriptions everywhere in the mountains); There are one of the four ancient buildings and one of the three buildings-Dai Temple and Tian Palace. Watch the sunrise at the top of the mountain and see the golden belt of the Yellow River (2) Xiyue Huashan: a road of ancient Huashan, with towering dangerous rocks, ranking first among the five mountains; Of the five mountains, only Huashan is occupied by Taoism.

(3) Zhongyue Songshan: Zhongyue Temple is one of the earliest Taoist temples in China; As the birthplace of Zen Buddhism, Shaolin Temple is famous all over the world. Songyang Academy, one of the four major academies; There is a famous scientist Guo Shoujing's "Stargazing Platform" in Yuan Dynasty.

(4) Mount Hengshan in Beiyue: semi-Yamanoe is towering with pine and cypress, sparsely populated and very quiet; Hanging Temple is famous all over the world, and three churches are very rare. Yingxian Wooden Pagoda is only available in China (not on the main tour line).

(5) Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue: lush forests and beautiful scenery, "the five mountains are the only ones"; "Four Wonders" of Mount Hengshan —— The height of Zhurongfeng, the beauty of Tibetan Temple, the depth of Fangguang Temple and the wonder of water curtain cave.

6. World Heritage (as of 20 12)

(1) World Natural Heritage (8 places): Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Wulingyuan, Three Parallel Rivers, Giant Panda Habitat, South China Karst (Wulong in Chongqing and Shilin in Yunnan, Libo in Guizhou), Sanqingshan, Danxia in China (Chishui in Guizhou and Taining in Fujian, Langshan in Hunan and Danxia Mountain in Guangdong, Longhushan and Guifeng in Jiangxi, and Jiang Lang in Zhejiang), Yuxi in Yunnan.

(2) Human heritage (27 places): the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties (the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Shenyang), the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven, the Great Wall, Pingyao Ancient City, Dazu Stone Carvings, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and Terracotta Warriors, Suzhou Classical Gardens, Old Town of Lijiang, Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, chengde mountain resort and surrounding temples, Wudang Mountain ancient buildings, Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple, Longmen Grottoes, imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties and Qufu. Ancient villages in southern Anhui-Xidi Hehong Village, Yungang Grottoes, China Koguryo Tomb and Noble Tombs, Macau Historic City, Anyang Yin Ruins, Kaiping Diaolou and Villages, Fujian Tulou, Kaifeng Tiandi Ancient Buildings and Yuanshangdu Ruins in Inner Mongolia.

(3) Double (4 places): Mount Tai, Mount Huangshan, Mount Emei, Leshan Giant Buddha and Wuyishan.

7. Tourism value of rivers:

(1) Sightseeing and leisure reaches, especially those with clear rivers, strange valley shapes, dense vegetation on both banks, beautiful scenery and rich coastal human resources, are generally in the middle reaches.

(2) In the upper reaches of the river, because of the large longitudinal slope of the river bed and the rapid current, it is suitable for water rafting with strong sports and participation.

(3) Tidal observation in estuaries, such as the Qiantang River spring tide, is the best tidal observation period of 8. 1- 18 in the lunar calendar every year.

(4) Water network water town landscape, the river is in the delta area at the mouth of the river, and the water network is dense, forming a beautiful water town landscape.

8. China's famous tourist river: Yangtze River: "Golden Waterway"; The most representative-the Three Gorges area, namely Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge; "Little Three Gorges" and "Little Three Gorges"; The plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-Jianghan Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Dongting Lake Plain, Yellow River, Pearl River and Lijiang River: four wonders, namely, Qingshan, Xiushui, strange caves and beautiful stones; Good scenery: deep pools, dangerous beaches, flowing springs, waterfalls, Wanquan River and Qiantang River.

9. Famous lakes and reservoirs: West Lake in Hangzhou, Jingbo Lake, Star Lake in Zhaoqing, Taihu Lake in Wuxi and Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang;

(1) Tectonic lake-formed by geological activities, characterized by straight shore, steep slope, long and narrow lake shape and deep water depth, such as Dianchi Lake, Erhai Lake, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Chaohu Lake.

(2) Crater Lake-Crater Lake is formed by accumulated water, characterized by a nearly circular or horseshoe-shaped lake with deep depth, such as Tianchi in Changbai Mountain and Huguangyan in Zhanjiang.

(3) dammed lakes-landslides, mudslides, volcanic lava and other blocking rivers, such as Jingbo Lake (black) and Wudalianchi.

(4) Glacial lakes-depressions formed by the impact of glaciers, which accumulate water to form lakes, and are mostly distributed in alpine plateaus or high latitudes, such as Tianchi Lake and Kanas Lake in Tianshan Mountain.

(5) Karst lake-limestone area is formed by karst depression water, which is characterized by no certain arrangement direction, small area, shallow water and mostly round or oval shape, such as Xinghu in Zhaoqing and Baihua Lake in Guizhou.

(6) Rivers and lakes-Lakes formed by water accumulated in abandoned rivers due to river diversion are mostly located in the middle reaches of rivers, and the lakes are crescent-shaped, such as Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, East Lake in Wuhan and West Lake in Huizhou.

(7) Marine lake, also known as lagoon, is formed by the continuous extension of coastal sand mouth and sandbar and finally closing the river bend, which is mainly distributed in coastal delta impact plain areas, such as West Lake and Taihu Lake in Hangzhou.

(8) Wind erosion lake-formed by wind erosion of sandy land. It is characterized by different sizes and shallow lakes, mainly distributed in desert areas, such as Crescent Spring in Gansu.

(9) Artificial lakes-reservoirs refer to artificial water storage areas with multiple functions, such as Miyun Reservoir in Beijing, Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang and Lvwan Lake in Guangdong.

10. Classification of waterfalls:

(1) Flood and drought are classified by water flow: perennial, seasonal and sporadic; According to the number of falls-single level and multi-level; According to the environmental conditions-the upstream waterfalls (underground waterfalls) on the main and tributaries of the river and the waterfalls on the mountain stream; According to the distribution characteristics-isolated type and group type.

(2) Three waterfalls in China: Huangguoshu Waterfall (the waterfall above the waterfall and the two wonders of water curtain cave); Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River (three wonders: snails in water, underwater smoke and seven-color bridge); Jingpo Lake Diaoshuilou Waterfall.

(3) Lushan Sandie Spring: It is divided into upper, middle and lower levels according to the mountain situation, and it comes down from the top of the mountain in one go, just like a water curtain hanging in the sky, also known as the "water curtain spring", which is formed at the "crack point" where Chongkuan Valley intersects with Jiudian Canyon, and forms three stacks along the "ice steps" cut by glaciers. The upper stack is like falling snow, and the middle stack is like broken jade destroying ice.

1 1. spring water

(1) classification: hot springs (hot water, hot steam and dew springs with temperatures over 20 degrees or local average temperature) and constant-temperature hot springs/cold springs (dew springs with temperatures below 20 degrees or ~).

(2) Tourism value: ornamental value, medical care value and brewing value.

(3) Five famous historical springs in China:

① Cold Spring in Zhenjiang: The water quality is light, without astringency, and sweeter than manna.

② Wuxi Huishan Spring: the upper pool is octagonal, the water color is transparent, sweet and delicious; The pond in the middle is square, followed by water quality; The lower pool is the largest, rectangular, and the water quality is the second; The Moon Over a Fountain

(3) Hupao Spring in Hangzhou: less soluble minerals, low hardness, excellent water quality and high surface tension of spring water. The hydration of Longjing tea and Tiger Run is called "two unique".

Suzhou Huqiu Spring: commonly known as Guanyin Spring, the spring water is sweet and delicious.

⑤ Baotu Spring in Jeju: Together with Daming Lake and Qianfo Mountain, it is also known as the "three wonders of Jinan" and is known as the first of the "72 famous springs". The three clear springs in the pool are as big as wheels, spewing day and night. The water in the pool is clear and there are countless fish.

(4) China famous spring:

① Medicine springs in Wudalianchi: including Nanyin Spring and Yinbei Spring-drinking therapy spring, Fanhuaquan-bath therapy spring and longan spring, which are inexhaustible in all seasons.

② butterfly spring, Dali, Yunnan: The spring water seeps from the fractured sand layer, the water quality is particularly clear, and there are many kinds of butterflies.

③ Ruquan in Guiping, Guangxi: It is a fissure spring with clear and transparent spring water, sweet and refreshing taste, constant water level and temperature all year round, containing trace elements beneficial to human body, low salinity and high surface tension.

④ Yugu Spring in Yesanpo, Hebei Province: one of the "Eight Strange Springs", with clear water quality, fresh salted fish will be ejected from the spring around the Grain Rain in the lunar calendar every year, and it will flow out on time every year.

⑤ Xi Anhua Qingchi

6 Conghua Hot Springs: Reef Springs and Beach Springs are the most famous.

⑦ Hainan Xinglong Hot Springs: the earliest and largest development.

Eight geothermal hot springs in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

12. Meteorological climate types

(1) Rain scene: The most common and famous rain in China is the misty rain in the south of the Yangtze River (referring to the drizzle in the southeast coast and Sichuan Basin in autumn, showing the scene of misty rain, such as "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, and several towers of misty rain") and the evening rain (referring to the ravine of Daba Mountain at the junction of Sichuan and Shaanxi, with high temperature and high humidity, and the valley is hot and humid. There is a scene of Mao Mao rain under the bright moon in the sky) and plum rain (referring to the gloomy Mao Mao rain in the Jianghuai area in late spring and early summer, which makes the distant mountains and waters in the scenic area empty and hazy, such as "the water and light meet clearly, and the mountains are rainy")

(2) Cloud and mist scene: It is formed by the accumulation and flow of clouds, such as the clouds of Huangshan Mountain, West Lake, the clear clouds of Emei Mountain and Luo Feng, the smoke clouds of Penglai Lion Cave, the Taiping clouds of Taibai Mountain, the waterfall clouds of Lushan Mountain and Diancang Mountain of Dali.

(3) Cloudy scenery: At sunrise and sunset, sunlight is scattered through clouds, including in summer and so on, often accompanied by mountain water vapor and clouds. The main forms are sunrise, sunset, colorful clouds and foggy clouds, such as Dongqian Lake in Zhejiang, Eight Scenes in Pengze, Jiangxi and Jigong Mountain.

(4) Ice and snow scenes: Linhai Snow Field in Northeast China, Sunny Snow in Yanjing Xishan, Sunny Snow in Songshan Chamber, Snow in Jiuhuashan Pinggang, Snow in West Lake Broken Bridge, Snow in Yushan, Taiwan Province and Taibai Snow in Guanzhong.

(5) Rime and Rime Scenery: Also known as "Tree Tortoise", it is a white and soft condensate of water droplets formed on branches, wires and scenery in foggy days, such as Emei Mountain and Lushan Mountain.

(6) Scenery: you can only appreciate it, but you can't watch it. Most of them set off other landscapes, such as the "autumn wind in the cave" in Jieshi Mountain, the "white water autumn wind" in Emei Mountain and the "Xiaguan wind" in Dali.

(7) Buddha's light: such as Shandong, Emei, Thailand and Huangshan, the Jinding Buddha's light in Emei Mountain is the most famous.

(8) Mirages: Mirages (upper mirage, such as Putuo Mountain, Lianyungang Haizhou Bay, Beidaihe Donglianfeng, Shandong Penglai-the most famous) and desert mirage (lower mirage, such as Gobi Desert in Xinjiang and Dunhuang in Gansu), due to the atmospheric light,

(9) Extreme scenery: refers to the magnificent colorful images that appear at high altitude in high latitudes, generally in the form of bands, arcs, curtains and radiations. When it is bright, it is mostly yellow-green, when it is weak, it is white, sometimes with red, blue and grayish purple. It is caused by high-speed charged particles emitted by the sun exciting high-level molecules or atoms, such as Mohe and Altay in Xinjiang.

13. Famous tourist cities with climatic advantages:

(1) Ice City Harbin: "Lilac City". Tourist attractions include Harbin Ice Lantern Garden Party (ice sculpture, ice lantern and ice building), Harbin Sun Island and Yuquan Hunting Ground (the largest closed hunting ground in China).

(2) Spring City Kunming: Dianchi Lake in the south and the sea on three sides. It has a monsoon climate in low latitude plateau and mountainous areas, with long sunshine, short frost period, mild climate, no heat in summer and no cold in winter, and flowers bloom all year round. Tourist attractions include World Expo Park, Cuihu Lake, Daguanlou, Dianchi Lake, Lunan Stone Forest and Yunnan Ethnic Village.

(3) Jiangcheng Jilin: Surrounded by water on three sides and mountains on all sides. The landform is Zhongshan mountain area-low mountain hilly area-canyon lake area-valley plain area. Songhua River passes through the urban area in an S-shape, and the tourist spots include rime (which is also known as the four natural wonders of China with the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, the landscape of Guilin and the Stone Forest of Yunnan), meteorites and Songhua Lake (which originated from the Tianchi Lake of Baitou Mountain, the main peak of Changbai Mountain).

(4) Sanya, a summer resort: the southernmost city, with mountains in the north and sea in the south, the terrain gradually inclines from north to south, surrounded by mountains on three sides, a mountain and a river, and numerous islands in the bay. It has a tropical marine monsoon climate with four seasons like summer and no frost and snow in three winters. Tourist spots include Nansan, Wuzhizhou, Yalong Bay (with the most beautiful beaches and seawater in the world), Butterfly Valley, Tianya Haijiao and Xixi.

(5) Mohe, the city that never sleeps: There are two natural wonders: White Night (long day and short night or extreme day) and Northern Lights.

14. Four summer resorts:

(1) Lushan Mountain: In the north of Jiangxi Province, there is the Yangtze River in the north and Poyang Lake in the southeast. Spring comes late, summer is cool, autumn is early, winter is not cold, rainfall is abundant, and vegetation is lush. There are three famous temples (West, East and Dalin Temple) and five jungles (Haihui, Xiufeng, Wanshan, Qixian and Guizong). Known as the "elegant show in the world", it is mainly characterized by "three wins" (bamboo spring clouds) and "four unique" (cool), and is known as "the first mountain in the south of the Yangtze River". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a saying that it was a "water town and a Buddhist country", and it was a "museum of world architecture", with a vegetation coverage rate of 92% and a wide variety of plants, insects and animals.

(3) Gong Ji, Henan Province: Eight natural landscapes (Buddha's Light, Sea of Clouds, Rime, Xiaguang, exotic flowers and grasses, sunless phoenix, verdant Chu and jade) are famous for their "beautiful mountains and clear springs, cool climate, quiet scenery and unique world" and "China Summer Resort, in the clouds of southern Henan".

(4) Beidaihe, Hebei Province: The coast is straight, and gentle sandy soil with a width of about 2 or 30 meters is developed. -The coast is flat, the beach is gentle, and the beach is about 2 meters wide. The steep cliffs and rocks left on the sea surface are the main landscapes of Jinshanzui and Eagle Corner Stone. There are natural bathing beaches, there are first-and second-class sea erosion terraces behind the beaches, and there are many sanatoriums, rest homes, cultural palaces and seaside parks. Lianfeng Mountain has become "Peng Lian Mountain Park", and there are Kannonji, Zhong Ting and Wanghaige on the mountain. To the south of the sea, it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the humidity is just right. Offshore rivers are few and short, and the flow and sediment are not large. The sea water is clear and clean, and the water temperature is high in summer, which is suitable for swimming. The air in coastal areas is fresh and the content of negative ions is high.

15. Classification of biological tourism resources:

(1) Major Class C biological landscapes

(2) Subclasses-CA trees, CB grasslands and grasslands, CC flowers and CD wildlife habitats.

(3) basic type-CAA woodland; Cab cluster tree; CAC single tree and CBA grassland; CBB sparse forest grassland, CCA grass field flower field; CCB forest flower land and CDA aquatic animal habitat; CDB terrestrial animal habitat; Bird habitat of CDC; CDE butterfly habitat (or divided into: ① natural biological tourism resources-plants, animals, nature reserves ② artificial biological tourism resources, botanical gardens and zoo pastoral scenery)

16. Plant landscape

(1) Ancient and famous trees: such as Xuanyuan cypress, Guajia cypress, Yingkesong imperial academy Suimei, Lushan Sanbao Tree, Alishan Shenmu and Laoshan Camellia (crimson snow), which are divided into exotic trees (determined by the geographical differentiation of plant growth, such as monosodium glutamate tree, meteorological tree, * * tree, Baibaohuai tree and teak tree-the most expensive.

(2) Grassland: It is mainly distributed in semi-arid areas and alpine areas in the west, including Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai and Tianshan Mountains.

(3) Precious flowers: with historical or extremely high ornamental value.

(4) Botanical Gardens and Ornamental Gardens: Botanical Gardens focus on plant research, focusing on introduction, domestication and cultivation experiments, and cultivate and introduce excellent varieties at home and abroad. The comprehensive botanical garden consists of an exhibition area and a nursery experimental area, such as Beijing (the largest plant exhibition greenhouse in Asia) and south china botanical garden (the largest tropical botanical garden in South Asia in China), and Guangzhou Yuntai Garden (the largest garden-style flower garden in China, the "Flower City Pearl", featuring flowers and trees.

(5) Forest Park: Zhangjiajie in Beijing, Harbin, Banbidian, Daxing District, Shanghai Communist Youth League Committee, Xishan in Shandong, Kunming, Taishan, Weihai, Liuxihe in Guangdong, Shazhoujiao, Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang, and Green Water in Xianning, Hubei (Zhangjiajie, Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Taishan and Wuyishan are listed as world natural heritages).

(6) Tourism festivals with plants as the theme: festivals with the contents of appreciating famous flowers, trees and fruits, such as Guangzhou Spring Festival Flower Market, Luoyang Peony Flower Festival, Beijing Xiangshan Tourism Festival, Dalian International Huai Appreciation Festival, Hangzhou Osmanthus Festival, Shenzhen Litchi Festival, Cixi Yangmei Festival and Hainan Coconut Festival.